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Gierke AM, Hessling M. Photoinactivation by UVA radiation and visible light of Candida auris compared to other fungi. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:681-692. [PMID: 38446403 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In addition to the rising number of patients affected by viruses and bacteria, the number of fungal infections has also been rising over the years. Due to the increase in resistance to various antimycotics, investigations into further disinfection options are important. In this study, two yeasts (Candida auris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a mold (Cladosporium cladosporioides) were irradiated at 365, 400, and 450 nm individually. The resulting log 1 reduction doses were determined and compared with other studies. Furthermore, fluorescence measurements of C. auris were performed to detect possible involved photosensitizers. A roughly exponential photoinactivation was observed for all three fungi and all irradiation wavelengths with higher D90 doses for longer wavelengths. The determined log 1 reduction doses of C. auris and S. cerevisiae converged with increasing wavelength. However, S. cerevisiae was more photosensitive than C. auris for all irradiation wavelengths and is therefore not a suitable C. auris surrogate for photoinactivation experiments. For the mold C. cladosporioides, much higher D90 doses were determined than for both yeasts. Concerning potential photosensitizers, flavins and various porphyrins were detected by fluorescence measurements. By excitation at 365 nm, another, so far unreported fluorophore and potential photosensitizer was also observed. Based on its fluorescence spectrum, we assume it to be thiamine.Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Gierke
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Macaluso JN. Hospital, Catheter, Peritoneal Dialysis Acquired Infections: Visible Light as a New Solution to Reduce Risk and Incidence. Cureus 2023; 15:e43043. [PMID: 37554377 PMCID: PMC10404650 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections, often identified as hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are typically not present during patient contact or admission. Healthcare-associated infections cause longer lengths of stay, increasing costs and mortality. HAI occurring in trauma patients increases the risk for length of stay and higher inpatient costs. Many HAIs are preventable. Antibiotic resistance has increased to a high level making proper treatment increasingly difficult due to organisms resistant to common antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need for alternate forms of attack against these pathogens. Currently, the application of light for the treatment of topical infections has been used. Ultraviolet (UV) light has well-documented antimicrobial properties. UV is damaging to DNA and causes the degradation of plastics, etc., so its use for medical purposes is limited. Using visible light may be more promising. 405-nm light sterilization has been shown to be highly efficacious in reducing bacteria. Light Line Medical, Inc.'s (LLM) patented visible-light platform technology for infection prevention may create a global shift in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. LLM has developed a proprietary method of delivering light to prevent catheter-associated infections. This technology uses non-UV visible light and can kill both bacteria and prevent biofilm inside and outside a luminal catheter. This is significant as prevention is key. Independent analysis of the prototype system showed the application of the device met the acceptance criterion of 4 x 109-10 reduction in Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other bacteria and fungal species. Further design evolution for this technology continues, and the FDA submission process is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Macaluso
- Endourology, LSU Health Foundation, New Orleans, USA
- Urology, LSU Health Center, New Orleans, USA
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3
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Inhibitory effect of 405-nm blue LED light on the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans dual-species biofilms on denture base resin. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2311-2319. [PMID: 35034224 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether irradiation with 405-nm blue LED light could inhibit the growth of not only single- but dual-species biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans on denture base resin and cause the alteration in gene expression related to adhesion and biofilm formation. C. albicans and S. mutans single-/dual-species biofilms were formed on the denture base specimens. The biofilms were irradiated with 405-nm blue LED light (power density output: 280 mW/cm2) for 0 (control) and 40 min. Dual-species biofilms were analyzed using CFU assay and fluorescence microscopy, and single-/dual-species biofilms were analyzed using alamarBlue assays and gene expression analysis. To assess the inhibitory effect of irradiation on dual-species biofilms, specimens after irradiation were aerobically incubated for 12 h. After incubation, the inhibition of growth was assessed using CFU assays and fluorescence microscopy. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U or Student's t test (p < 0.05). Irradiation produced a significant inhibitory effect on biofilms. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that almost all C. albicans and S. mutans cells were killed by irradiation, and there was no notable difference in biofilm thickness immediately after irradiation and after irradiation and incubation for 12 h. alamarBlue assays indicated the growth of the biofilms was inhibited for 12-13 h. The expression of genes associated with adhesion and biofilm formation-als1 in C. albicans and ftf, gtfC, and gtfB in S. mutans-significantly reduced by irradiation. Irradiation with 405-nm blue LED light effectively inhibited the growth of C. albicans and S. mutans dual-species biofilms for 12 h.
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Shichiri-Negoro Y, Tsutsumi-Arai C, Arai Y, Satomura K, Arakawa S, Wakabayashi N. Ozone ultrafine bubble water inhibits the early formation of Candida albicans biofilms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261180. [PMID: 34890423 PMCID: PMC8664219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of ozone ultrafine bubble water (OUFBW) on the formation and growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilms and surface properties of denture base resins. OUFBWs were prepared under concentrations of 6 (OUFBW6), 9 (OUFBW9), and 11 ppm (OUFBW11). Phosphate buffered saline and ozone-free electrolyte aqueous solutions (OFEAS) were used as controls. Acrylic resin discs were made according to manufacturer instructions, and C. albicans was initially cultured on the discs for 1.5 h. A colony forming unit (CFU) assay was performed by soaking the discs in OUFBW for 5 min after forming a 24-h C. albicans biofilm. The discs after initial attachment for 1.5 h were immersed in OUFBW and then cultured for 0, 3, and 5 h. CFUs were subsequently evaluated at each time point. Moreover, a viability assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Alamar Blue assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) test were performed. To investigate the long-term effects of OUFBW on acrylic resin surface properties, Vickers hardness (VH) and surface roughness (Ra) were measured. We found that OUFBW9 and OUFBW11 significantly degraded the formed 24-h biofilm. The time point CFU assay showed that C. albicans biofilm formation was significantly inhibited due to OUFBW11 exposure. Interestingly, fluorescence microscopy revealed that almost living cells were observed in all groups. In SEM images, the OUFBW group had lesser number of fungi and the amount of non-three-dimensional biofilm than the control group. In the Alamar Blue assay, OUFBW11 was found to suppress Candida metabolic function. The qRT-PCR test showed that OUFBW down-regulated ALS1 and ALS3 expression regarding cell-cell, cell-material adhesion, and biofilm formation. Additionally, VH and Ra were not significantly different between the two groups. Overall, our data suggest that OUFBW suppressed C. albicans growth and biofilm formation on polymethyl methacrylate without impairing surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shichiri-Negoro
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Tsutsumi-Arai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Arai
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Satomura
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Arakawa
- Department of Lifetime Oral Health Care Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Morgan SD, Yoder-Himes D, Jackson D, Naber J, Berry R, Cash E, Chandran S, Roussel T. Bactericidal effects of high-energy visible light on common otitis media pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1856-1865. [PMID: 34787955 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study assessed the use of high-energy, visible light on the survival rates of three bacteria commonly found in middle ear infections (i.e. otitis media; Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae). METHOD AND RESULTS Bacteria were cultured and then subjected to a single, 4-h treatment of 405 nm wavelength light at two different intensities. All three bacteria species were susceptible to the light at clinically significant rates (>99.9% reduction). Bacteria were susceptible to the high-energy visible (HEV) light in a dose-dependent manner (lower survival rates with increased intensity and duration of exposure). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that HEV light may provide a non-surgical, non-pharmaceutical approach to the therapeutic treatment of otitis media. SIGNIFICANCE AN IMPACT OF THE STUDY Given the growing concerns surrounding antibiotic resistance, this study demonstrates a rapid, alternative method for effective inactivation of bacterial pathogens partly responsible for instances of otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shae D Morgan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery & Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Douglas Jackson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John Naber
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rachel Berry
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery & Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cash
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery & Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Swapna Chandran
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery & Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Thomas Roussel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Tsutsumi-Arai C, Arai Y, Terada-Ito C, Imamura T, Tatehara S, Ide S, Wakabayashi N, Satomura K. Microbicidal effect of 405-nm blue LED light on Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans dual-species biofilms on denture base resin. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:857-866. [PMID: 33931832 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated: (1) the microbicidal effect of 405-nm blue LED light irradiation on biofilm formed by Candida albicans hyphae and Streptococcus mutans under dual-species condition on denture base resin, (2) the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by irradiation, and (3) the existence of intracellular porphyrins, which act as a photosensitizer. Denture base resin specimens were prepared and C. albicans and S. mutans dual-species biofilms were allowed to form on the specimens. The biofilms were irradiated with 405-nm blue LED light and analyzed using the colony-forming unit assay, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Single-species biofilms of C. albicans and S. mutans formed on the specimens were irradiated with 405-nm blue LED light. After the irradiation, the intracellular ROS levels in C. albicans and S. mutans cells were measured. In addition, the level of intracellular porphyrins in C. albicans and S. mutans were measured. Irradiation for more than 30 min significantly inhibited the colony formation ability of C. albicans and S. mutans. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that almost all C. albicans and S. mutans cells were killed by irradiation. SEM images showed various cell damage patterns. Irradiation led to the generation of intracellular ROS and porphyrins were present in both C. albicans and S. mutans cells. In conclusion, irradiation with 405-nm blue light-emitting diode light for 40 min effectively disinfect C. albicans hyphae and S. mutans dual-species biofilms and possibly react with intracellular porphyrins resulting in generation of ROS in each microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tsutsumi-Arai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Arai
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Chika Terada-Ito
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Imamura
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Seiko Tatehara
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Ide
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Satomura
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan
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Monteiro DR, de Souza Batista VE, Caldeirão ACM, Jacinto RDC, Pessan JP. Oral prosthetic microbiology: aspects related to the oral microbiome, surface properties, and strategies for controlling biofilms. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:353-371. [PMID: 34139899 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1912741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is an environment that allows for the development of complex ecosystems; the placement of prosthetic devices as a consequence of partial or total tooth loss may alter the diversity of microbial communities. Biofilms on the surface of materials used in dental prostheses can promote important changes in the mechanic and aesthetic properties of the material itself and may cause local and systemic diseases for the prosthetic wearer. This review presents the main features of the oral microbiome associated with complete or partial dentures and dental implants. The main diseases associated with microbial colonization of prosthetic surfaces, factors that may affect biofilm formation on prosthetic materials, as well as novel alternative therapies aiming to reduce biofilm formation and/or to eradicate biofilms formed on these materials are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rogério de Castilho Jacinto
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Leanse LG, Dos Anjos C, Wang Y, Murray CK, Hooper DC, Dai T. Effective treatment of cutaneous mold infections by antimicrobial blue light that is potentiated by quinine. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1069-1076. [PMID: 33528496 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous mold infections commonly result from an array of traumatic injuries that involve direct inoculation of contaminated soil into wounds. Here, we explored the use of antimicrobial blue light (aBL; 405 nm wavelength) and the combination of aBL with quinine hydrochloride (aBL + Q-HCL) for the treatment of cutaneous mold infections. METHODS Efficacy of aBL and aBL + Q-HCL in killing clinically important pathogenic molds (Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxyprorum) was investigated. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) identified and quantified endogenous porphyrins in the mold conidia. Finally, a mouse model of dermabrasion wound infected with a bioluminescent variant of A. fumigatus was developed to investigate the efficacy of aBL in treating cutaneous mold infections. RESULTS We demonstrated that mold conidia are tolerant to aBL, but Q-HCL enhances efficacy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed intracellular damage by aBL. aBL + Q-HCL resulted in intracellular and cell wall damage. Porphyrins were observed in all mold strains, with A. fumigatus having the highest concentration. aBL and aBL + Q-HCL effectively reduced the burden of A. fumigatus within an established dermabrasion infection that limited recurrence post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS aBL and aBL + Q-HCL may offer a novel approach for the treatment of mold infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - David C Hooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Wang T, Dong J, Yin H, Zhang G. Blue light therapy to treat candida vaginitis with comparisons of three wavelengths: an in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 35:1329-1339. [PMID: 31900692 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Anti-fungal blue light (ABL) therapies have been widely studied to treat various microbial infections in the literature. The blue light with wavelengths ranging from 400 to 470 nm has been reported to be effective to inhibit various kinds of bacteria and fungi. The existing studies usually report the viability rates of the pathogens under the irradiation of the blue light with different dosage parameters. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is still no work especially focusing on studying the effect of ABL therapies on treating candida vaginitis, where it is important to study the viability of both the Candida albicans (C. albicans) and the human vaginal epithelial cells. It is the purpose of this work to conduct ABL experiments on both of these two cells, analyze the effects, and determine the best ABL wavelength out of three candidates, i.e., 405-nm, 415-nm, and 450-nm wavelength. The viability rates of the C. albicans and the human vaginal epithelial cells irradiated by the three blue LED light sources were measured, whose irradiance (power density) were all set to 50 mW/cm2. The dynamic viability models of the C. albicans and the epithelial cells were built based on the experimental data. Moreover, in this work, we also built a functional relationship between the viability of these two types of cells, by which we further compared the effects of the blue light irradiation on both the C. albicans and vaginal epithelial cells. The experimental data showed that when an approximately 80% inhibiting rate of the C. albicans was achieved, the survival rates of the epithelial cells were 0.6700, 0.7748, and 0.6027, respectively for the treatment by the 405-nm, 415-nm, and 450-nm wavelength light. On the other hand, by simulating the functional relationship between the viability of the two types of cells, the survival rates of the epithelial cells became 0.5783, 0.6898, and 0.1918 respectively using the 405-nm, 415-nm and 450-nm wavelength light, when the C. albicans was completely inhibited. Therefore, both the experimental data and the model simulation results have demonstrated that the 415-nm light has a more effective anti-fungal result with less damage to the epithelial cells than the 405-nm and 450-nm light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Dong
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.
| | - Huancai Yin
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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