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Passos JCDS, Calvi GDS, Rodrigues ABF, Costa MS. The inhibitory effect of photodynamic therapy on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei can be determined by Candida albicans/Candida krusei ratio. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103787. [PMID: 37673228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Candida krusei and Candida albicans present the ability to form communities of microorganisms called biofilms. Biofilms can be composed of a single species or more and are an important virulence factor. The inhibition of C. albicans and C. krusei as well as of their dual-species biofilms by antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) has been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aPDT, with TBO, on dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and C. krusei using different culture mediums, RPMI-1640 and Sabouraud-dextrose broth (SDB) to produce biofilms presenting different C. albicans/C. krusei ratio. Biofilms formed using RPMI-1640 presented a higher C. albicans/C. krusei ratio, however, biofilms formed using SDB presented a predominance of C. krusei. The metabolic activity of biofilms produced using RPMI-1640 was inhibited by aP (∼40%), while biofilms produced using SDB were not affected by aPDT. In addition, biofilm biomass was reduced in biofilms produced using RPMI-1640 and treated with aPDT (∼20%). The results demonstrated that aPDT reduces C. albicans development in dual-species biofilms with C. krusei. However, no effect could be observed on C. krusei, demonstrating that C. krusei, when present in the structure of dual-species biofilms can be resistant to aPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliene Cristina da Silva Passos
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, CEP: 12.244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Souza Calvi
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, CEP: 12.244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Furtado Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, CEP: 12.244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricilia Silva Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, CEP: 12.244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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Rodrigues ABF, Passos JCDS, Costa MS. Effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, using Toluidine blue on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103600. [PMID: 37150491 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Candida albicans is the most frequent etiological agent of candidiasis, it has been reported a sizable number of infections related to the non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, Candida krusei. In addition, dual biofilms (biofilms composed by two species) may easily occur in vivo, becoming even more challenging the treatment of an infection. The fungicide effect of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), using toluidine blue O (TBO) on both C. albicans and C. krusei development has been demonstrated. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PDT on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. METHODS The effect of PDT was observed on the metabolic activity of mature dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei by a metabolic assay based on the reduction of XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt) assay and the identification of Candida albicans and Candida krusei was performed on CHROMagar Candida medium. RESULTS it was observed a reduction of ∼30% in the metabolic activity of a mature biofilm treated with PDT, using 0.05mg·mL-1 TBO and during biofilm formation a predominance of C. albicans on C. krusei was observed. The inhibition observed was related to reduction in the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) of Candida albicans from 31.33 ± 3.7 to 17.0 ± 1.5. The number of CFU of C. krusei was not significantly modified. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the efficiency of PDT in inhibiting the dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei by reducing C. albicans development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Furtado Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Juliene Cristina da Silva Passos
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Maricilia Silva Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Ziental D, Mlynarczyk DT, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Lewandowski K, Sobotta L. Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112883. [PMID: 34835655 PMCID: PMC8621466 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Superficial and systemic fungal infections are essential problems for the modern health care system. One of the challenges is the growing resistance of fungi to classic antifungals and the constantly increasing cost of therapy. These factors force the scientific world to intensify the search for alternative and more effective methods of treatment. This paper presents an overview of new fungal inactivation methods using Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT). The results of research on compounds from the groups of phenothiazines, xanthanes, porphyrins, chlorins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines are presented. An intensive search for a photosensitizer with excellent properties is currently underway. The formulation based on the existing ones is also developed by combining them with nanoparticles and common antifungal therapy. Numerous studies indicate that fungi do not form any specific defense mechanism against PACT, which deems it a promising therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Konrad Lewandowski
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Influence of Incubation Time on Ortho-Toluidine Blue Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Directed against Selected Candida Strains-An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010971. [PMID: 34681632 PMCID: PMC8536188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and the aim: The appropriate incubation time in the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy protocol seems to have a huge impact on the efficacy of this process. This is particularly important in relation to Candida strains, due to the size of these cells and the presence of the cell wall. The aims of this study were to determine the optimal incubation time needed for the absorption of toluidine blue by cells of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis using direct observation by optical microscopy, and to evaluate the efficacy of TBO-mediated aPDT on planktonic cells of these strains. (2) Methods: The microscopic evaluation consisted of taking a series of images at a magnification of 600× and counting the % of stained cells. The in vitro effect of TBO-mediated aPDT combined with a diode laser (635 nm, 400mW, 12 J/cm2, CW) on the viability of yeast cells with different incubation times was evaluated. (3) Results: The presence of TBO within the cytoplasm was observed in all tested Candida strains and at all microscopic evaluation times. However, the highest percentages of cells were stained at 7 and 10 min. The highest % reduction of CFU/mL after TBO-mediated aPDT against Candida was obtained for the strain C. albicans ATCC 10,231 and it was 78.55%. (4) Conclusions: TBO-mediated aPDT against Candida was effective in reducing the number of CFU/mL at all assessed incubation times. However, the most efficient period for almost all strains was 7–10 min.
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Hurtado CR, Hurtado GR, de Cena GL, Queiroz RC, Silva AV, Diniz MF, dos Santos VR, Trava-Airoldi V, Baptista MDS, Tsolekile N, Oluwafemi OS, Conceição K, Tada DB. Diamond Nanoparticles-Porphyrin mTHPP Conjugate as Photosensitizing Platform: Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1393. [PMID: 34070326 PMCID: PMC8227420 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of photosensitizers (PS) with nanoparticles has been largely used as a strategy to stabilize PS in the biological medium resulting in photosensitizing nanoparticles of enhanced photoactivity. Herein, (Meso-5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (3-hydroxyphenyl) phorphyryn (mTHPP) was conjugated with diamond nanoparticles (ND) by covalent bond. Nanoconjugate ND-mTHPP showed suitable stability in aqueous suspension with 58 nm of hydrodynamic diameter and Zeta potential of -23 mV. The antibacterial activity of ND-mTHPP was evaluated against Escherichia coli for different incubation times (0-24 h). The optimal activity was observed after 2 h of incubation and irradiation (660 nm; 51 J/cm2) performed right after the addition of ND-mTHPP (100 μg/mL) to the bacterial suspension. The inhibitory activity was 56% whereas ampicillin at the same conditions provided only 14% of bacterial growth inhibition. SEM images showed agglomerate of ND-mTHPP adsorbed on the bacterial cell wall, suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of ND-mTHPP was afforded by inducing membrane damage. Cytotoxicity against murine embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF) was also evaluated and ND-mTHPP was shown to be noncytotoxic since viability of cells cultured for 24 h in the presence of the nanoconjugate (100 μg/mL) was 78%. Considering the enhanced antibacterial activity and the absence of cytotoxic effect, it is possible to consider the ND-mTHPP nanoconjugate as promising platform for application in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ramos Hurtado
- Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), São José dos Campos 12223-201, São Paulo, Brazil; (C.R.H.); (R.C.Q.)
- Nanomaterials and Nanotoxicology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, São Paulo, Brazil
- Peptide Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.L.d.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Gabriela Ramos Hurtado
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-004, São Paulo, Brazil;
- Institute of Advanced Sea Studies (IEAMAr), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-004, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Lupeti de Cena
- Peptide Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.L.d.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Rafaela Campos Queiroz
- Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), São José dos Campos 12223-201, São Paulo, Brazil; (C.R.H.); (R.C.Q.)
- Nanomaterials and Nanotoxicology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Faria Diniz
- Fundamental Sciences Division, Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), São José dos Campos 12228-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Verônica Ribeiro dos Santos
- Bioceramics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Vladimir Trava-Airoldi
- Sensors and Materials Associated Laboratory, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Maurício da Silva Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Ncediwe Tsolekile
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (N.T.); (O.S.O.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (N.T.); (O.S.O.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Katia Conceição
- Peptide Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.L.d.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Dayane Batista Tada
- Nanomaterials and Nanotoxicology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wiench R, Skaba D, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K. Efficacy of Toluidine Blue-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Candida spp. A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040349. [PMID: 33806003 PMCID: PMC8064486 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of oral yeast infections was examined many times in recent years. The authors of this review tried to address the question: "Should TBO (toluidine blue ortho)-mediated aPDT be considered a possible alternative treatment for oral candidiasis?". PubMed/Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN-TRAL) databases were searched from 1997 up to the 27th of October 2020 using a combination of the following keywords: (Candida OR Candidiasis oral OR Candidosis oral OR denture stomatitis) AND (toluidine blue OR photodynamic therapy OR aPDT OR photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy OR PACT OR photodynamic inactivation OR PDI). Animal studies or in vitro studies involving Candida albicans (C. albicans) and/or nonalbicans stain, randomized clinical trials (RCT) involving patients with oral candidiasis or denture stomatitis published solely in English language were included. Candida elimination method in animal, in vitro studies and RCT used was TBO-mediated aPDT. Exactly 393 studies were taken into consideration. Then, after analyzing titles and abstracts of said studies, 361 were excluded. Only 32 studies ended up being selected for in-depth screening, after which 21 of them were included in this study. All studies reported the antifungal effectiveness of aPDT with TBO against C. albicans and non-albicans Candida. In studies conducted with planktonic cells, only one study showed eradication of C. albicans. All others showed partial elimination and only one of them was not statistically significant. Experiments on yeast biofilms, in all cases, showed partial, statistically significant cell growth inhibition and weight reduction (a reduction in the number of cells-mainly hyphae) and the mass of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). In vivo aPDT mediated by TBO exhibits antifungal effects against oral Candida spp.; however, its clinical effectiveness as a potent therapeutic strategy for oral yeast infections requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wiench
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (R.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Dariusz Skaba
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (R.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Jacek Matys
- Laser Laboratory Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Kinga Grzech-Leśniak
- Laser Laboratory Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Correspondence:
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Liu S, Mai B, Jia M, Lin D, Zhang J, Liu Q, Wang P. Synergistic antimicrobial effects of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and gentamicin on Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101703. [PMID: 32151763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is generally increasing, which has become a great challenge for treating infectious diseases caused by microbes. Photodynamic antibacterial chemotherapy (PACT) has been considered as a promising method for inactivating bacteria. The combination of antimicrobial agent with PACT may provide efficient way against drug-resistant microbe. This study aims to investigate the synergistic effects of PACT mediated by toluidine blue (TB), combined with gentamicin (GEN) on common pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDR S. aureus). METHODS Alkaline lysis was used to detect the uptake of TB by S. aureus and MDR S. aureus. Plate counting was applied to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of GEN alone, TB-PACT alone, and work together. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed to examine the permeability of bacterial membranes after different treatments. Intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed with the assist of H2DCF-DA and SOSG probes. RESULTS TB-PACT combined with GEN led to more pronounced antibacterial effects in S. aureus and MDR S. aureus, as compared with either alone. TB-PACT treatment permeabilized the bacterial membranes, promoted GEN cellular accumulation and augmented the antibacterial efficiency. The intracellular ROS generation by the combination of TB-PACT and GEN was much higher than that of single treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS TB-PACT decreased the GEN cytotoxic threshold and usage, and the synergy of them significantly enhanced the sterilization of S. aureus and MDR S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingjie Mai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dewu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingdan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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Calixto GMF, de Annunzio SR, Victorelli FD, Frade ML, Ferreira PS, Chorilli M, Fontana CR. Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:253. [PMID: 31309346 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) can be designed to enrich the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of several drugs. Many of the initial obstacles that impeded the clinical applications of conventional DDS have been overcome with nanotechnology-based DDS, especially those formed by chitosan (CS). CS is a linear polysaccharide obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, which has potential properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity, high bioavailability, simplicity of modification, aqueous solubility, and excellent chemical resistance. Furthermore, CS can prepare several DDS as films, gels, nanoparticles, and microparticles to improve delivery of drugs, such as photosensitizers (PS). Thus, CS-based DDS are broadly investigated for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases. In PDT, a PS is activated by light of a specific wavelength, which provokes selective damage to the target tissue and its surrounding vasculature, but most PS have low water solubility and cutaneous photosensitivity impairing the clinical use of PDT. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology using chitosan-based DDS in PDT may offer great possibilities in the treatment of diseases. Therefore, this review presents numerous applications of chitosan-based DDS in order to improve the PDT for cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases.
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Chen B, Sun Y, Zhang J, Chen R, Zhong X, Wu X, Zheng L, Zhao J. In vitro Evaluation of Photodynamic Effects Against Biofilms of Dermatophytes Involved in Onychomycosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1228. [PMID: 31231330 PMCID: PMC6568038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the most common cause of onychomycosis, counting for 90% fungal nail infection. Although dermatophyte pathogens are normally susceptible to antifungal agents, onychomycosis often results in refractory chronic disease, and the formation of biofilms frequently underlines the inadequate responses and resistance to standard antifungal treatment. Numerous in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) studies have shown biofilm eradication or substantial reduction, however, such investigation has not yet been expanded to the biofilms of dermatophytes involved in onychomycosis. To shed a light on the potential application of aPDT in the clinic management of onychomycosis, in particular with the manifestation of dermatophytoma, we investigated photodynamic effects on the viabilities and the drug susceptibilities of the biofilm of dermatophytes in vitro. Here, methylene blue at the concentration of 8, 16, and 32 μg/ml applied as photosensitizing agent and LED (635 ± 10 nm, 60 J/cm2) as light source were employed against six strains of Trichophyton rubrum, ten strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and three strains of Microsporum gypseum isolated from clinical specimens. Our results indicated highly efficient photodynamic inhibition, exhibiting CFU (colony forming unit) reduction up to 4.6 log10, 4.3 log10, and 4.7 log10 against the biofilms formed by T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum, respectively. Subjected biofilms displayed considerable decreases in SMICs (sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations) to multiple antifungal agents when compared with untreated groups, indicating the biofilms of dermatophytes became more susceptible to conventional antifungal drugs after aPDT. Additionally, the obliteration of biofilm after aPDT could be observed as shattered and ruptured structures being evident in SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images. These findings suggest that aPDT is an attractive alternative treatment holding great promise for combating recalcitrant onychomycosis associated with the biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borui Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | | | - Ruijun Chen
- Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiurong Zhong
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomo Wu
- Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Libao Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjun Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Černáková L, Light C, Salehi B, Rogel-Castillo C, Victoriano M, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J, Martins N, Rodrigues CF. Novel Therapies for Biofilm-Based Candida spp. Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1214:93-123. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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