Photobiomodulation therapy compensate the impairments of diabetic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Influence of Different Photobiomodulation Parameters on Multi-Potent Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Cells In Vitro

Objective: Investigating the effect of different parameters of photobiomodulation (PBM) with low-power laser on multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adipose tissue in terms of proliferation and cell death. Methods: MSCs were submitted to PBM applications with combinations of the following physical parameters: control group (no intervention), wavelengths of 660 and 830 nm; energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J; and power of 40 and 100 mW. MSC analysis was performed using MetaXpress® software at 24, 48, and 72 h. Results: Irradiation promoted a significant increase in cell proliferation (p < 0.05), with 830 nm laser, 100 mW, with energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J in relation to the control group at all times. PBM with 660 nm, power of 40 mW, and energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J produced greater cell death at 24 h compared with the control group. At the time of 72 h, there was no significant difference concerning cell death. Conclusions: According to the results found, we can conclude that both wavelengths were effective; however, the 830 nm laser was more effective in terms of cell proliferation compared with the 660 nm laser. The 660 nm wavelength showed a significant increase in cell death when compared with the 830 nm laser.

Nd:YAG-photobiomodulation enhanced ADSCs multilineage differentiation and immunomodulation potentials

To investigate the effects of Nd: YAG (1064 nm) photobiomodulation on multilineage differentiation and immunomodulation potentials of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro experiments, cells were divided into the control group (non-irradiated control ADSCs) and photobiomodulation groups. 0.5 J/cm2, 1 J/cm2, 2 J/cm2, and 4 J/cm2 were used for proliferation assays; for ADSCs adipogenic differentiation assays, 0.5 J/cm2, 1 J/cm2 were applied; 1 J/cm2 was used for migration and immunomodulation assays. The differentiation abilities were assessed by qPCR, Oil Red O staining, and Alizarin Red staining. The immunomodulation potential was assessed by qPCR and human cytokine array. DSS-induced colitis model. was used to test the effect of photobiomodulation on ADSCs immunomodulation potentials in vivo. Nd:YAG-based photobiomodulation dose-dependently promoted ADSCs proliferation and migration; 1 J/cm2 showed the best promotion effect on proliferation. Moreover, Nd:YAG photobiomodulation promoted ADSCs osteogenic differentiation and brown adipose adipogenic differentiation. The potential immunomodulation assays showed Nd:YAG photobiomodulation improved Anti-inflammation capacity of ADSCs and photobiomodulation irradiated ADSCs effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis severity in vivo. Our study suggests Nd:YAG photobiomodulation might enhance the ADSCs multilineage differentiation and immunomodulation potentials. These results might help to enhance ADSCs therapeutic effects for clinical application. However, further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of Nd:YAG photobiomodulation promoting multilineage differentiation and immunomodulation potentials of ADSCs.

Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Transplantation Can Repair Rat Femoral Head Necrosis and Inhibit the Expression of Omgp

To study the therapeutic effect of BMSCs on femoral head necrosis and whether it can inhibit the growth of OMgP. 15 healthy rats were divided into ZZ group (normal group), GT group (femoral head necrosis) and MM group (BMSCs transplantation). At 1 h, 3 h, 1 d, and 3 d, the expression of OMgP in GT group were higher than ZZ group (P <0.05) and MM group, indicating that BMSCs transplantation can decreased OMgP expression. At 1 d, 7 d, and 14 d, BBB scores of the GT group were lower than ZZ group (P < 0.05) and MM group (P < 0.05), indicating that BMSCs transplantation can improve spinal cord injury behavior. The cells in ZZ group were well stained and morphologically intact, the femoral head was not damaged, and the articular surface was smooth, GT group had cartilage necrosis with disordered inferior epiphysis, and the femoral head of the MM group had less damage and increased osteoblasts. The blood vessel counts in necrotic area in GT group were higher than ZZ group and MM group with decreased new bone area in repair area compared to ZZ and MM group (P <0.05), indicating that the area of femoral head necrosis after BMSCs transplantation was improved. The levels of ALP and BGP in GT group were lower than ZZ group (P <0.05) and MM group (P <0.05). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can effectively repair new bone area, up-regulate ALP and BGP, and have a positive effect on femoral head necrosis, possibly by inhibiting OMGP activity.

Challenges to Improve Bone Healing Under Diabetic Conditions

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can affect bone metabolism and the bone microenvironment, resulting in impaired bone healing. The mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), etc. Improving bone healing in diabetic patients has important clinical significance in promoting fracture healing and improving bone integration. In this paper, we reviewed the methods of improving bone healing under diabetic conditions, including drug therapy, biochemical cues, hyperbaric oxygen, ultrasound, laser and pulsed electromagnetic fields, although most studies are in preclinical stages. Meanwhile, we also pointed out some shortcomings and challenges, hoping to provide a potential therapeutic strategy for accelerating bone healing in patients with diabetes.

The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Human Mesenchymal Cells: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND

Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy is known to have the potential to induce angiogenesis. However, there are still some limitations regarding their clinical application. Photomodulation/photobiomodulation is non-invasive and non-toxic phototherapy able to stimulate cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, when the right irradiation parameters are applied. A review of the published articles on human conditioned-by-photobiomodulation mesenchymal cells in an in vitro set up was carried out. Our aim was to describe the studies' results and identify any possible tendency that might highlight the most suitable procedures.

METHODS

A search in English of the PubMed database was carried out with the search criteria: photobiomodulation or photoactivation or photomodulation, and mesenchymal cells. All irradiations applied in vitro, on human mesenchymal cells, with wavelengths ranged from 600 to 1000 nm.

RESULTS

The search yielded 42 original articles and five reviews. Finally, 37 articles were selected with a total of 43 procedures. Three procedures (7.0%) from 620 to 625 nm; 26 procedures (60.5%) from 625 to 740 nm; 13 procedures (30.2%) from 740 to 1000 nm; and one procedure (2.3%) with combinations of wavelengths. Of the 43 procedures, 14 assessed cell viability (n = 14/43, 32.6%); 34 cell proliferation (n = 34/43, 79.1%); 19 cell differentiation (n = 19/43, 44.2%); and three cell migration (n = 3/43, 7.0%).

CONCLUSIONS

Photobiomodulation is a promising technology that can impact on cell viability, differentiation, proliferation, or migration, leading to enhance its regenerative capacity.

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Efficacy of Photobiomodulation and Metformin on Diabetic Cell Line of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells through Keap1/Nrf2/Ho-1 Pathway

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia contributes to oxidative stress, and the release of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) further promotes disease pathogenesis. Uncontrolled diabetes reflects great oral complications and affects human oral health. So, the present study aimed to assess the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and Metformin on proliferation and viability of human periodontal ligament stem cells (HPDLSCs) cultured in high glucose medium.

METHODS

HPDLSCs were collected, isolated, and characterized and then divided into eight groups. Addition of extra glucose to diabetic groups 24 hours before cell irradiations. Metformin was added to half of the diabetic groups. Cells were irradiated with 808 nm diode laser 24, 48 hours. Cell viability was analyzed with MTT assay 24 hours post-irradiation to detect cell viability in each group. Real-time (PCR) was used to evaluate gene expression of Nrf2, Keap1, PIK3, and HO-1 and the effect of PBMT on Keap1/Nrf2/Ho-1 Pathway. ELISA reader was used to evaluating cell viability through (ROS, TNF-α, IL-10) protein levels after cell irradiation.

RESULTS

Photobiomodulation at 1, 2, and 3 J/cm2 combined with metformin significantly promoted diabetic cell lines of HPDLSCs viability (in MTT assay and ELISA reader of ROS, TNF-α, IL-10 results) and gene expression of Nrf2, Keap1, PIK3, and HO-1 levels (p< 0.05).

CONCLUSION

photobiomodulation with 3 J/cm2 combined with metformin enhanced proliferation and viability of diabetic cell lines of HPDLSCs and thus could improve differentiation and function of diabetic cell lines of HPDLSCs with minimum side effects.

Recovering the osteoblastic differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from diabetic rats by photobiomodulation therapy

Autologous cell-based therapy for bone regeneration might be impaired by diabetes mellitus (DM) due to the negative effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation. Strategies to recover their osteogenic potential could optimize the results. We aimed to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy on osteoblast differentiation of rats with induced DM. Bone marrow MSCs of healthy and diabetic rats were isolated and differentiated into osteoblasts (OB and dOB, respectively). dOB were treated with PBM therapy every 72 hour (660 nm; 0.14 J; 20 mW; 0.714 W/cm² , and 5 J/cm² ). Cell morphology, viability, gene and protein expression of osteoblastic markers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the mineralized matrix production of dOB-PBM were compared to dOB. PBM therapy improved viability of dOB, increased the gene and protein expression of bone markers, the ALP activity and the mineralized matrix production. PBM therapy represents an innovative therapeutic approach to optimize the treatment of bone defects in diabetic patients.