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Wu S, Guo W, Li B, Zhou H, Meng H, Sun J, Li R, Guo D, Zhang X, Li R, Qu W. Progress of polymer-based strategies in fungal disease management: Designed for different roles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1142029. [PMID: 37033476 PMCID: PMC10073610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1142029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases have posed a great challenge to global health, but have fewer solutions compared to bacterial and viral infections. Development and application of new treatment modalities for fungi are limited by their inherent essential properties as eukaryotes. The microorganism identification and drug sensitivity analyze are limited by their proliferation rates. Moreover, there are currently no vaccines for prevention. Polymer science and related interdisciplinary technologies have revolutionized the field of fungal disease management. To date, numerous advanced polymer-based systems have been developed for management of fungal diseases, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. In this review, we provide an overview of current needs and advances in polymer-based strategies against fungal diseases. We high light various treatment modalities. Delivery systems of antifungal drugs, systems based on polymers' innate antifungal activities, and photodynamic therapies each follow their own mechanisms and unique design clues. We also discuss various prevention strategies including immunization and antifungal medical devices, and further describe point-of-care testing platforms as futuristic diagnostic and monitoring tools. The broad application of polymer-based strategies for both public and personal health management is prospected and integrated systems have become a promising direction. However, there is a gap between experimental studies and clinical translation. In future, well-designed in vivo trials should be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms and explore the efficacy as well as biosafety of polymer-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenlai Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huidong Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqi Meng
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junyi Sun
- Changchun American International School, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Orthpoeadic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Orhtopeadics, Changchun, China
| | - Deming Guo
- Orthpoeadic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Orhtopeadics, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
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Ultraviolet Radiation Promoted Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis in HL-60 Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7702481. [PMID: 36353706 PMCID: PMC9640238 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7702481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) is an important reason for the failure of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT). Reducing MRD in grafts is particularly important to improve the efficacy of auto-HSCT. Previously, we reported that ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) suppressed the expression of Bcl-2 to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Leukemia can lead to severe hypoxia of the bone marrow. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of UV LED on leukemia cells under hypoxia. HL-60 cells were irradiated with a UV LED (30 J/m2) and simulated under hypoxia with cobalt chloride. We found that UV LED irradiation or CoCl2 inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and increased the levels of caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 3, and caspase 9 in HL-60 cells. In particular, the combined application of UV and CoCl2 significantly enhanced the apoptosis of HL-60 cells. In conclusion, UV LED in hypoxia exacerbated the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis and necrosis in HL-60 cells via the regulation of caspase 3/9 and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio-dependent pathway. The application of UV LEDs in hypoxia conditions may be a promising approach to kill residual drug-resistant leukemia cells in autologous grafts.
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Gupta AK, Simkovich AJ, Hall DC. The March Against Onychomycosis: A Systematic Review of the Sanitization Methods for Shoes, Socks, and Textiles. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2022; 112:21-223. [PMID: 36074338 DOI: 10.7547/21-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-based treatment of superficial fungal infections, such as onychomycosis, is not the only defense. Sanitization of footwear such as shoes, socks/stockings, and other textiles is integral to the prevention of recurrence and reduction of spread for superficial fungal mycoses. The goal of this review was to examine the available methods of sanitization for footwear and textiles against superficial fungal infections. A systematic literature search of various sanitization devices and methods that could be applied to footwear and textiles using PubMed, Scopus, and MEDLINE was performed. Fifty-four studies were found relevant to the different methodologies, devices, and techniques of sanitization as they pertain to superficial fungal infections of the feet. These included topics of basic sanitization, antifungal and antimicrobial materials, sanitization chemicals and powder, laundering, ultraviolet, ozone, nonthermal plasma, microwave radiation, essential oils, and natural plant extracts. In the management of onychomycosis, it is necessary to think beyond treatment of the nail, as infections enter through the skin. Those prone to onychomycosis should examine their environment, including surfaces, shoes, and socks, and ensure that proper sanitization is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- *Mediprobe Research Inc, London, Ontario, Canada.,†Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nicolau T, Gomes Filho N, Padrão J, Zille A. A Comprehensive Analysis of the UVC LEDs' Applications and Decontamination Capability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2854. [PMID: 35454546 PMCID: PMC9028096 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The application of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been gaining popularity over the last decades. LEDs have advantages compared to traditional light sources in terms of lifecycle, robustness, compactness, flexibility, and the absence of non-hazardous material. Combining these advantages with the possibility of emitting Ultraviolet C (UVC) makes LEDs serious candidates for light sources in decontamination systems. Nevertheless, it is unclear if they present better decontamination effectiveness than traditional mercury vapor lamps. Hence, this research uses a systematic literature review (SLR) to enlighten three aspects: (1) UVC LEDs' application according to the field, (2) UVC LEDs' application in terms of different biological indicators, and (3) the decontamination effectiveness of UVC LEDs in comparison to conventional lamps. UVC LEDs have spread across multiple areas, ranging from health applications to wastewater or food decontamination. The UVC LEDs' decontamination effectiveness is as good as mercury vapor lamps. In some cases, LEDs even provide better results than conventional mercury vapor lamps. However, the increase in the targets' complexity (e.g., multilayers or thicker individual layers) may reduce the UVC decontamination efficacy. Therefore, UVC LEDs still require considerable optimization. These findings are stimulating for developing industrial or final users' applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Nicolau
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Núbio Gomes Filho
- School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Padrão
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Andrea Zille
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
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Xie D, Li YL, Wang GF, Jiang J, Sun LR. Ultraviolet light-emitting diode irradiation induces reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential reduction in HL-60 cells. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211016623. [PMID: 34038212 PMCID: PMC8161906 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211016623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) irradiation at 280 nm has been confirmed to induce apoptosis in cultured HL-60 cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 280 nm UV LED irradiation on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HL-60 cells. Methods HL-60 cells were irradiated with 0, 8, 15, or 30 J/m2 of 280 nm UV LED and incubated for 2 hours. The intracellular ROS levels were assessed using the fluorescent probe 2ʹ-7ʹ-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and a fluorescence plate reader. MMP was determined by flow cytometry using 5,5ʹ,6,6ʹ-tetrachloro-1,1ʹ,3,3ʹ-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining. The apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were evaluated by western blot. Results UV LED irradiation at 280 nm induced a dose-dependent increase in ROS production and loss of MMP, and it activated apoptosis at irradiation doses of 8 to 30 J/m2. These results were consistent with a previous apoptosis study from the authors’ group. Conclusion Enhanced ROS production and mitochondrial depolarization are two distinct but interacting events, and both are involved in UV LED-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xie
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Long Li
- Department of Pediatrics, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-Fen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Zhaoyuan, Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Rong Sun
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Li-Rong Sun, Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China.
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Huang H, Huang M, Lv W, Hu Y, Wang R, Zheng X, Ma Y, Chen C, Tang H. Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum by 420-nm Intense Pulsed Light: In Vitro Activity and the Role of Nitric Oxide in Fungal Death. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31632277 PMCID: PMC6785631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a common dermatophyte of the skin. The aim of this experiment was to explore the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth induced by 420-nm intense pulsed light (IPL). This study found that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NO levels were increased, whereas asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) level, keratinase activity, and fungal viability were decreased after IPL treatment compared with the control condition in vitro. Moreover, micromorphology was damaged by IPL treatment. Fungal viability was increased, and the damage to the fungal structure was reduced after pretreatment with an NOS inhibitor (L-NMMA) compared with IPL treatment alone. Compared with IPL alone, pretreatment with L-NMMA decreased NOS expression and NO level and increased keratinase activity. We found that 420-nm IPL treatment can inhibit the growth of T. rubrum by regulating NO in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Wenyi Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yuetang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Hongfeng Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
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Lu Y, Wang H, Wang Z, Cong Y, Zhang P, Liu G, Liu C, Chi Z, Chi Z. Metabolic Rewiring Improves the Production of the Fungal Active Targeting Molecule Fusarinine C. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1755-1765. [PMID: 31268300 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Author: Recently, increasing research in siderophores has been dedicated to their possible medical applications in diagnostics and therapeutics for human pathogenic infections. Fusarinine C (FsC) is a natural hydroxamate siderophore that harbors three amino groups, which allow the easy chemical modification of FsC for the design of novel multifunctional conjugates. However, low production of FsC has hampered its extensive exploitation.Herein, we rewired the FsC biosynthetic pathway in the Aureobasidium melanogenum HN6.2 strain to achieve a self-supplying l-ornithine with component-simplified and enhanced production of extracellular siderophores, for which the FsC accounted for 94%, its final titer being approximately 1.7 g L-1. The convenient acquisition of FsC effectuated our exploitation for its application. We employed in vitro and in vivo assays to show that FsC is an active targeting molecule that acts on the human pathogenic fungi Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans; this demonstrates the potential to use FsC for the development of novel antifungal targeting reagents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ying Cong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.11 Keyuan Jingsi Road, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Guanglei Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chenguang Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhenming Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Gupta AK, Versteeg SG. The Role of Shoe and Sock Sanitization in the Management of Superficial Fungal Infections of the Feet. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2019. [PMID: 29521517 DOI: 10.7547/17-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of the ubiquitous nature of dermatophytes and a lack of an adaptive immune response in the nail plate, recurrence and relapse rates associated with superficial fungal infections are high (10%-53%). Cured or improved dermatophytosis patients could become reinfected if exposed to fungal reservoirs, such as an infected shoe, sock, or textile. To prevent this, footwear, sock, and textile sanitization methods can be used. To provide insight into effective sanitization options, the focus of this article is to review footwear, sock, and textile sanitization studies conducted throughout history (1920-2016). Thirty-three studies are covered in this review, encompassing techniques ranging from formaldehyde fumigation and foot powder application, to more modern approaches such as UV light and silver-light irradiation technologies. Older sanitization methods (eg, boiling, use of chlorine and salts) are quite limited in their practicality, as they can result in health complications and ruin shoe integrity. Newer approaches to shoe and sock sanitization, such as ozone application and UV irradiation, have shown very promising results. Further research is still needed with these modern techniques, as knowledge gaps and cost prevent the creation of standardized parameters for successful use. By combining sanitization methods with other preventative measures, protection against reinfection may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mediprobe Research, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
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Angelo T, Borgheti-Cardoso LN, Gelfuso GM, Taveira SF, Gratieri T. Chemical and physical strategies in onychomycosis topical treatment: A review. Med Mycol 2018; 55:461-475. [PMID: 27703019 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the fingernails or toenails caused by dermatophytes, nondermatophytes, moulds, and yeasts. This condition affects around 10-30% people worldwide, negatively influencing patients' quality of life, with severe outcomes in some cases. Since the nail unit acts as a barrier to exogenous substances, its physiological features hampers drug penetration, turning the onychomycosis treatment a challenge. Currently, there are several oral and topical therapies available; nevertheless, cure rates are still low and relapse rates achieves 10-53%. Also, serious side effects may be developed due to long-term treatment. In light of these facts, researchers have focused on improving topical treatments, either by modifying the vehicle or by using some physical technique to improve drug delivery trough the nail plate, hence increasing therapy effectiveness. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explain these novel alternative approaches. First, the challenges for drug ungual penetration are presented. Then, the chemical and physical strategies developed for overcoming the barriers for drug penetration are discussed. We hope that the information gathered may be useful for the development of safer and more effective treatments for onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Angelo
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC). School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Lívia Neves Borgheti-Cardoso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC). School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephânia Fleury Taveira
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás. Rua 240 c/5ª. Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, 74.605-170, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC). School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Kwon TR, Oh CT, Choi EJ, Kim SR, Jang YJ, Ko EJ, Suh D, Yoo KH, Kim BJ. Ultraviolet light-emitting-diode irradiation inhibits TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced expression of ICAM-1 and STAT1 phosphorylation in human keratinocytes. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:824-32. [PMID: 26413796 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) are a novel light source for phototherapy. This research investigated the in vitro safety and efficacy of UV-LEDs as a phototherapeutic device for atopic dermatitis (AD). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Human keratinocytes and fibroblasts were irradiated by UV-LEDs with a center wavelength of 310 and 340 nm. We examined the effects of UV-LED irradiation on the suppression of TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced activation of STAT1 and ICAM-1 and on NF-κB expression; we used the following methods: cell viability assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS We observed anti-inflammatory responses through the suppression of TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced expression of TARC and MCP-1/CCL2, IL-1beta, IL-6, and sICAM-1 via blockage of ICAM-1 activation and subsequent activation of STAT1 and NF-κB. The results suggested that UV-LED irradiation inhibited ICAM expression by suppressing TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced NF-κB activation in vitro. CONCLUSION We concluded that novel UV-LED (310 and 340 nm) modalities were effective for the treatment of AD and may be promising for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Rin Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Graduate, School, Chung-Ang, University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang, University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Taek Oh
- Department of Medicine, Graduate, School, Chung-Ang, University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang, University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ja Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang, University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Re Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang, University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang, University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang, University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daewoong Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Yoo
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, International St.Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Graduate, School, Chung-Ang, University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang, University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Queller JN, Bhatia N. The Dermatologist's Approach to Onychomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2015; 1:173-184. [PMID: 29376907 PMCID: PMC5753109 DOI: 10.3390/jof1020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the toenails or fingernails that can involve any component of the nail unit, including the matrix, bed, and plate. It is a common disorder that may be a reservoir for infection resulting in significant medical problems. Moreover, onychomycosis can have a substantial influence on one's quality of life. An understanding of the disorder and updated management is important for all health care professionals. Aside from reducing quality of life, sequelae of the disease may include pain and disfigurement, possibly leading to more serious physical and occupational limitations. Dermatologists, Podiatrists, and other clinicians who treat onychomycosis are now entering a new era when considering treatment options-topical modalities are proving more effective than those of the past. The once sought after concept of viable, effective, well-tolerated, and still easy-to-use monotherapy alternatives to oral therapy treatments for onychomycosis is now within reach given recent study data. In addition, these therapies may also find a role in combination and maintenance therapy; in order to treat the entire disease the practitioner needs to optimize these topical agents as sustained therapy after initial clearance to reduce recurrence or re-infection given the nature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N Queller
- Dermatology Chief Resident at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Neal Bhatia
- Director of Clinical Dermatology, Therapeutics Clinical Research, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Morton CO, Chau M, Stack C. In vitro combination therapy using low dose clotrimazole and photodynamic therapy leads to enhanced killing of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:261. [PMID: 25316407 PMCID: PMC4210577 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes caused by dermatophyte fungi are amongst the most common and challenging infections to treat. Previously we demonstrated the phototoxic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) towards Trichophyton rubrum, using a green laser to photoactivate Rose Bengal (RB). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether we could; (1) achieve a similar effect using an inexpensive light-emitting diode (LED) to photoactivate RB and (2) to evaluate whether our PDT regime could be combined with standard antifungal drug therapy and increase its effectiveness. Methods We designed and built our own inexpensive green (530 nm) LED source and tested its efficacy as part our RB-PDT regime in vitro against T. rubrum. We also examined the potential benefits of incorporating PDT as part of combination therapy and whether the order in which this was done had an impact. First we subjected spore suspensions to sub-inhibitory concentrations of a number of antifungal agents (CLT, MCZ and TRB) for 72 hours followed by RB-PDT. Secondly we subjected spore suspensions to sub-inhibitory PDT followed by drug treatment and evaluated if there were any changes to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the drugs tested. Results The optimal conditions for photoinactivation of T. rubrum using RB-PDT alone were 140 μM of RB and 24 J/cm2 of LED (equating to a 30-minute exposure). These parameters also caused a 100% reduction in the viability of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans and the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By combining our RB-PDT regime as an adjunct to antifungal drugs we were able to dramatically reduce the exposure times. Treatment of spore suspensions using a sub-inhibitory dose of clotrimazole (CLT) followed by RB-PDT, this order was critical, significantly reduced the exposure times required to achieve 100% inhibition of T. rubrum to 15 minutes as compared to RB-PDT alone. Conclusions The combination of antifungal drug and RB-PDT represents an attractive alternative to the current antifungal therapies used to treat superficial fungal diseases. Our approach has the potential to reduce treatment times and drug dosages which can also reduce drug toxicity and improve patient compliance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0261-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Colin Stack
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown Campus, Narellan Road, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia.
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