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Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, Huisman MV, Humbert M, Jennings CS, Jiménez D, Kucher N, Lang IM, Lankeit M, Lorusso R, Mazzolai L, Meneveau N, Ní Áinle F, Prandoni P, Pruszczyk P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Van Belle E, Zamorano JL. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J 2021; 41:543-603. [PMID: 31504429 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1989] [Impact Index Per Article: 663.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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2
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O'Shaughnessy F, O'Reilly D, Ní Áinle F. Current opinion and emerging trends on the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolic disease: a review. Transl Res 2020; 225:20-32. [PMID: 32554071 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism (PA-VTE) is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the availability of international guidance on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment, practice differs between countries and clinical institutions. The evidence base in this area is limited due to the vulnerable population who are affected, with the majority of guidelines deriving their recommendations from experience in surgical and medical venous thromboembolic disease. This review includes best evidence in PA-VTE management, highlighting specific literature which supports current diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. Additionally, we hope to demonstrate emerging trends in the field through discussion of ongoing trials designed to progress towards evidence-based practice in the context of PA-VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal O'Shaughnessy
- Pharmacy Department, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland; Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Haematology, Mater University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Daniel O'Reilly
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Health Ireland at Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland; SPHERE research group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Haematology, Mater University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Fionnuala Ní Áinle
- SPHERE research group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Haematology, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland; Department of Haematology, Mater University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
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3
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Tester J, Hammerschlag G, Irving L, Pascoe D, Rees M. Investigation and diagnostic imaging of suspected pulmonary embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: A review of the literature. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2020; 64:505-515. [PMID: 32307898 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a leading cause of maternal mortality with women at increased risk of PE during pregnancy and the early postpartum period. Clinical assessment of suspected PE during pregnancy is challenging as signs and symptoms associated with PE overlap with physiological changes of pregnancy. Clinical tests and rules commonly used to assess pre-test probability of PE were historically not well validated in the pregnant population. The challenges of clinical assessment in the pregnant and postpartum population result in a lowered threshold for diagnostic imaging. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and nuclear medicine lung scintigraphy or ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scans are the main types of diagnostic imaging for suspected PE. Both methods are associated with small levels of ionising radiation exposure to mother and foetus. Accuracy of the diagnostic imaging tests is paramount. Haemodynamic changes of pregnancy, including increased heart rate, increased blood volume and altered flow velocity in the pulmonary arteries, may influence the quality of imaging. This comprehensive review examines the literature and evidence for the investigation and diagnostic imaging of suspected pulmonary embolism during pregnancy with CTPA and V/Q. Clinical decision-making tools, biomarkers and diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and postpartum will be considered with a focus on diagnostic accuracy and yield, radiation dose exposure (maternal-foetal) and protocol modifications. Current practice guideline recommendations and recent literature on diagnostic pathways are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Tester
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Hammerschlag
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis Irving
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diane Pascoe
- Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Rees
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sun S, Diaconescu M, Zhe T, Mesurolle B, Semionov A. Outcomes of Multidetector Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography in Pregnant and Postpartum Women With Suspected Pulmonary Embolism. Can Assoc Radiol J 2020; 72:512-518. [PMID: 32070114 DOI: 10.1177/0846537119899552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Verify whether there is a difference in likelihood of developing pulmonary embolism (PE) between pregnant women, nonpregnant women of reproductive age, and postpartum (up to 6 weeks) women, by comparing their outcomes on computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) done for suspicion of PE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 1463 CTPA done for suspicion of PE in females of reproductive age (18-40 years), nonpregnant, pregnant (antepartum), and postpartum, from 2 tertiary-care academic hospitals between October 2006 and September 2015. Primary outcome was diagnosis of PE on imaging. Additional assessment was made of technical adequacy of the studies and method of delivery for the postpartum cohort (vaginal vs caesarean birth). Twenty-nine technically nondiagnostic studies were excluded. The effect of any potential variable on PE status was tested using univariate logistic regression. Subgroup analysis was performed after excluding patients with independent risk factors for PE. RESULTS The rate of CTPA positive for PE was less among pregnant patients compared to early postpartum and nonpregnant women of similar age, 2.9% vs 11.5% and 10.3%, respectively. Pregnancy was associated with statistically significant decreased odds ratio of developing a PE on CTPA, 0.23 (0.09-0.89), P value = .004. After excluding patients with additional independent risk factors for PE, there was no statistically significant odds ratio association between presence of PE on CTPA and pregnancy 0.41 (0.13-1.34), P value = .14. CONCLUSION Rate of CTPA positive for PE in pregnant women was lower than in nonpregnant and early postpartum women. Pregnancy was statistically significantly less likely to be associated with positive PE on a CTPA study. The common perception that pregnancy (antepartum state) is associated with an increased risk of PE may require a thorough critical reappraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sun
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, 10041Montreal General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marius Diaconescu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, 10041Montreal General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tian Zhe
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, CRCHUM, 5622University of Montreal Health Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Mesurolle
- Department of Radiology, 55046Centre République, Elsan, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Semionov
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, 10041Montreal General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Cohen SL, Wang J, Mankerian M, Feizullayeva C, McCandlish JA, Barnaby D, Sanelli P, McGinn T. Evaluation of CTPA interpreted as limited in pregnant patients suspected for pulmonary embolism. Emerg Radiol 2019; 27:165-171. [PMID: 31813073 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-019-01728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to determine the rates of CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) interpreted as limited and severely limited in pregnant patients suspected for pulmonary embolism (PE), and to evaluate factors that influence these rates. METHODS This is a retrospective study with CTPA for evaluation of PE in pregnancy across a large health system from 2006 to 2017. CTPA was classified as limited from the radiology report with a subset of those studies classified as severely limited. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed for limited and severely limited rates with maternal age and patient size as a continuous variable and race, trimester, patient location study priority status, and result of chest radiograph before CTPA as categorical variables. RESULTS 874 patients with 33% of studies limited and 4% of studies severely limited. Multivariate logistic regression of CTPA studies revealed decreasing patient age (OR 0.967, p = 0.0129) and increasing patient size (OR 1.013, p < 0.0001). Studies performed in the second trimester (OR 1.869, p = 0.0242) and third trimester (OR 2.314, p = 0.0021) were more likely to be reported as limited (each p < 0.05). Increasing patient size (OR 1.017, p = 0.0046) was the only significant predictor of severely limited versus non-severely limited studies. CONCLUSION CTPA interpreted as limited in pregnancy are common and may be associated with younger age, larger patient size, and second and third trimesters. However, severely limited interpretations are much less common, with patient size the only significant predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Cohen
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA. .,Northwell Health Imaging, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA. .,Imaging Clinical Effectiveness & Outcomes Research Program at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA. .,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - J Wang
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.,Imaging Clinical Effectiveness & Outcomes Research Program at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - M Mankerian
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - C Feizullayeva
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.,Northwell Health Imaging, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Imaging Clinical Effectiveness & Outcomes Research Program at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | | | - D Barnaby
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Northwell Health Emergency Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - P Sanelli
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.,Northwell Health Imaging, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Imaging Clinical Effectiveness & Outcomes Research Program at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - T McGinn
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 600 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Northwell Health Internal Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, Huisman MV, Humbert M, Jennings CS, Jiménez D, Kucher N, Lang IM, Lankeit M, Lorusso R, Mazzolai L, Meneveau N, Áinle FN, Prandoni P, Pruszczyk P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Van Belle E, Zamorano JL. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.01647-2019. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01647-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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