The effect of Q-switched 1064-nm dymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser on the skin barrier and collagen synthesis through miR-24-3p

Pilot Study to Demonstrate Improvement in Skin Tone and Texture by Treatment with a 1064 nm Q-Switched Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser

BACKGROUND

The 1064 nm Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (QS Nd:YAG) laser was developed to treat unwanted pigmentation in the skin such as lentigines caused by photoaging, and tattoos from dye/ink insertion. This laser has also been used for non-ablative epidermal rejuvenation (skin toning).

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate changes in skin tone, skin texture and overall improvement after a series of treatments with the QS Nd:YAG laser.

METHODS

Participants received seven full-face treatments with M22 or Stellar M22, a 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser, at 2-week intervals. The investigators and participants evaluated the improvement in skin tone and texture at 1, 3 and 6 months after the last treatment. Patient satisfaction, patient discomfort, downtime and adverse events were recorded. Histological changes in the treated area were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Thirteen women with a median age of 45 years (range, 34-61 years) were included in the study. The majority of the participants (53.9%) had skin type VI. One month after the last treatment session, 38% of participants reported good to very good improvement. This value increased to 100% participant improvement at both the 3-month and 6-month follow-up visits. The reduction in melanin index and the histological analysis demonstrated that the laser procedure contributed to a reduction in epidermal melanin content. Treatments were not associated with high levels of pain or discomfort. The most common immediate post-treatment response was erythema and edema. Most participants were satisfied with the resulting treatment outcome.

CONCLUSION

Skin treatment with the 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser module on the M22 and Stellar M22 devices, using a large spot size, low fluence, moderately high repetition rate, improves skin tone and texture in patients with skin types II-VI.

Q-switched 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser restores skin photoageing by activating autophagy by TGFβ1 and ITGB1

Excessive ultraviolet B ray (UVB) exposure to sunlight results in skin photoageing. Our previous research showed that a Q-switched 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser can alleviate skin barrier damage through miR-24-3p. However, the role of autophagy in the laser treatment of skin photoageing is still unclear. This study aims to investigate whether autophagy is involved in the mechanism of Q-switched 1064 nm Nd: YAG in the treatment of skin ageing. In vitro, primary human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells were irradiated with different doses of UVB to establish a cell model of skin photoageing. In vivo, SKH-1 hairless mice were irradiated with UVB to establish a skin photoageing mouse model and irradiated with laser. The oxidative stress and autophagy levels were detected by western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometer. String was used to predict the interaction protein of TGF-β1, and CO-IP and GST-pull down were used to detect the binding relationship between TGFβ1 and ITGB1. In vitro, UVB irradiation reduced HDF cell viability, arrested cell cycle, induced cell senescence and oxidative stress compared with the control group. Laser treatment reversed cell viability, senescence and oxidative stress induced by UVB irradiation and activated autophagy. Autophagy agonists or inhibitors can enhance or attenuate the changes induced by laser treatment, respectively. In vivo, UVB irradiation caused hyperkeratosis, dermis destruction, collagen fibres reduction, increased cellular senescence and activation of oxidative stress in hairless mice. Laser treatment thinned the stratum corneum of skin tissue, increased collagen synthesis and autophagy in the dermis, and decreased the level of oxidative stress. Autophagy agonist rapamycin and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) can enhance or attenuate the effects of laser treatment on the skin, respectively. Also, we identified a direct interaction between TGFB1 and ITGB1 and participated in laser irradiation-activated autophagy, thereby inhibiting UVB-mediated oxidative stress further reducing skin ageing. Q-switched 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser treatment inhibited UVB-induced oxidative stress and restored skin photoageing by activating autophagy, and TGFβ1 and ITGB1 directly incorporated and participated in this process.

Recent advances in exosomal non-coding RNA-based therapeutic approaches for photoaging

BACKGROUND

Photoaging is a degenerative biological process that affects the quality of life. It is caused by environmental factors including ultraviolet radiation (UVR), deep skin burns, smoking, active oxygen, chemical substances, and trauma. Among them, UVR plays a vital role in the aging process.

AIM

With the continuous development of modern medicine, clinical researchers have investigated novel approaches to treat aging. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), non-coding RNAs are involved in various physiological processes have broad clinical application as they have the advantages of convenient samples, abundant sources, and avoidable ethical issues.

METHODS

This article reviews research progress on five types of stem cell, exosomes, non-coding RNA in the context of photoaging treatment: adipose-derived stem cell, human umbilical cord MSCs, epidermal progenitor cells, keratinocyte stem cells, and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). It also includes stem cell related exosomes and their non-coding RNA research.

RESULTS

The results have clinical guiding significance for prevention and control of the onset and development of photoaging. It is found that stem cells secrete cytokines, cell growth factors, non-coding RNA, exosomes and proteins to repair aging skin tissues and achieve skin rejuvenation. In particular, stem cell exosomes and non-coding RNA are found to have significant research potential, as they possess the benefits of their source cells without the disadvantages which include immune rejection and granuloma formation.

Q-Switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG Laser Rejuvenates Photoaging Skin of Rats by Downregulating miR-196b-5p

Background: Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser (1064-QSNYL) is efficient in rejuvenating photoaging skin, and microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in this process. Objective: In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of 1064-QSNYL on miR-196b-5p, TGF-beta receptor II (TGFBR2), and SMAD7 in the photoaging skin of rats. Methods: The relationship between miR-196b-5p and TGFBR2 in HaCaT cells was detected by real-time PCR and western blotting. A skin photoaging model was established in Wistar rats using ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR). Dermoscopy, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Sirius red staining, and hydroxyproline content were used to observe the effect of UVR on rat skin. The 1064-QSNYL was used for skin rejuvenation. The expression of COL3A1, TGFB1, TGFBR2, SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD7 was detected by real-time PCR and/or western blotting. Results: TGFBR2 was a specific target of miR-196b-5p in the skin. In HaCaT cells and the photoaging skin of rats, 1064-QSNYL treatment upregulated COL3A1 and TGFBR2 and downregulated SMAD7 and miR-196b-5p. Conclusions: We showed for the first time that 1064-QSNYL treatment rejuvenates photoaging rat skin by regulating TGFBR2 and SMAD7. Downregulation of miR-196b-5p assists in this process by targeting and upregulating TGFBR2.

lncRNA NONRATT013819.2 promotes transforming growth factor-β1-induced myofibroblastic transition of hepatic stellate cells by miR24-3p/lox

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), yet the role of upregulated lncRNA-NONRATT013819.2 in activated HSCs remains uncertain. In this study, the effects of NONRATT013819.2 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and contraction of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced HSCs were investigated. The mechanisms of NONRATT013819.2 on the activated HSCs were explored by loss-of-function of NONRATT013819.2 and gain-of-function of the target gene. Here, TGF-β1 treatment resulted in a gradual increase in the expression of cytoskeleton markers (collagen, α-SMA, and TIMP1), NONRATT013819.2, miR24-3p, and lysyl oxidase (Lox) over time in HSCs. NONRATT013819.2 acted as a sponge of miR24-3p to competitively abolish the inhibition of the lox gene in HSCs. Silencing of NONRATT013819.2 suppressed the expression of cytoskeleton markers, proliferation, and the proportion of cells that entered the S-phase, and promoted apoptosis in TGF-β1-activated HSCs. These effects were reversed when lox overexpression was introduced simultaneously. Similarly, silencing of NONRATT013819.2 also blocked ECM reconstruction, while recused by lox overexpression in TGF-β1-activated HSCs. In conclusion, upregulation of NONRATT013819.2 promotes the myofibroblastic transition by competitively binding miR24-3p to release lox in HSCs. Therefore, targeted therapy of NONRATT013819.2 may have the potential for liver fibrosis.