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Minyaylo ON, Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. Gender-Specific Features of Associations of Polymorphism of Matrix Metalloproteinase Genes with the Development of Peptic Ulcer Disease in the Population of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dvornyk V, Ponomarenko I, Minyaylo O, Reshetnikov E, Churnosov M. Association of the functionally significant polymorphisms of the MMP9 gene with H. pylori-positive gastric ulcer in the Caucasian population of Central Russia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257060. [PMID: 34492072 PMCID: PMC8423286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The study analyzed the association of functionally significant polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) genes with the development of gastric ulcer (GU) in Caucasians from Central Russia. Methods The 781 participants, including 434 patients with GU (196 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-positive and 238 H. pylori-negative) and 347 controls (all H. pylori-negative) were recruited for the study. Ten SNPs of the MMP1 (rs1799750), MMP2 (rs243865), MMP3 (rs679620), MMP8 (rs1940475), and MMP9 (rs3918242, rs3918249, rs3787268, rs17576, rs17577, and rs2250889) genes were considered for association with GU using multiple logistic regression. The SNPs associated with GU and loci linked (r2≥0.8) to them were analyzed in silico for their functional assignments. Results The SNPs of the MMP9 gene were associated with H. pylori-positive GU: alleles C of rs3918249 (OR = 2.02, pperm = 0.008) and A of rs3787268 (OR = 1.60–1.82, pperm ≤ 0.016), and eight haplotypes of all studied MMP9 gene SNPs (OR = 1.85–2.04, pperm ≤ 0.016) increased risk for H. pylori-positive GU. None of the analyzed SNPs was independently associated with GU and H. pylori-negative GU. Two haplotypes of the MMP9 gene (contributed by rs3918242, rs3918249, rs17576, and rs3787268) increased risk for GU (OR = 1.62–1.65, pperm ≤ 0.006). Six loci of the MMP9 gene, which are associated with H. pylori-positive GU, and 65 SNPs linked to them manifest significant epigenetic effects, have pronounced eQTL (17 genes) and sQTL (6 genes) values. Conclusion SNPs of the MMP9 were associated with H. pylori-positive GU but not with H. pylori-negative GU in Caucasians of Central Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Dvornyk
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Oksana Minyaylo
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny Reshetnikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
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Functionally significant polymorphisms of the MMP-9 gene are associated with peptic ulcer disease in the Caucasian population of Central Russia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13515. [PMID: 34188075 PMCID: PMC8241834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the association of functionally significant SNPs of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes in the development of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in Caucasians from Central Russia. Ten SNPs of the MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-9 genes were analyzed for association with PUD in a cohort of 798 patients with PUD (including 404 H. pylori-positive and 394 H. pylori-negative) and 347 H. pylori-negative controls using logistic regression and assuming the additive, recessive, and dominant genetic models. The variants of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-8 did not manifest any significant associations with the diseases. Five SNPs of the MMP-9 gene demonstrated such association. Allele G of the rs17576 MMP-9 locus conferred a higher risk for PUD (ORadj = 1.31, pperm = 0.016), haplotype AACG of loci rs17576-rs3787268-rs2250889-rs17577 of the MMP-9 gene decreased risk for PUD (ORadj = 0.17, pperm = 0.003). Also, allele C of rs3918249, allele G of rs17576 and haplotype CG of rs3918249-rs17576 of the MMP-9 gene increased risk for H. pylori-positive PUD (ORadj = 1.82, pperm = 0.002; ORadj = 1.53–1.95 pperm = 0.001–0.013 and ORadj = 1.49 pperm = 0.009 respectively). The above loci and 50 linked to them possess significant regulatory effects and may affect the alternative splicing of four genes and the expression of 17 genes in various organs and tissues related to the PUD pathogenesis.
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Gallyamova LF, Nurgalieva AK, Khidiyatov II, Nasibullin TR, Munasypov FR, Khusnutdinov SM, Rakhimov RR, Abdeev RR, Sakaeva DD, Khusnutdinova EK. The Role of Polymorphic Variants of Several Genes of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in the Development of Gastric Cancer. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Minyaylo O, Starikova D, Moskalenko M, Ponomarenko I, Reshetnikov E, Dvornyk V, Churnosov M. Dataset of allele and genotype frequencies of the three functionally significant polymorphisms of the MMP genes in Russian patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, essential hypertension and peptic ulcer. Data Brief 2020; 31:106004. [PMID: 32695863 PMCID: PMC7365972 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the allele and genotype frequencies of the three functionally significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) genes (rs1799750 MMP1, rs3918242 and rs17576 MMP9) in Russian patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), essential hypertension (EH) and peptic ulcer (PU) are presented. Association studies identified these SNPs as possible significant markers associated with many multifactorial disorders, including POAG, EH, and PU. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes of the three SNPs in Russian patients with POAG, EH, and PU were presented separately for the entire study sample, females, and males, respectively. The data can be used as a reference for the Russian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Minyaylo
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia
| | - Dina Starikova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia
| | - Maria Moskalenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia
| | - Irina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia
| | - Evgeny Reshetnikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia
| | - Volodymyr Dvornyk
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia
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de Oliveira VA, Chagas DC, Amorim JR, Pereira RDO, Nogueira TA, Borges VML, Campos-Verde LM, Martins LM, Rodrigues GP, Nery EDJ, Sampaio FA, Lopes-Costa PV, Sousa JMDCE, Silva VC, da Silva FCC, da Silva BB. Association between matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene polymorphism and breast cancer in Brazilian women. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1762. [PMID: 33146350 PMCID: PMC7561070 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the relationship between rs17576 (MMP-9) polymorphism and increased cancer risk in a Brazilian breast cancer cohort. METHODS This study included 141 women (71 breast cancer patients and 70 controls without breast cancer) who donated 3 mL of their peripheral blood for genomic DNA extraction. This DNA was then genotyped using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The AG (rs17576) genotype was identified in 26 (18.43%) participants in the case group and in 22 (15.60%) participants in the control group (p=0.274), while the GG genotype was identified in ten (7.09%) participants in the case group and in one (0.70%) participant in the control group (p<0.003 - OR (95% CI) 13.13 (1.73, 593.08). No significant difference in the incidence rates was observed for AG or GG rs17576 genotypes in premenopausal women, p=0.813 and p=0.556, respectively. However, in postmenopausal women, the AG genotype was shown to occur in 14 (22.5%) participants in the case group and in 4 (6.45%) participants in the control (p<0.043), while GG genotype occurred in eight (12.90%) of the individuals in the case group and in none of the individuals in the control group (p<0.006). CONCLUSION In this study, the MMP-9 rs17576 GG polymorphic variant was shown to be significantly associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women, while the AG and GG genotypes were associated with increased cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Alves de Oliveira
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Saude, Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Diego Cipriano Chagas
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Saude, Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | | | | | - Thais Alves Nogueira
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Saude, Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | | | - Larysse Maira Campos-Verde
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | - Luana Mota Martins
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Saude, Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | - Gilmara Peres Rodrigues
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | - Elmo de Jesus Nery
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | - Fabiane Araújo Sampaio
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | | | - João Marcelo de Castro e Sousa
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Saude, Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | - Vladmir Costa Silva
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
| | | | - Benedito Borges da Silva
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Saude, Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Piaui, PI, BR
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Wu J, Xiong Z, Sun Y, Song J, Niu F, Yan M, Jin T. TIMP3 gene polymorphisms and relation to Ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility in Chinese Han population. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:472-478. [PMID: 31397536 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of chronic progressive inflammatory disease, which often causes significant damage to the patients on the physical function, labour ability and quality of life. The study found that the enzyme system tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) was important for the development of AS. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms of TIMP3 gene with AS in Chinese Han population. METHODS To evaluate the correlation of TIMP3 polymorphisms with AS risk, Agena MassARRAY was used to determine the genotypes of 268 AS patients and 654 controls. The correlation between TIMP3 variants and AS risk was examined by unconditional logistic regression analysis. Haplotype construction and analysis in TIMP3 were also applied to detect the potential association. RESULTS We identified that rs11547635 in the TIMP3 gene (odds ratio[OR] = 0.79, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.63-0.98, p = .029) was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AS in the alleles model. Rs715572 AG genotype (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.05-2.34, p = .041) was potentially associated with an increased risk of AS, and also rs715572 in the dominant model (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.10-2.36, p = .013) and log-additive model (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.07-1.86, p = .016) adjusted by age and gender were significantly correlated with an increased AS risk. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that polymorphisms of the TIMP3 gene may be associated with susceptibility to AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Zichao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanglin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengdan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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Qiu ZH, Zhang WW, Zhang HH, Jiao GH. Brucea javanica oil emulsion improves the effect of radiotherapy on esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting cyclin D1-CDK4/6 axis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2463-2472. [PMID: 31171890 PMCID: PMC6543247 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i20.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancers around the world, and it has high incidence and mortality rates. The conventional therapy for esophageal cancer is radiotherapy, although its effect is highly limited by the resistance of esophageal cancer cells. Thus, strong radiosensitizers can be very crucial during radiotherapy against esophageal cancer. Brucea javanica oil emulsion (BJOE) is a widely used drug against various cancers, such as liver, colon, and ovarian cancer. However, its anti-cancer effect and mechanism and the use of BJOE as a radiosensitizer have not been explored in esophageal cancer.
AIM To evaluate the anti-cancer effect and mechanism of BJOE and explore the potential use of BJOE as a radiosensitizer during radiotherapy.
METHODS The inhibitory effect of BJOE and its enhancement function with radiation on cell viability were examined with the calculated half-maximal effective concentration and half-maximal lethal concentration. The influence of BJOE on cell migration and invasion were measured with EC109 and JAR cells by wound-healing and transwell assay. Clonogenesis and apoptotic rate, which was measured by Hoechst staining, were investigated to confirm its enhancement function with radiation. To investigate the molecular pathway underlying the effect of BJOE, the expressions of several apoptosis- and cycle-related proteins was detected by western blotting.
RESULTS Our results demonstrated that BJOE inhibited the growth of esophageal cancer cell lines more than normal cell lines, and it markedly reduced migration and invasion in esophageal cancer cells (EC109 and JAR). Moreover, it promoted cell apoptosis and enhanced the effect of radiotherapy against esophageal cancerous cells. In the viability test, the values of half-maximal effective concentration and half-maximal lethal concentration were reduced. Compared to the control, only around 1/5 colonies formed when using BJOE and radiation together in the clonogenic assay. The apoptotic rate in EC109 was obviously promoted when BJOE was added during radiotherapy. Our study suggests that the expression of the apoptosis-proteins Bax and p21 were increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 was stable. Further detection of downstream proteins revealed that the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 were significantly decreased.
CONCLUSION BJOE has a strong anti-cancer effect on esophageal cancer and can be used as a radiosensitizer to promote apoptosis in cancerous esophageal cells via the cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Qiu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Liangshan County People's Hospital, Jining, 272600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Hua Jiao
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong Province, China
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Matrix Metalloproteinases Polymorphisms as Prognostic Biomarkers in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:8069529. [PMID: 29138529 PMCID: PMC5613362 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8069529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare disease with a relatively short overall survival (OS). Metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a vast biological effect on tumor progression, invasion, metastasis formation, and apoptosis. MMP expression was previously associated with survival in MPM. Our aim was to evaluate if genetic variability of MMP genes could also serve as a prognostic biomarker in MPM. Methods We genotyped 199 MPM patients for ten polymorphisms: rs243865, rs243849 and rs7201, in MMP2; rs17576, rs17577, rs20544, and rs2250889 in MMP9; and rs1042703, rs1042704, and rs743257 in MMP14. We determined the influence on survival using Cox regression. Results Carriers of polymorphic MMP9 rs2250889 allele had shorter time to progression (TTP) (6.07 versus 10.03 months, HR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.45–4.14, p = 0.001) and OS (9.23 versus 19.2 months, HR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.37–4.18, p = 0.002). In contrast, carriers of at least one polymorphic MMP9 rs20544 allele had longer TTP (10.93 versus 9.40 months, HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38–0.86 p = 0.007) and OS (20.67 versus 13.50 months, HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.37–0.85, p = 0.007). MMP14 rs1042703 was associated with nominally shorter TTP (8.7 versus 9.27 months, HR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.06–4.12, p = 0.032). Conclusions Selected MMP SNPs were associated with survival and could be used as potential genetic biomarkers in MPM.
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Abadi ATB. Comment on "Gastric cancer and family history". Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:939. [PMID: 28797158 PMCID: PMC5583457 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
- Correspondence to Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi, M.D. Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran Tel: +98-21-82884883 Fax: +98-21-82884883 E-mail:
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Identifying individuals at high risk is important for surveillance and prevention of gastric cancer. Having first-degree relatives diagnosed with gastric cancer is a strong and consistent risk factor for gastric cancer, but the pathogenic mechanisms behind this familial aggregation are unclear. Against this background, we reviewed the risk factors for gastric cancer in those with a first-degree relative with gastric cancer, and the possible causes for familial clustering of gastric cancer including bacterial factors, inherited genetic susceptibility, environmental factors or a combination thereof. Among individuals with a family history, current or past Helicobacter pylori infection, having two or more first-degree affected relatives or female gender was associated with an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. To date, no specific single nucleotide polymorphism has been shown to be associated with familial clustering of gastric cancer. H. pylori eradication is the most important strategy for preventing gastric cancer in first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients, particularly those in their 20s and 30s. Early H. pylori eradication could prevent the progression to intestinal metaplasia and reduce the synergistic effect on gastric carcinogenesis in individuals with both H. pylori infection and a family history. Endoscopic surveillance is also expected to benefit individuals with a family history. Further large-scale, prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and optimal time point for endoscopy in this population. Moreover, genome-wide association studies that incorporate environmental and dietary factors on a 'big data' basis will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Nayoung Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: + 82-31-787-7008 Fax: + 82-31-787-4051 E-mail:
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