1
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Leng H, Dong J. Segmentation of hyphae and yeast in fungi-infected tissue slice images and its application in analyzing antifungal blue light therapy. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae050. [PMID: 38692846 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus that undergoes morphological transitions between hyphal and yeast forms, adapting to diverse environmental stimuli and exhibiting distinct virulence. Existing research works on antifungal blue light (ABL) therapy have either focused solely on hyphae or neglected to differentiate between morphologies, obscuring potential differential effects. To address this gap, we established a novel dataset of 150 C. albicans-infected mouse skin tissue slice images with meticulously annotated hyphae and yeast. Eleven representative convolutional neural networks were trained and evaluated on this dataset using seven metrics to identify the optimal model for segmenting hyphae and yeast in original high pixel size images. Leveraging the segmentation results, we analyzed the differential impact of blue light on the invasion depth and density of both morphologies within the skin tissue. U-Net-BN outperformed other models in segmentation accuracy, achieving the best overall performance. While both hyphae and yeast exhibited significant reductions in invasion depth and density at the highest ABL dose (180 J/cm2), only yeast was significantly inhibited at the lower dose (135 J/cm2). This novel finding emphasizes the importance of developing more effective treatment strategies for both morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yunchu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Hong Leng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Jianfei Dong
- School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215222, China
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2
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Lozano-Rosas R, Ramos-Garcia R, Salazar-Morales MF, Robles-Águila MJ, Spezzia-Mazzocco T. Evaluation of antifungal activity of visible light-activated doped TiO 2 nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:823-837. [PMID: 38568410 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a well-known material for its biomedical applications, among which its implementation as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy has attracted considerable interest due to its photocatalytic properties, biocompatibility, high chemical stability, and low toxicity. However, the photoactivation of TiO2 requires ultraviolet light, which may lead to cell mutation and consequently cancer. To address these challenges, recent research has focused on the incorporation of metal dopants into the TiO2 lattice to shift the band gap to lower energies by introducing allowed energy states within the band gap, thus ensuring the harnessing of visible light. This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and application of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in their undoped, doped, and co-doped forms for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) against Candida albicans. Blue light with a wavelength of 450 nm was used, with doses ranging from 20 to 60 J/cm2 and an NP concentration of 500 µg/ml. It was observed that doping TiO2 with Cu, Fe, Ag ions, and co-doping Cu:Fe into the TiO2 nanostructure enhanced the visible light photoactivity of TiO2 NPs. Experimental studies were done to investigate the effects of different ions doped into the TiO2 crystal lattice on their structural, optical, morphological, and chemical composition for APDT applications. In particular, Ag-doped TiO2 emerged as the best candidate, achieving 90-100% eradication of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lozano-Rosas
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Departamento de Óptica, Luis Enrique Erro #1 Sta María Tonantzintla, 72840, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rubén Ramos-Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Departamento de Óptica, Luis Enrique Erro #1 Sta María Tonantzintla, 72840, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Mayra F Salazar-Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Departamento de Óptica, Luis Enrique Erro #1 Sta María Tonantzintla, 72840, Puebla, Mexico
| | - María Josefina Robles-Águila
- Centro de Investigación en Dispositivos Semiconductores, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Instituto de Ciencias, Edificio 105 C, Boulevard 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, C. P. 72570, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Teresita Spezzia-Mazzocco
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Departamento de Óptica, Luis Enrique Erro #1 Sta María Tonantzintla, 72840, Puebla, Mexico.
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3
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Gierke AM, Hessling M. Photoinactivation by UVA radiation and visible light of Candida auris compared to other fungi. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:681-692. [PMID: 38446403 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In addition to the rising number of patients affected by viruses and bacteria, the number of fungal infections has also been rising over the years. Due to the increase in resistance to various antimycotics, investigations into further disinfection options are important. In this study, two yeasts (Candida auris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a mold (Cladosporium cladosporioides) were irradiated at 365, 400, and 450 nm individually. The resulting log 1 reduction doses were determined and compared with other studies. Furthermore, fluorescence measurements of C. auris were performed to detect possible involved photosensitizers. A roughly exponential photoinactivation was observed for all three fungi and all irradiation wavelengths with higher D90 doses for longer wavelengths. The determined log 1 reduction doses of C. auris and S. cerevisiae converged with increasing wavelength. However, S. cerevisiae was more photosensitive than C. auris for all irradiation wavelengths and is therefore not a suitable C. auris surrogate for photoinactivation experiments. For the mold C. cladosporioides, much higher D90 doses were determined than for both yeasts. Concerning potential photosensitizers, flavins and various porphyrins were detected by fluorescence measurements. By excitation at 365 nm, another, so far unreported fluorophore and potential photosensitizer was also observed. Based on its fluorescence spectrum, we assume it to be thiamine.Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Gierke
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Leanse LG, dos Anjos C, Kaler KR, Hui J, Boyd JM, Hooper DC, Anderson RR, Dai T. Blue Light Potentiates Antibiotics in Bacteria via Parallel Pathways of Hydroxyl Radical Production and Enhanced Antibiotic Uptake. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303731. [PMID: 37946633 PMCID: PMC10754126 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In the age of antimicrobial resistance, the urgency by which novel therapeutic approaches need to be introduced into the clinical pipeline has reached critical levels. Antimicrobial blue light (aBL), as an alternative approach, has demonstrated promise as a stand-alone therapeutic method, albeit with a limited window of antimicrobial activity. Work by others indicates that treatment with antibiotics increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may, in part, contribute to the bactericidal effects of antibiotics. These findings suggest that there may be potential for synergistic interactions with aBL, that similarly generates ROS. Therefore, in this study, the mechanism of aBL is investigated, and the potential for aBL to synergistically promote antibiotic activity is similarly evaluated. Furthermore, the translatability of using aBL and chloramphenicol in combination within a mouse model of Acinetobacter baumanii burn infection is assessed. It is concluded that porphyrins and hydroxyl radicals driven by "free iron" are paramount to the effectiveness of aBL; and aBL is effective at promoting multiple antibiotics in different multidrug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, rROS up-regulation, and promoted antibiotic uptake are observed during aBL+antibiotic exposure. Lastly, aBL combined with chloramphenicol appears to be both effective and safe for the treatment of A. baumannii burn infection. In conclusion, aBL may be a useful adjunct therapy to antibiotics to potentiate their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G. Leanse
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Health and Sports Sciences HubUniversity of Gibraltar, Europa Point CampusGibraltarGX11 1AAGibraltar
| | - Carolina dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Kylie Ryan Kaler
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew Jersey08901USA
| | - Jie Hui
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew Jersey08901USA
| | - David C. Hooper
- Division of Infectious DiseasesMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - R. Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
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5
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Zhang W, Su P, Ma J, Tan Y, Gong M, Ma L. An Approach to Improve Energy Efficiency during Antimicrobial Blue Light Inactivation: Application of Pulse-Width Modulation Dimming to Balance Irradiance and Irradiation Time. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1431. [PMID: 37760727 PMCID: PMC10525104 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) is an effective non-destructive inactivation technique and has received increasing attention. Despite its significance, the existing research has not thoroughly delved into the impacts of irradiance and irradiation time on enhancing energy efficiency during aBL inactivation and the explanation of the enhancement effect of pulse exposure. In this paper, a series of Escherichia coli inactivation experiments with different duty cycles, pulse frequencies, and irradiation times were conducted, and the relative concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured under corresponding conditions. A two-dimensional (2-D) Hom model was proposed to evaluate the effect of irradiance and irradiation time. The results show that, compared to continuous exposure, pulsed aBL (duty cycle = 25%) can save ~37% of the energy to achieve the same inactivation effect and generate a 1.95 times higher ROS concentration. The 2-D Hom model obtains the optimal combination of average irradiance and time according to the desired reduction and shows that the irradiation time has a higher weight than the irradiance (1.677 and 1.083, respectively). Therefore, using pulse exposure with a lower average irradiance for a longer period of time can achieve a better inactivation effect when consuming equivalent energy. The proposed pulse-width modulation dimming approach helps promote the application of the aBL technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Ping Su
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Ying Tan
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Mali Gong
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liya Ma
- Shenzhen Baoan Women and Children’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518100, China;
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6
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Santos FP, Carvalhos CA, Figueiredo-Dias M. New Insights into Photobiomodulation of the Vaginal Microbiome-A Critical Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13507. [PMID: 37686314 PMCID: PMC10487748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new technologies such as sequencing has greatly enhanced our understanding of the human microbiome. The interactions between the human microbiome and the development of several diseases have been the subject of recent research. In-depth knowledge about the vaginal microbiome (VMB) has shown that dysbiosis is closely related to the development of gynecologic and obstetric disorders. To date, the progress in treating or modulating the VMB has lagged far behind research efforts. Photobiomodulation (PBM) uses low levels of light, usually red or near-infrared, to treat a diversity of conditions. Several studies have demonstrated that PBM can control the microbiome and improve the activity of the immune system. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the microbiome, mostly to the gut microbiome and its connections with many diseases, such as metabolic disorders, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmunity, and neurological disorders. The applicability of PBM therapeutics to treat gut dysbiosis has been studied, with promising results. The possible cellular and molecular effects of PBM on the vaginal microbiome constitute a theoretical and promising field that is starting to take its first steps. In this review, we will discuss the potential mechanisms and effects of photobiomodulation in the VMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P. Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Gynecology University Clinic, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.C.); (M.F.-D.)
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Gynecology Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Center, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3001-301 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlota A. Carvalhos
- Faculty of Medicine, Gynecology University Clinic, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.C.); (M.F.-D.)
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Gynecology Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Center, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Figueiredo-Dias
- Faculty of Medicine, Gynecology University Clinic, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.C.); (M.F.-D.)
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Gynecology Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Center, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3001-301 Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Zhang W, Su P, Ma J, Gong M, Ma L, Wang J. A singlet state oxygen generation model based on the Monte Carlo method of visible antibacterial blue light inactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 239:112628. [PMID: 36610348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Visible antibacterial blue light (VABL) has received much attention recently as a nondestructive inactivation approach. However, due to the sparse distribution of bacteria, the light energy evaluation method used in existing studies is inaccurate. Thus, the sensitivity of microorganisms to VABL in different experiments cannot be compared. In this paper, a Monte Carlo-based photon transport model with the optimized scattering phase function was constructed. The model calculated the spatial light energy distribution and the temporal distribution of cumulative singlet state oxygen (CSO) under various cell and medium parameters. The simulation results show that when the cells are sparsely distributed, <30% of light energy from the light source is absorbed by microbes and participates in photochemical reactions. The CSO produced increases with cell density and cell size. Little light energy is available, and thus, the concentration of CSO produced is insufficient to inactivate microbes at deeper depths. As the light intensity and inactivation time increased, the production of singlet state oxygen tended to level off. The model proposed here can quantify the generation of singlet state oxygen and provide a more accurate light energy guide for the VABL inactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ping Su
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Mali Gong
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liya Ma
- Shenzhen Baoan Women and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
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8
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Pereira e Silva ACM, Brito MB, Robatto M, Pavie MC, Villas Boas AQ, Sousa R, Lordelo P. Blue Light-Emitting Diode Therapy for Chronic Vulvovaginitis Symptoms: A Series of Cases. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:747-750. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Robatto
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raiane Sousa
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
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9
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Butement JT, Noel DJ, Bryant CA, Wilks SA, Eason RW. A light-guiding urinary catheter for the inhibition of Proteus mirabilis biofilm formation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:995200. [PMID: 36204628 PMCID: PMC9530263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.995200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide causing debilitating illness for patients as well as a significant financial and treatment burden on health services. CAUTI is linked with the build-up of biofilms on catheter surfaces which act as a reservoir for infection. Additionally, urease-producing bacteria such as Gram-negative Proteus mirabilis (PM), can form crystalline biofilms which encrust catheter surfaces ultimately leading to blockages which require immediate removal of the catheter. Currently there are limited treatments available to prevent the formation of biofilms by PM as well as other urinary tract infection causing bacteria. A novel concept for a light-guiding urinary catheter is presented where a silicone elastomer waveguide incorporated along the length of the catheter is used to irradiate the catheter surfaces with antimicrobial blue light (405 nm) to prevent biofilm formation in situ. The prototype device is mass producible while also easy to fabricate in a lab setting for research studies. The inhibitory effect of blue light on PM biofilm formation over a range of irradiances is described for the first time showing an LD90 at 192–345 J/cm2 and total inhibition at 1,700 J/cm2In vitro studies show that the light-guiding catheter (LGC) prototypes exhibit a 98% inhibition in PM biofilm formation inside the catheter lumen at an average estimated irradiance of 30–50 mW/cm2 (324–540 J/cm2 fluence) showing that the concept is highly effective, promising to be a powerful and economical antimicrobial approach to prevent catheter associated biofilm development and blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T. Butement
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jonathan T. Butement,
| | - Daniel J. Noel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Bryant
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra A. Wilks
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Eason
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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10
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Gholami L, Khorsandi K, Taghdiri Nooshabadi V, Shahabi S, Jazaeri M, Esfahani H, Rabiei Faradonbeh D, Veisi Malekshahi Z, Afsartala Z, Mostafa N. Effect of Photobiomodulation on Structure and Function of Extracellular Vesicle Secreted from Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1447-1458. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gholami
- Department of periodontics, Dental Research Center Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry University of British Columbia Canada
| | - Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center Yara Institute ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences The George Washington University Washington DC 20037 USA
| | - Vajihe Taghdiri Nooshabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine Semnan University of Medical Science Iran
| | - Shiva Shahabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Iran
| | - Marzieh Jazaeri
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Iran
| | - HomaSadat Esfahani
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center Yara Institute ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Davood Rabiei Faradonbeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Zohreh Afsartala
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute Tehran University of Medical Science Tehran Iran
| | - Nesrine Mostafa
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry University of British Columbia Canada
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11
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is driving the search for new antiviral techniques. Bacteria and fungi are known to be inactivated not only by ultraviolet radiation but also by visible light. Several studies have recently appeared on this subject, in which viruses were mainly irradiated in media. However, it is an open question to what extent the applied media, and especially their riboflavin concentration, can influence the results. A literature search identified appropriate virus photoinactivation publications and, where possible, viral light susceptibility was quantitatively determined in terms of average log-reduction doses. Sensitivities of enveloped viruses were plotted against assumed riboflavin concentrations. Viruses appear to be sensitive to visible (violet/blue) light. The median log-reduction doses of all virus experiments performed in liquids is 58 J/cm2. For the non-enveloped, enveloped and coronaviruses only, they were 222, 29 and 19 J/cm2, respectively. Data are scarce, but it appears that (among other things) the riboflavin concentration in the medium has an influence on the log-reduction doses. Experiments with DMEM, with its 0.4 mg/L riboflavin, have so far produced results with the greatest viral susceptibilities. It should be critically evaluated whether the currently published virus sensitivities are really only intrinsic properties of the virus, or whether the medium played a significant role. In future experiments, irradiation should be carried out in solutions with the lowest possible riboflavin concentration.
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12
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Wang T, Dong J, Zhang G. Analyzing efficacy and safety of anti-fungal blue light therapy via kernel-based modeling the reactive oxygen species induced by light. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:2433-2442. [PMID: 35085070 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3146567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to investigate the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of ABL for inactivating Candida albicans (C. albicans), and to determine the best wavelength for treating candida infected disease, by experimental measurements and dynamic modeling. METHODS The changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. albicans and human host cells under the irradiation of 385, 405, and 415nm wavelengths light with irradiance of 50mW/cm2 were measured. Moreover, a kernel-based nonlinear dynamic model, i.e., nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX), was developed and applied to predict the concentration of light-induced ROS, whose kernels were selected by a newly developed algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). RESULTS The ROS concentration was increased respectively about 10-12 times in C. albicans and about 3-6 times in human epithelial cells by the ABL treatment with the same fluence of 90J/cm2. The NARX models were respectively fitted to the data from the experiments on both types of cells. Besides, four different kernel functions, including Gaussian, Laplace, linear and polynomial kernels, were compared in their fitting accuracies. The errors with the Laplace kernel turned out to be only 0.2704 and 0.0593, as respectively fitted to the experimental data of the C. albicans and human host cells. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the NARX modeling approach, and revealed that the 415nm light was more effective as an anti-fungal treatment with less damage to the host cells than the 405 or 385nm light. SIGNIFICANCE The kernel-based NARX model identification algorithm offers opportunities for determining the effective and safe light dosages in treating various fungal infection diseases.
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13
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Leanse LG, Dos Anjos C, Mushtaq S, Dai T. Antimicrobial blue light: A 'Magic Bullet' for the 21st century and beyond? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114057. [PMID: 34800566 PMCID: PMC8728809 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, antimicrobial blue light (aBL) at 400 - 470 nm wavelength has demonstrated immense promise as an alternative approach for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Since our last review was published in 2017, there have been numerous studies that have investigated aBL in terms of its, efficacy, safety, mechanism, and propensity for resistance development. In addition, researchers have looked at combinatorial approaches that exploit aBL and other traditional and non-traditional therapeutics. To that end, this review aims to update the findings from numerous studies that capitalize on the antimicrobial effects of aBL, with a focus on: efficacy of aBL against different microbes, identifying endogenous chromophores and targets of aBL, Resistance development to aBL, Safety of aBL against host cells, and Synergism of aBL with other agents. We will also discuss our perspective on the future of aBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sana Mushtaq
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Pakistan
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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14
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Haag R, Sieber N, Heßling M. Cataract Development by Exposure to Ultraviolet and Blue Visible Light in Porcine Lenses. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:535. [PMID: 34071808 PMCID: PMC8227611 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cataract is still the leading cause of blindness. Its development is well researched for UV radiation. Modern light sources like LEDs and displays tend to emit blue light. The effect of blue light on the retina is called blue light hazard and is studied extensively. However, its impact on the lens is not investigated so far. Aim: Investigation of the impact of the blue visible light in porcine lens compared to UVA and UVB radiation. Materials and Methods: In this ex-vivo experiment, porcine lenses are irradiated with a dosage of 6 kJ/cm2 at wavelengths of 311 nm (UVB), 370 nm (UVA), and 460 nm (blue light). Lens transmission measurements before and after irradiation give insight into the impact of the radiation. Furthermore, dark field images are taken from every lens before and after irradiation. Cataract development is illustrated by histogram linearization as well as faults coloring of recorded dark field images. By segmenting the lens in the background's original image, the lens condition before and after irradiation could be compared. Results: All lenses irradiated with a 6 kJ/cm2 reveal cataract development for radiation with 311 nm, 370 nm, and 460 nm. Both evaluations reveal that the 460 nm irradiation causes the most cataract. Conclusion: All investigated irradiation sources cause cataracts in porcine lenses-even blue visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Heßling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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15
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Vatter P, Hoenes K, Hessling M. Blue light inactivation of the enveloped RNA virus Phi6. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:187. [PMID: 34001258 PMCID: PMC8128082 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultraviolet radiation is known for its antimicrobial properties but unfortunately, it could also harm humans. Currently, disinfection techniques against SARS-CoV-2 are being sought that can be applied on air and surfaces and which do not pose a relevant thread to humans. In this study, the bacteriophage phi6, which like SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus, is irradiated with visible blue light at a wavelength of 455 nm. RESULTS For the first time worldwide, the antiviral properties of blue light around 455 nm can be demonstrated. With a dose of 7200 J/cm2, the concentration of this enveloped RNA virus can be successfully reduced by more than three orders of magnitude. The inactivation mechanism is still unknown, but the sensitivity ratio of phi6 towards blue and violet light hints towards an involvement of photosensitizers of the host cells. Own studies on coronaviruses cannot be executed, but the results support speculations about blue-susceptibility of coronaviruses, which might allow to employ blue light for infection prevention or even therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vatter
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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16
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Dong J. Evaluating the efficacy of anti-fungal blue light therapies via analyzing tissue section images. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:831-841. [PMID: 33945042 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anti-fungal blue light (ABL) therapies have been studied and applied in treating various diseases caused by fungal infection. The existing work has been mainly devoted to study the effect of various light dosages on the fungal viability and on the induced cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogens. While in vivo experimental studies have also been reported, there is still no work targeted on quantifying the effect of light on prohibiting the pathogens from invading into the deeper sites in the skin of their host. This can be attributed to the lack of methods to analyze the tissue section images, which are the main means of examining infected tissues. This work has been devoted to solve such problems, so as to improve dosimetric analyses of ABL therapies on treating fungal infections. Specifically, the invasion depth of the fungi and their ratios to the tissue in four bins at different depths inside the skin were extracted from the tissue section images. The significance of the treatment with different dosages on inhibiting the fungi was also tested by each of these depth-related metrics. The ABL experiments using 415-nm-wavelength LED light were performed on BALB/c mice, whose skin was infected by Candida albicans (C. albicans). The proposed methods were applied to the tissue sections of the experimental animals. The results clearly verified that the fluence up to 180J/cm2 can significantly prohibit the fungal infection into the skin in terms of almost all the newly proposed metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunchu Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Dong
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.
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17
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Hoenes K, Bauer R, Spellerberg B, Hessling M. Microbial Photoinactivation by Visible Light Results in Limited Loss of Membrane Integrity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:341. [PMID: 33807025 PMCID: PMC8005082 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in visible light irradiation as a microbial inactivation method has widely increased due to multiple possible applications. Resistance development is considered unlikely, because of the multi-target mechanism, based on the induction of reactive oxygen species by wavelength specific photosensitizers. However, the affected targets are still not completely identified. We investigated membrane integrity with the fluorescence staining kit LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ on a Gram positive and a Gram negative bacterial species, irradiating Staphylococcus carnosus and Pseudomonas fluorescens with 405 nm and 450 nm. To exclude the generation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacterial cells, we applied an ATP test, measuring the loss of vitality. Pronounced uptake of propidium iodide was only observed in Pseudomonas fluorescens at 405 nm. Transmission electron micrographs revealed no obvious differences between irradiated samples and controls, especially no indication of an increased bacterial cell lysis could be observed. Based on our results and previous literature, we suggest that visible light photoinactivation does not lead to rapid bacterial cell lysis or disruption. However, functional loss of membrane integrity due to depolarization or inactivation of membrane proteins may occur. Decomposition of the bacterial envelope following cell death might be responsible for observations of intracellular component leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Richard Bauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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18
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Photoinactivation of Staphylococci with 405 nm Light in a Trachea Model with Saliva Substitute at 37 °C. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9030310. [PMID: 33799642 PMCID: PMC7998829 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The globally observed rise in bacterial resistance against antibiotics has increased the need for alternatives to antibiotic treatments. The most prominent and important pathogen bacteria are the ESKAPE pathogens, which include among others Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. These species cause ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which accounts for 24% of all nosocomial infections. In this study we tested the efficacy of photoinactivation with 405 nm violet light under conditions comparable to an intubated patient with artificial saliva for bacterial suspension at 37 °C. A technical trachea model was developed to investigate the visible light photoinactivation of Staphylococcus carnosus as a non-pathogen surrogate of the ESKAPE pathogen S. aureus (MRSA). The violet light was coupled into the tube with a fiber optic setup. The performed tests proved, that photoinactivation at 37 °C is more effective with a reduction of almost 3 log levels (99.8%) compared to 25 °C with a reduction of 1.2 log levels. The substitution of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) by artificial saliva solution slightly increased the efficiency during the experimental course. The increased efficiency might be caused by a less favorable environment for bacteria due to for example the ionic composition.
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19
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Sicks B, Hönes K, Spellerberg B, Hessling M. Blue LEDs in Endotracheal Tubes May Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2020.4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sicks
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Hönes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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