1
|
Gardeniers M, Mani M, de Boer E, Hermida-Merino D, Graf R, Rastogi S, Harings JAW. Hydration, Refinement, and Dissolution of the Crystalline Phase in Polyamide 6 Polymorphs for Ultimate Thermomechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2022; 55:5080-5093. [PMID: 35784656 PMCID: PMC9245196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Timescales of polyamide
6 melt-shaping technologies, relative to
the dynamics of conformational rearrangements upon crystallization,
challenge the formation of the most thermodynamically favorable chain
packing and thus optimum performance. In this publication, we make
use of the mediation of hydrogen bonding by water molecules in the
superheated state of water, i.e., above 100 °C in a closed environment,
in the structural refinement of polyamide 6 for enhanced thermomechanical
performance. The paper addresses dissolution and (re)crystallization
of different polyamide 6 polymorphs in the superheated state of water
by time-resolved simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering
and solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy and the effect on mechanical
properties. The experiments reveal that upon heating in the superheated
state of water, the pseudo-hexagonal phase dissolves at relatively
low temperature and instantly crystallizes in a defected monoclinic
phase that successively refines to a perfected monoclinic structure.
The dissolution temperature of the pseudo-hexagonal phase of polyamide
6 is found to be dependent on the degree of crystal perfection originating
from conformational disorder and misalignment of hydrogen bonding
in the lattice, retrospectively, to the Brill transition temperature.
The perfected monoclinic phase below the dissolution temperature can
be preserved upon cooling but is plasticized by hydration of the amide
moieties in the crystalline phase. The removal of water from the hydrated
crystals, in the proximity of Brill transition temperature, strengthening
the hydrogen bonding, occurs. Retrospectively, the most thermodynamically
stable crystallographic phase is preserved and renders an increase
in mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the product.
The insight obtained on the influence of superheated water on the
structural refinement of imperfected crystallographic states assists
in polyamide 6 postprocessing strategies for enhanced performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gardeniers
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohanraj Mani
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ele de Boer
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), DUBBLE-CRG, FR-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, E36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jules A. W. Harings
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Liu C, Zhao H, Hu W, Liu G, Zhao Y, Dong X, Wang K, Zhang J, Li X, Wang D. Effect of nanoparticle and glass fiber on the hydrothermal aging of polyamide 6. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Chang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology Beijing China
| | - Wenxian Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guoming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xia Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kezhi Wang
- Shanxi Chemical Research Institute Ltd Taiyuan China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Shanxi Chemical Research Institute Ltd Taiyuan China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Shanxi Chemical Research Institute Ltd Taiyuan China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tao L, Liu K, Li T, Xiao R. Structure and properties of bio‐based polyamide 109 treated with superheated water. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Taotao Li
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Ru Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
New Solvent for Polyamide 66 and Its Use for Preparing a Single-Polymer Composite-Coated Fabric. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6235165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamides (PAs) are one of the most important engineering polymers; however, the difficulty in dissolving them hinders their applications. Formic acid (FA) is the most common solvent for PAs, but it has industrial limitations. In this contribution, we proposed a new solvent system for PAs by replacing a portion of the FA with urea and calcium chloride (FAUCa). Urea imparts the hydrogen bonding and calcium ion from the calcium chloride, as a Lewis acid was added to the system to compensate for the pH decrease due to the addition of urea. The results showed that the proposed solvent (FAUCa) could readily dissolve PAs, resulting in a less decrease in the mechanical properties during the dissolution. The composite prepared using the FAUCa has almost the same properties as the one prepared using the FA solution. The solution was applied on a polyamide 66 fabric to make an all-polyamide composite-coated fabric, which then was characterized. The FAUCa solution had a higher viscosity than the one prepared using the neat FA solvent, which can be an advantage in the applications which need higher viscosity like preparing the all-polyamide composite-coated fabric. A more viscous solution makes a denser coating which will increase the water /gas tightness. In conclusion, using the FAUCa solvent has two merits: (1) replacement of 40% of the FA with less harmful and environmentally friendly chemicals and (2) enabling for the preparation of more viscous solutions, which makes a denser coating.
Collapse
|
5
|
Su C, Ma SM, Liu GX, Yang SG. Dewetting Behavior of Hydrogen Bonded Polymer Complex Film under Hydrothermal Condition. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Wang ZL, Xu JL, Yuan Q, Shibraen MHMA, Xu J, Yang SG. Hydrothermal treatment of polyamide 6 with presence of lanthanum chloride. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|