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Sharip NS, Ariffin H, Yasim-Anuar TAT, Andou Y, Shirosaki Y, Jawaid M, Tahir PM, Ibrahim NA. Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030404. [PMID: 33513876 PMCID: PMC7865645 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major hurdle in melt-processing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) nanocomposite lies on the high melt viscosity of the UHMWPE, which may contribute to poor dispersion and distribution of the nanofiller. In this study, UHMWPE/cellulose nanofiber (UHMWPE/CNF) bionanocomposites were prepared by two different blending methods: (i) melt blending at 150 °C in a triple screw kneading extruder, and (ii) non-melt blending by ethanol mixing at room temperature. Results showed that melt-processing of UHMWPE without CNF (MB-UHMWPE/0) exhibited an increment in yield strength and Young’s modulus by 15% and 25%, respectively, compared to the Neat-UHMWPE. Tensile strength was however reduced by almost half. Ethanol mixed sample without CNF (EM-UHMWPE/0) on the other hand showed slight decrement in all mechanical properties tested. At 0.5% CNF inclusion, the mechanical properties of melt-blended bionanocomposites (MB-UHMWPE/0.5) were improved as compared to Neat-UHMWPE. It was also found that the yield strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, toughness and crystallinity of MB-UHMWPE/0.5 were higher by 28%, 61%, 47%, 45% and 11%, respectively, as compared to the ethanol mixing sample (EM-UHMWPE/0.5). Despite the reduction in tensile strength of MB-UHMWPE/0.5, the value i.e., 28.4 ± 1.0 MPa surpassed the minimum requirement of standard specification for fabricated UHMWPE in surgical implant application. Overall, melt-blending processing is more suitable for the preparation of UHMWPE/CNF bionanocomposites as exhibited by their characteristics presented herein. A better mechanical interlocking between UHMWPE and CNF at high temperature mixing with kneading was evident through FE-SEM observation, explains the higher mechanical properties of MB-UHMWPE/0.5 as compared to EM-UHMWPE/0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sharmila Sharip
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.S.S.); (M.J.); (P.M.T.)
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.S.S.); (M.J.); (P.M.T.)
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9769-7515
| | - Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Yoshito Andou
- Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan;
| | - Yuki Shirosaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan;
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.S.S.); (M.J.); (P.M.T.)
| | - Paridah Md Tahir
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.S.S.); (M.J.); (P.M.T.)
| | - Nor Azowa Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
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Zhou Y, Han X, Hu X, Xu L, Cao W. Evolution of the structural orientation in polyacrylonitrile precursors during stabilization revealed by in-situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction and polarized infrared spectroscopy. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316671793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of the orientation structures of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursors during thermal stabilization was investigated on the basis of in situ temperature-dependent measurements including synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction and polarized infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the Hermans orientation factor of PAN crystallites increased firstly and then decreased in the process of stabilization, while the orientation of molecular chains showed a two-stage decrease. These were mainly attributed to the thermal relaxation of molecular chains and the cyclization reactions, which also resulted in the physical shrinkage as well as the chemical shrinkage apparently observed from the thermal mechanical curves of the precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianghua Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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