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Hasan SAA, Al-Shami IZ, Al-Hamzi MA, Alwadai GS, Alamoudi NA, Alqahtani SA, Daghrery A, Alaajam WH, Shariff M, Kinani HM, Al Moaleem MM. Evaluation of Radiant Power of the Light Curing Units Used in Clinics at Governmental and Privates Dental Faculties. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2024; 17:301-310. [PMID: 39219988 PMCID: PMC11363918 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s478042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the radiant power of the light cure units (LCUs) in relation to their type, radiant exitance, number of years in clinical use, and condition of LCUs tips in governmental and public clinics in Dental Faculties in Sana'a City. Materials and Methods LCUs were collected from different colleges at Sanaa City, Yemen, then LCU data as type, clinical age (<1 year, between 1-5 and ˃ 5-years), tip condition was visually inspected for damage and adhering debris, and the radiant exitance values of the tested LCUs. Radiant exitance values were subcategorized into three groups: <400, 400-850, and >850 mW/cm², labeled as inadequate, marginal, and adequate radiant exitances, respectively. A Woodpecker radiometer was used with a mode lasting of 20 seconds was used with each LCU. Descriptive statistics of the different parameters were evaluated with SPSS version 25. One-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to determine the mean difference between the groups with a significance value of ˂ 0.05 was considered. Results Two hundred twenty-three LCUs were surveyed, and the majority were Light-emitting diode (LED). Forty-nine (21.9%), 117 (52.4%), 57 (25.6%) recorded lesser than, 400-850, and more than 850 mW/cm², respectively. Radiant exitances of < year-old units were found to be higher than those of units used for ˃ 5 years with significant differences (p=0.001). The ANOVA test showed significant differences between the radiant exitance with clinical age and LCU tip conditions and a strong correlation p ˃ 0.050. Conclusion LED curing lights were the most used in the tested Dental Faculties. More than half of the used LCU offered sufficient radiant exitance. Clinical age, the presence or absence of composite buildups, and damage to curing tips showed significantly affect radiant exitance values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim Zaid Al-Shami
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen
| | - Mohsen Ali Al-Hamzi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen
| | - Ghadeer Saleh Alwadai
- Department: Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Ahmad Alamoudi
- Department: Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Ali Alqahtani
- Department: Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Daghrery
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa H Alaajam
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Mansoor Shariff
- Prosthetic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed M Al Moaleem
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Altaie A, Hadis MA, Wilson V, German MJ, Nattress BR, Wood D, Palin WM. An Evaluation of the Efficacy of LED Light Curing Units in Primary and Secondary Dental Settings in the United Kingdom. Oper Dent 2021; 46:271-282. [PMID: 34370026 DOI: 10.2341/20-092-lit] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the irradiance and the quality of LED light curing units (LCUs) in primary and secondary clinics in the UK and to assess the effect of damage, contamination, use of protective sleeves, and distance of light tips to target on the irradiance and performance of LCUs. METHODS The irradiance levels (mW/cm2) of 26 LED LCUs from general dental practices and 207 LED LCUs from two dental hospitals were measured using a digital radiometer (Blue Phase II, Ivoclar, Vivadent, Amherst, NY). Ten LED light guide tips (Satelec Mini, Acteon, Merignac, France) were selected to evaluate the effect of chipping, contamination (tip debris), and use of protective sleeves and tips to sensor distance on irradiance (mW/cm2) using a MARC Resin Calibrator (Blue Light Analytics, Halifax, Canada). Homogeneity of the light output was evaluated using a laser beam profiler (SP620; Ophir-Spiricon, North Longan, UT, USA). Statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test (α=0.05) and linear regression with stepwise correlation tests. RESULTS Thirty-three percent of the LCUs delivered irradiance output less than 500 mW/cm2. The condition of the light curing tips was poor, with 16% contaminated with resin debris, 26% damaged, and 10% both contaminated and damaged. The irradiance output was significantly reduced in contaminated (62%) and chipped (50%) light curing tips and when using protective sleeves (24%) (p<0.05). Irradiance was also reduced when increasing the distance with 25% and 34% reduction at 7 mm and 10 mm, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION There remains a lack of awareness of the need for regular monitoring and maintenance of dental LCUs. Damaged and contaminated light curing tips, use of protective sleeves, and increasing the distance from the restoration significantly reduced the irradiance output and the performance of the LCUs.
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Knowledge and Attitude of Dental Clinicians towards Light-Curing Units: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:5578274. [PMID: 34234828 PMCID: PMC8219411 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5578274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Light curing is crucial when applying composite resin restorations. Complete polymerization of the resin depends on delivering adequate light energy to it. Dental clinicians may be unaware of the importance of proper light-curing techniques. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the level of knowledge of general practitioners (GPs) and specialists (SPs) regarding light-curing units. Materials and Methods An electronic survey was conducted online among GPs and SPs of various specialties, working in the governmental sector in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Collected data were analyzed for statistical significance. Results 310 dentists were included in the study. Nearly half of the GPs (45.9%) and more than half of SPs (56.8%) use light-emitting diode (LED) type light-curing units (LCUs). 36.9% of GPs and 29.6% of SPs were unsure about the type of LCUs they use in their dental clinics. 10.8% of GPs and 8.5% of SPs knew the proper term of the power output of LCU. 52.2% of the GPs and 55.7% of SPs were wrong about advancements in technology of LED LCUs. Regarding the use of radiometer, 48.2% of SPs and 35.1% of GPs had responded wrongly, and 37.7% of SPs and 52.3% of GPs were not familiar with the device, showing a statistical significance (p=0.040). There was no statistical significance observed in the responses pertaining to their years of experience, expected for two questions. Conclusion Both GPs and SPs displayed inadequate knowledge regarding the use of LCUs. Further educational programs are recommended to spread awareness about the handling of LCUs among dental clinicians.
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Utilizing Light Cure Units: A Concise Narrative Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101596. [PMID: 34063428 PMCID: PMC8157231 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of photo-curable resin composite restorations is an essential treatment modality in modern dental practice. The success and longevity of these restorations depend on achieving predictable and effective polymerization. Understanding the dynamics of the polymerization and the effect of light cure units (LCUs) on this process is paramount. The goal of this concise narrative review is to provide a simplified presentation of basic principles of composite chemistry, polymerization reactions, and photo-curing with relevant terminologies. Clinical guidelines for choosing and maintaining LCUs, as well as safety precautions and factors under the control of the clinician are listed. Finally, clinical recommendations of LCUs’ usage and monitoring are included to aid practitioners in achieving predictable polymerization during the placement of direct resin composite restorations.
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Nassar HM, Almutairi M, Makhdom A. Irradiance of Different Curing Modes of Common Light Cure Devices: An In Vitro Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2020; 10:177-182. [PMID: 32670906 PMCID: PMC7339987 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_496_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to test the irradiance values of different curing modes of commonly available light cure devices (LCDs). Materials and Methods: An in vitro investigation was carried out to compare the irradiance output of 10 brands of LCDs available in Saudi Arabia measured using a digital radiometer. Values were recorded for three time points when applicable (0, 10, and 20s). This technique was repeated five times for each LCD. Normal, high-intensity, and soft-start modes were evaluated for all brands with the features available. Irradiance values between brands were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni method. Changes in irradiance between different time points were analyzed using one sample t test for normal and high-intensity modes and using paired t test for soft-start mode. All comparisons were carried out at 0.05 significance level. Results: The highest values were reported for Ortholux Luminous, Elipar DeepCure-S, Elipar DeepCure, and KaVo mini-LED with values above 1000 mW/cm2. All LCDs showed values above 600 mW/cm2. Three LCDs had high-intensity mode and only one device had soft-start mode. Changes over the different time points were not statistically significant exept for soft-start mode. Conclusion: All tested LCDs had irradiance values sufficient for adequate polymerization of resin composite. Only four of these are capable of curing bulk-fill composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani M Nassar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Efficacy of light-emitting diode light polymerization units used in private practices in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:802-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guimarães GF, Marcelino E, Cesarino I, Vicente FB, Grandini CR, Simões RP. Minimization of polymerization shrinkage effects on composite resins by the control of irradiance during the photoactivation process. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170528. [PMID: 29898182 PMCID: PMC6010328 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High levels of shrinkage stress caused by volumetric variations during the activation process are one of the main problems in the practical application of composite resins. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to reduce the shrinkage stress and minimize the effects caused by composite resin volumetric variation due to the photopolymerization. In this way, this work proposes a systematic study to determine the optimal dimming function to be applied to light curing processes. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed by applying mathematical techniques to the optimization of nonlinear objective functions. The effectiveness of the dimming function was evaluated by monitoring the polymerization shrinkage stress during the curing process of five brands/models of composites. This monitoring was performed on a universal testing machine using two steel bases coupled in the arms of the machine where the resin was inserted and polymerized. The quality of the composites cured by the proposed method was analyzed and compared with the conventional photoactivation method by experiments to determine their degree of conversion (DC). Absorbance measurements were performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). A T-test was performed on DC results to compare the photoactivation techniques. We also used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze in-vitro the adhesion interface of the resin in human teeth. RESULTS Our results showed that the use of the optimal dimming function, named as exponential, resulted in the significant reduction of the shrinkage stress (~36.88% ±6.56 when compared with the conventional method) without affecting the DC (t=0.86, p-value=0.44). The SEM analyses show that the proposed process can minimize or even eliminate adhesion failures between the tooth and the resin in dental restorations. CONCLUSION The results from this study can promote the improvement of the composite resin light curing process by the minimization of polymerization shrinkage effects, given an operational standardization of the photoactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Felipe Guimarães
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Edilmar Marcelino
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Ivana Cesarino
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Fábio Bossoi Vicente
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências, Laboratório de Relaxações Anelásticas e Biomateriais, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Roberto Grandini
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências, Laboratório de Relaxações Anelásticas e Biomateriais, Bauru, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Biomateriais, Tribocorrosão e Nanomedicina - Ramo Brasileiro, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Rafael Plana Simões
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Guidelines for the selection, use, and maintenance of LED light-curing units - Part 1. Br Dent J 2018; 221:453-460. [PMID: 27767163 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Light curing is a critical step in the restorative process when using light-activated resin-based composites, but it is frequently not given the attention it deserves. The selection of a reliable light curing unit (LCU) that meets the practitioner's needs is an important equipment purchase. Using an inappropriate LCU may seriously compromise the quality of care without the practitioner realising their mistake until years later. The importance of the subject is reflected by the rapidly increasing use of light-cured composites and the decline in the use of amalgam. Many changes have occurred in the equipment and materials available for making light-cured restorations in the last twenty years. This article is part of a two-part series that will describe those changes and recommend guidelines for the selection, use, and maintenance of light emitting diode light-curing units (LED LCUs). This paper (Part 1) discusses terminology, clinical studies, the development of LCUs in dentistry, the aims of light-curing, and the need to deliver an adequate amount of energy. The interaction between light source and material is briefly described to demonstrate the complex nature of the resin photopolymerisation process.
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Abstract
The ability to light cure resins 'on demand' in the mouth has revolutionized dentistry. However, there is a widespread lack of understanding of what is required for successful light curing in the mouth. Most instructions simply tell the user to 'light cure for xx seconds' without describing any of the nuances of how to successfully light cure a resin. This article provides a brief description of light curing. At the end, some recommendations are made to help when purchasing a curing light and how to improve the use of the curing light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B T Price
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Rueggeberg FA, Giannini M, Arrais CAG, Price RBT. Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: a literature review. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e61. [PMID: 28902241 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary dentistry literally cannot be performed without use of resin-based restorative materials. With the success of bonding resin materials to tooth structures, an even wider scope of clinical applications has arisen for these lines of products. Understanding of the basic events occurring in any dental polymerization mechanism, regardless of the mode of activating the process, will allow clinicians to both better appreciate the tremendous improvements that have been made over the years, and will also provide valuable information on differences among strategies manufacturers use to optimize product performance, as well as factors under the control of the clinician, whereby they can influence the long-term outcome of their restorative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Allen Rueggeberg
- Augusta University, Dental College of Georgia, Department of Restorative Sciences, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Influence of physical assessment of different light-curing units on irradiance and composite microhardness top/bottom ratio. Odontology 2016; 104:298-304. [PMID: 26762231 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-015-0229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the physical assessment of different light-curing units from 55 dental offices on the irradiance and composite microhardness top/bottom ratio, and the influence of the radiometers for LED or QTH light sources on irradiance measurement. The irradiance of each light-curing unit was evaluated with two radiometers, either for LED or QTH light. A questionnaire regarding the type of source (LED or QTH), time of use, date of last maintenance and light-curing performance assessment applied. The physical assessments were evaluated regarding damage or debris on the light tip. For each light-curing unit, three composite specimens were made (diameter = 7 mm; thickness = 2 mm) with polymerizing time of 20 s, in order to perform the microhardness (Knoop) test. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test (α = 0.01). There was wide variation in irradiance (0-1000 mW/cm(2)). Approximately 50 % of the light-curing units presented radiation lower than 300 mW/cm(2); 10 % of light-curing units, especially those with LED source, presented values higher than 800 mW/cm(2), and 43 % of light-curing units worked with adequate irradiance between 301 and 800 mW/cm(2). In almost 60 % of cases, no maintenance of light-curing units was performed in a period of 3 to 10 years. The age of the light-curing units and the use of inadequate tips interfered negatively in irradiance. The data emphasize the importance of periodic maintenance of light-polymerizing, light-curing units.
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Demarco FF, Baldissera RA, Madruga FC, Simões RC, Lund RG, Correa MB, Cenci MS. Anterior composite restorations in clinical practice: findings from a survey with general dental practitioners. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 21:497-504. [PMID: 24473714 PMCID: PMC3891272 DOI: 10.1590/1679-775720130013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess technical preferences of general dental
practitioners when restoring anterior composite restorations. How the level of
clinical experience or post-graduate training infuenced their options was also
tested. Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using a questionnaire with general dental
practitioners (GDPs) (n=276) in Southern Brazil. Information regarding post
graduation training (specialization, master's or PhD degree) and linical
experience (years since completing graduation) were gathered. The options
regarding anterior composite restorations (type of composite, adhesive system,
light curing unit, polishing procedures and rubber dam use) were collected. Data
were submitted to descriptive analysis and associations were tested. Results Response rate was 68% (187). GDPs selected microhybrid composite (52%) and 2-step
total etch adhesive system (77%). LED was the preferred method of activation for
72.8%. Immediate polishing was preferred by 75%, using a combination of
techniques. Most of the respondents (74.3%) did not use rubber dam. More
experienced clinicians used more halogen lights (p<0.022), performed more light
monitoring (p<0.001) and were resistant to use rubber dam (p<0.012).
Dentists with post-graduation training used 3-etch-and-rinse system more
frequently (p<0.04), usually monitored light intensity (p<0.014) and placed
rubber dam more frequently (p<0.044). Conclusions Hybrid composite, simplifed adhesives, LED units and immediate polishing were
preferred by Southern Brazilian dentists for anterior composite restorations. Few
dentists used rubber dam to perform composite restorations in anterior teeth.
Clinical experience and post-graduation training infuenced the dentists' choices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Guerra Lund
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, PelotasRS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Britto Correa
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, PelotasRS, Brazil
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