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Inukai M, Kobayashi N, Endo H, Asakawa K, Amano K, Yasuda Y, Cenci U, Colleoni C, Ball S, Fujiwara S. Kre6 (yeast 1,6-β-transglycosylase) homolog, PhTGS, is essential for β-glucan synthesis in the haptophyte Pleurochrysis haptonemofera. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1259587. [PMID: 37790259 PMCID: PMC10543733 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1259587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptophytes synthesize unique β-glucans containing more β-1,6-linkages than β-1,3 linkages, as a storage polysaccharide. To understand the mechanism of the synthesis, we investigated the roles of Kre6 (yeast 1,6-β-transglycosylase) homologs, PhTGS, in the haptophyte Pleurochrysis haptonemofera. RNAi of PhTGS repressed β-glucan accumulation and simultaneously induced lipid production, suggesting that PhTGS is involved in β-glucan synthesis and that the knockdown leads to the alteration of the carbon metabolic flow. PhTGS was expressed more in light, where β-glucan was actively produced by photosynthesis, than in the dark. The crude extract of E. coli expressing PhKre6 demonstrated its activity to incorporate 14C-UDP-glucose into β-glucan of P. haptonemofera. These findings suggest that PhTGS functions in storage β-glucan synthesis specifically in light, probably by producing the β-1,6-branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuka Inukai
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Naoya Kobayashi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Endo
- National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Koki Asakawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Keisuke Amano
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ugo Cenci
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Steven Ball
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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Hovde BT, Deodato CR, Andersen RA, Starkenburg SR, Barlow SB, Cattolico RA. Chrysochromulina: Genomic assessment and taxonomic diagnosis of the type species for an oleaginous algal clade. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sakurada S, Fujiwara S, Suzuki M, Kogure T, Uchida T, Umemura T, Tsuzuki M. Involvement of Acidic Polysaccharide Ph-PS-2 and Protein in Initiation of Coccolith Mineralization, as Demonstrated by In Vitro Calcification on the Base Plate. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:304-312. [PMID: 29619589 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophorids, unicellular marine microalgae, have calcified scales with elaborate structures, called coccoliths, on the cell surface. Coccoliths generally comprise a base plate, CaCO3, and a crystal coat consisting of acidic polysaccharides. In this study, the in vitro calcification conditions on the base plate of Pleurochrysis haptonemofera were examined to determine the functions of the base plate and acidic polysaccharides (Ph-PS-1, -2, and -3). When EDTA-treated coccoliths (acidic polysaccharide-free base plates) or low pH-treated coccoliths (whole acidic polysaccharide-containing base plates) were used, mineralization was not detected on the base plate. In contrast, in the case of coccoliths which were decalcified by lowering of the pH and then treated with urea (Ph-PS-2-containing base plates), distinct aggregates, probably containing CaCO3, were observed only on the rim of the base plates. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed that the aggregates contained Ca and O, although X-ray diffraction analysis did not reveal any evidence of crystalline materials. Also, in vitro mineralization experiments performed on EDTA-treated coccoliths using isolated acidic polysaccharides demonstrated that the Ca-containing aggregates were markedly formed only in the presence of Ph-PS-2. Furthermore, in vitro mineralization experiments conducted on protein-extracted base plates suggested that the coccolith-associated protein(s) are involved in the Ca deposition. These findings suggest that Ph-PS-2 associated with the protein(s) on the base plate rim initiates Ca2+ binding at the beginning of coccolith formation, and some other factors are required for subsequent calcite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunto Sakurada
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kogure
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Uchida
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tomonari Umemura
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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Yamamoto N, Kudo T, Fujiwara S, Takatsuka Y, Hirokawa Y, Tsuzuki M, Takano T, Kobayashi M, Suda K, Asamizu E, Yokoyama K, Shibata D, Tabata S, Yano K. Pleurochrysome: A Web Database of Pleurochrysis Transcripts and Orthologs Among Heterogeneous Algae. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:e6. [PMID: 26746174 PMCID: PMC4722176 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pleurochrysis is a coccolithophorid genus, which belongs to the Coccolithales in the Haptophyta. The genus has been used extensively for biological research, together with Emiliania in the Isochrysidales, to understand distinctive features between the two coccolithophorid-including orders. However, molecular biological research on Pleurochrysis such as elucidation of the molecular mechanism behind coccolith formation has not made great progress at least in part because of lack of comprehensive gene information. To provide such information to the research community, we built an open web database, the Pleurochrysome (http://bioinf.mind.meiji.ac.jp/phapt/), which currently stores 9,023 unique gene sequences (designated as UNIGENEs) assembled from expressed sequence tag sequences of P. haptonemofera as core information. The UNIGENEs were annotated with gene sequences sharing significant homology, conserved domains, Gene Ontology, KEGG Orthology, predicted subcellular localization, open reading frames and orthologous relationship with genes of 10 other algal species, a cyanobacterium and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This sequence and annotation information can be easily accessed via several search functions. Besides fundamental functions such as BLAST and keyword searches, this database also offers search functions to explore orthologous genes in the 12 organisms and to seek novel genes. The Pleurochrysome will promote molecular biological and phylogenetic research on coccolithophorids and other haptophytes by helping scientists mine data from the primary transcriptome of P. haptonemofera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila 1301, Philippines.
| | - Toru Kudo
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan, CREST, Japan These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Yukiko Takatsuka
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan, CREST, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Hirokawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan, CREST, Japan
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan, CREST, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takano
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Masaaki Kobayashi
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Kunihiro Suda
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Erika Asamizu
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Koji Yokoyama
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Satoshi Tabata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
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Hirokawa Y, Matsuzuka S, Itayama S, Uchida T, Fujiwara S, Ozaki N, Nagasawa H, Tsuzuki M. Localization and Associative Strength of Acid Polysaccharides in Coccoliths of <i>Pleurochrysis haptonemofera</i> (Haptophyta) Predicted from Their Extractability from Partially Decalcified Coccoliths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojms.2013.31005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Katagiri F, Takatsuka Y, Fujiwara S, Tsuzuki M. Effects of Ca and Mg on growth and calcification of the coccolithophorid Pleurochrysis haptonemofera: Ca requirement for cell division in coccolith-bearing cells and for normal coccolith formation with acidic polysaccharides. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:42-51. [PMID: 19444518 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on cellular growth and calcification in Pleurochrysis haptonemofera were investigated. In the presence of a normal concentration of Mg2+, coccolith-bearing cells (C-cells) required more than 0.5 mM Ca2+ for growth, while naked cells could grow even with 0.5 mM Ca2+. The calcification rate of C-cells, which was determined using decalcified cells, was significantly repressed with less than or equal to 0.5 mM Ca2+. Although the calcification rate did not change so much with 5-30 mM Ca2+, it decreased with higher concentrations of Ca2+, as well as C-cell-specific growth repression. Under these conditions, Ca2+ affected the rate of coccolith formation, but neither the coccolith morphology nor total amounts and ratios of divalent cations and acidic polysaccharides (Ph-PS-1, -2, and -3) were included in coccoliths. These findings suggest that sufficient calcification is required for the division of C-cells. Under low Ca2+ and high Mg2+ conditions, coccoliths with an abnormal morphology, having immature shield elements, were synthesized. Composition analysis of the coccoliths revealed high Mg/Ca and low Ph-PS-2/(Ph-PS-1 and -3) ratios, as compared with those under low Ca2+ and normal Mg2+ conditions, suggesting that the abnormal morphology is due to a change in the crystal type and/or acidic polysaccharide composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Katagiri
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Bai Z, Yin Y, Hu S, Wang G, Zhang X, Li J. Identification of genes involved in immune response, microsatellite, and SNP markers from expressed sequence tags generated from hemocytes of freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:520-530. [PMID: 19039623 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Triangle sail mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) is the most important mussel species commercially exploited for freshwater pearl production in China. However, its genome research is still at the infantry. Genomic resources for this species are largely not available. The objectives of this study was to generate expressed sequence tags from a hemocyte cDNA library, to identify genes involved in defense mechanisms, and to identify polymorphic markers from the expressed sequence tag (EST) resources for genetic analysis. A total of 5,290 ESTs were sequenced, obtaining 481 contigs and 1,165 singletons. BLAST similarity analysis indicated almost half (46.5%) of these ESTs were homologs of known genes while 53.5% were transcripts of unknown identities. Based on sequence similarities, 50 genes were identified as putative genes involved in immune and defense functions such as hemocyte immune process, stress proteins, adhesive proteins, proteases and protease regulators, antimicrobial peptides, lysosomal enzymes, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle proteins. A total of 201 microsatellites were identified from these ESTs, with 31 having sufficient flanking sequences for primer design. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was successful for 18 primer pairs and 14 of them were polymorphic. A total of 987 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified including 204 transitions, 611 transversions, and 172 indels; 12 of them were involved in nine genes of defense mechanisms. These resources provide the material basis for future marker validation and genetic linkage and quantitative trait loci analysis in the freshwater pearl mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Aquacultural Ecology Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Jiang H, Cai YM, Chen LQ, Zhang XW, Hu SN, Wang Q. Functional annotation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the hepatopancreas of mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:317-326. [PMID: 18815839 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to its popularity as a traditional food, intensive harvesting of the mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is common and has lead to an increase in disease incidence, resulting in catastrophic losses to crab aquaculture. The hepatopancreas of E. sinensis is not only an important digestive organ but also an indispensable immune organ. We constructed a nonnormalized cDNA library from the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis and acquired 3,297 high-quality expressed sequence tags representing 1,178 unigenes. More than half of these unigenes were novel genes for this species; the remaining had homologs in public databases, which is of great importance for future functional research. We also investigated the association of these genes with immune processes for insight into one of the main functions of the hepatopancreas besides metabolism. Despite the relatively low sampling scalar of our cDNA library, we were able to demonstrate several important properties of the hepatopancreatic transcriptome and identified numerous genes that were closely associated with immune responses. These results might serve as the basis for an in-depth genomics study of E. sinensis, including transcriptome analysis, physical mapping, and whole genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Light-dependent transcriptional regulation of genes of biogeochemical interest in the diploid and haploid life cycle stages of Emiliania huxleyi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3366-9. [PMID: 19304825 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02737-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of genes of biogeochemical interest in calcifying and noncalcifying life stages of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi was investigated. Transcripts potentially involved in calcification were tested through a light-dark cycle. These transcripts were more abundant in calcifying cells and were upregulated in the light. Their application as potential candidates for in situ biogeochemical proxies is also suggested.
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Reusch TBH, Veron AS, Preuss C, Weiner J, Wissler L, Beck A, Klages S, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Bornberg-Bauer E. Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries in the seagrass Zostera marina subjected to temperature stress. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 10:297-309. [PMID: 18239962 PMCID: PMC2757623 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-007-9065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is associated with increasing stress and mortality on temperate seagrass beds, in particular during periods of high sea surface temperatures during summer months, adding to existing anthropogenic impacts, such as eutrophication and habitat destruction. We compare several expressed sequence tag (EST) in the ecologically important seagrass Zostera marina (eelgrass) to elucidate the molecular genetic basis of adaptation to environmental extremes. We compared the tentative unigene (TUG) frequencies of libraries derived from leaf and meristematic tissue from a control situation with two experimentally imposed temperature stress conditions and found that TUG composition is markedly different among these conditions (all P < 0.0001). Under heat stress, we find that 63 TUGs are differentially expressed (d.e.) at 25 degrees C compared with lower, no-stress condition temperatures (4 degrees C and 17 degrees C). Approximately one-third of d.e. eelgrass genes were characteristic for the stress response of the terrestrial plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. The changes in gene expression suggest complex photosynthetic adjustments among light-harvesting complexes, reaction center subunits of photosystem I and II, and components of the dark reaction. Heat shock encoding proteins and reactive oxygen scavengers also were identified, but their overall frequency was too low to perform statistical tests. In all conditions, the most abundant transcript (3-15%) was a putative metallothionein gene with unknown function. We also find evidence that heat stress may translate to enhanced infection by protists. A total of 210 TUGs contain one or more microsatellites as potential candidates for gene-linked genetic markers. Data are publicly available in a user-friendly database at http://www.uni-muenster.de/Evolution/ebb/Services/zostera .
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten B H Reusch
- Institute for Evolution & Biodiversity, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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