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Nianiou-Obeidat I, Madesis P, Kissoudis C, Voulgari G, Chronopoulou E, Tsaftaris A, Labrou NE. Plant glutathione transferase-mediated stress tolerance: functions and biotechnological applications. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:791-805. [PMID: 28391528 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutathione transferases (EC 2.5.1.18, GSTs) are an ancient, multimember and diverse enzyme class. Plant GSTs have diverse roles in plant development, endogenous metabolism, stress tolerance, and xenobiotic detoxification. Their study embodies both fundamental aspects and agricultural interest, because of their ability to confer tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and to detoxify herbicides. Here we review the biotechnological applications of GSTs towards developing plants that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. We integrate recent discoveries, highlight, and critically discuss the underlying biochemical and molecular pathways involved. We elaborate that the functions of GSTs in abiotic and biotic stress adaptation are potentially a result of both catalytic and non-catalytic functions. These include conjugation of reactive electrophile species with glutathione and the modulation of cellular redox status, biosynthesis, binding, and transport of secondary metabolites and hormones. Their major universal functions under stress underline the potential in developing climate-resilient cultivars through a combination of molecular and conventional breeding programs. We propose that future GST engineering efforts through rational and combinatorial approaches, would lead to the design of improved isoenzymes with purpose-designed catalytic activities and novel functional properties. Concurrent GST-GSH metabolic engineering can incrementally increase the effectiveness of GST biotechnological deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Nianiou-Obeidat
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, P.O. Box 361, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Kissoudis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgia Voulgari
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsaftaris
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, P.O. Box 361, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
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Parrott DL, Huang L, Fischer AM. Downregulation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare) leucine-rich repeat, non-arginine-aspartate receptor-like protein kinase reduces expression of numerous genes involved in plant pathogen defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 100:130-140. [PMID: 26820571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors represent a first line of plant defense against pathogens. Comparing the flag leaf transcriptomes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) near-isogenic lines varying in the allelic state of a locus controlling senescence, we have previously identified a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase gene (LRR-RLK; GenBank accession: AK249842), which was strongly upregulated in leaves of early-as compared to late-senescing germplasm. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that this gene codes for a subfamily XII, non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) LRR-RLK. Virus-induced gene silencing resulted in a two-fold reduction of transcript levels as compared to controls. Transcriptomic comparison of leaves from untreated plants, from plants treated with virus only without any plant sequences (referred to as 'empty virus' control), and from plants in which AK249842 expression was knocked down identified numerous genes involved in pathogen defense. These genes were strongly induced in 'empty virus' as compared to untreated controls, but their expression was significantly reduced (again compared to 'empty virus' controls) when AK249842 was knocked down, indicating that their expression partially depends on the LRR-RLK investigated here. Expression analysis, using datasets from BarleyBase/PLEXdb, demonstrated that AK249842 transcript levels are heavily influenced by the allelic state of the well-characterized mildew resistance a (Mla) locus, and that the gene is induced after powdery mildew and stem rust infection. Together, our data suggest that AK249842 is a barley pattern recognition receptor with a tentative role in defense against fungal pathogens, setting the stage for its full functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Parrott
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, USA
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, USA
| | - Andreas M Fischer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, USA.
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Derevnina L, Fetch T, Singh D, Brueggeman R, Dong C, Park RF. Analysis of Stem Rust Resistance in Australian Barley Cultivars. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1485-1493. [PMID: 30699785 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-13-1174-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighty-two Australian and five exotic barley cultivars were evaluated at the seedling stage for resistance to the Australian stem rust pathotype 98-1,2,3,5,6. Although most of these cultivars exhibited mesothetic (mixed infection type) reactions that were associated with a high level of chlorosis, two ('O'Connor' and 'Pacific Ranger') were highly resistant. Marker analysis indicated that four Australian cultivars ('Empress', 'Vlamingh', Pacific Ranger, and 'Yerong') possess the stem rust resistance gene Rpg1. Tests conducted using North American Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici pathotypes MCCJ and QCCJ supported marker results and indicated that 'Pacific Ranger' and 'Vlamingh' likely carry additional stem rust resistance genes. Based on pedigree information and results from multipathotype tests, these genes are believed to be uncharacterized and, therefore, new. The resistance in Australian barley 'Franklin' conferred resistance against all pathotypes tested in this study. Studies of inheritance to MCCJ revealed that it possessed an unknown seedling resistance, which was independent of and displayed additivity to Rpg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Derevnina
- University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Private Bag 4011, Narellan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - T Fetch
- Cereal Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M9, Canada
| | - D Singh
- University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute
| | - R Brueggeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58102
| | - C Dong
- University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute
| | - R F Park
- University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute
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Transgenic barley: a prospective tool for biotechnology and agriculture. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:137-57. [PMID: 24084493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the founder crops of agriculture, and today it is the fourth most important cereal grain worldwide. Barley is used as malt in brewing and distilling industry, as an additive for animal feed, and as a component of various food and bread for human consumption. Progress in stable genetic transformation of barley ensures a potential for improvement of its agronomic performance or use of barley in various biotechnological and industrial applications. Recently, barley grain has been successfully used in molecular farming as a promising bioreactor adapted for production of human therapeutic proteins or animal vaccines. In addition to development of reliable transformation technologies, an extensive amount of various barley genetic resources and tools such as sequence data, microarrays, genetic maps, and databases has been generated. Current status on barley transformation technologies including gene transfer techniques, targets, and progeny stabilization, recent trials for improvement of agricultural traits and performance of barley, especially in relation to increased biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and potential use of barley grain as a protein production platform have been reviewed in this study. Overall, barley represents a promising tool for both agricultural and biotechnological transgenic approaches, and is considered an ancient but rediscovered crop as a model industrial platform for molecular farming.
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Ballini E, Lauter N, Wise R. Prospects for advancing defense to cereal rusts through genetical genomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:117. [PMID: 23641250 PMCID: PMC3640194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rusts are one of the most severe threats to cereal crops because new pathogen races emerge regularly, resulting in infestations that lead to large yield losses. In 1999, a new race of stem rust, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt TTKSK or Ug99), was discovered in Uganda. Most of the wheat and barley cultivars grown currently worldwide are susceptible to this new race. Pgt TTKSK has already spread northward into Iran and will likely spread eastward throughout the Indian subcontinent in the near future. This scenario is not unique to stem rust; new races of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) have also emerged recently. One strategy for countering the persistent adaptability of these pathogens is to stack complete- and partial-resistance genes, which requires significant breeding efforts in order to reduce deleterious effects of linkage drag. These varied resistance combinations are typically more difficult for the pathogen to defeat, since they would be predicted to apply lower selection pressure. Genetical genomics or expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) analysis enables the identification of regulatory loci that control the expression of many to hundreds of genes. Integrated deployment of these technologies coupled with efficient phenotyping offers significant potential to elucidate the regulatory nodes in genetic networks that orchestrate host defense responses. The focus of this review will be to present advances in genetical genomic experimental designs and analysis, particularly as they apply to the prospects for discovering partial disease resistance alleles in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roger Wise
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, US Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Center for Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
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Figueroa M, Alderman S, Garvin DF, Pfender WF. Infection of Brachypodium distachyon by formae speciales of Puccinia graminis: early infection events and host-pathogen incompatibility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56857. [PMID: 23441218 PMCID: PMC3575480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Puccinia graminis causes stem rust, a serious disease of cereals and forage grasses. Important formae speciales of P. graminis and their typical hosts are P. graminis f. sp. tritici (Pg-tr) in wheat and barley, P. graminis f. sp. lolii (Pg-lo) in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, and P. graminis f. sp. phlei-pratensis (Pg-pp) in timothy grass. Brachypodium distachyon is an emerging genetic model to study fungal disease resistance in cereals and temperate grasses. We characterized the P. graminis-Brachypodium pathosystem to evaluate its potential for investigating incompatibility and non-host resistance to P. graminis. Inoculation of eight Brachypodium inbred lines with Pg-tr, Pg-lo or Pg-pp resulted in sporulating lesions later accompanied by necrosis. Histological analysis of early infection events in one Brachypodium inbred line (Bd1-1) indicated that Pg-lo and Pg-pp were markedly more efficient than Pg-tr at establishing a biotrophic interaction. Formation of appressoria was completed (60-70% of germinated spores) by 12 h post-inoculation (hpi) under dark and wet conditions, and after 4 h of subsequent light exposure fungal penetration structures (penetration peg, substomatal vesicle and primary infection hyphae) had developed. Brachypodium Bd1-1 exhibited pre-haustorial resistance to Pg-tr, i.e. infection usually stopped at appressorial formation. By 68 hpi, only 0.3% and 0.7% of the Pg-tr urediniospores developed haustoria and colonies, respectively. In contrast, development of advanced infection structures by Pg-lo and Pg-pp was significantly more common; however, Brachypodium displayed post-haustorial resistance to these isolates. By 68 hpi the percentage of urediniospores that only develop a haustorium mother cell or haustorium in Pg-lo and Pg-pp reached 8% and 5%, respectively. The formation of colonies reached 14% and 13%, respectively. We conclude that Brachypodium is an apt grass model to study the molecular and genetic components of incompatiblity and non-host resistance to P. graminis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Figueroa
- Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen Alderman
- Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David F. Garvin
- Plant Science Research Unit and Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Minnesota. St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - William F. Pfender
- Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Meng Y, Wise RP. HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 regulate Mla-triggered immunity and basal defense to barley powdery mildew. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1492-505. [PMID: 22809275 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-12-0082-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
WRKY proteins represent a large family of transcription factors (TF), involved in plant development and defense. In all, 60 unique barley TF have been annotated that contain the WRKY domain; 26 of these are represented on the Barley1 GeneChip. Time-course expression profiles of these 26 HvWRKY TF were analyzed to investigate their role in mildew locus a (Mla)-mediated immunity to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, causal agent of powdery mildew disease. Inoculation-responsive, Mla-specified interactions with B. graminis f. sp. hordei revealed that 12 HvWRKY were differentially expressed: 10 highly upregulated and two significantly downregulated. Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 compromised resistance-gene-mediated defense to powdery mildew in genotypes harboring both Rar1-dependent and Rar1-independent Mla alleles, indicating that these WRKY TF play key roles in effector-triggered immunity. Comprehensive yeast two-hybrid analyses, however, did not reveal a direct interaction between these three nuclear-localized WRKY TF and MLA. Transient overexpression of all three WRKY TF in single cells expressing Mlo, which encodes a negative regulator of penetration resistance, significantly decreased susceptibility. Taken together, these loss- and gain-of-function studies demonstrate that HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 positively regulate the barley transcriptome in response to invasion by B. graminis f. sp. hordei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Moscou MJ, Lauter N, Steffenson B, Wise RP. Quantitative and qualitative stem rust resistance factors in barley are associated with transcriptional suppression of defense regulons. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002208. [PMID: 21829384 PMCID: PMC3145622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici; Pgt) is a devastating fungal disease of wheat and barley. Pgt race TTKSK (isolate Ug99) is a serious threat to these Triticeae grain crops because resistance is rare. In barley, the complex Rpg-TTKSK locus on chromosome 5H is presently the only known source of qualitative resistance to this aggressive Pgt race. Segregation for resistance observed on seedlings of the Q21861 × SM89010 (QSM) doubled-haploid (DH) population was found to be predominantly qualitative, with little of the remaining variance explained by loci other than Rpg-TTKSK. In contrast, analysis of adult QSM DH plants infected by field inoculum of Pgt race TTKSK in Njoro, Kenya, revealed several additional quantitative trait loci that contribute to resistance. To molecularly characterize these loci, Barley1 GeneChips were used to measure the expression of 22,792 genes in the QSM population after inoculation with Pgt race TTKSK or mock-inoculation. Comparison of expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) between treatments revealed an inoculation-dependent expression polymorphism implicating Actin depolymerizing factor3 (within the Rpg-TTKSK locus) as a candidate susceptibility gene. In parallel, we identified a chromosome 2H trans-eQTL hotspot that co-segregates with an enhancer of Rpg-TTKSK-mediated, adult plant resistance discovered through the Njoro field trials. Our genome-wide eQTL studies demonstrate that transcript accumulation of 25% of barley genes is altered following challenge by Pgt race TTKSK, but that few of these genes are regulated by the qualitative Rpg-TTKSK on chromosome 5H. It is instead the chromosome 2H trans-eQTL hotspot that orchestrates the largest inoculation-specific responses, where enhanced resistance is associated with transcriptional suppression of hundreds of genes scattered throughout the genome. Hence, the present study associates the early suppression of genes expressed in this host-pathogen interaction with enhancement of R-gene mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Moscou
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Responses to Environmental Stresses, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nick Lauter
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Brian Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Roger P. Wise
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Responses to Environmental Stresses, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Bischof M, Eichmann R, Hückelhoven R. Pathogenesis-associated transcriptional patterns in Triticeae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:9-19. [PMID: 20674077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Triticeae tribe of the plant Poaceae family contains some of the most important cereal crop plants for nutrition of humans and livestock such as wheat and barley. Despite the agronomical relevance of plant immunity, knowledge on mechanisms of disease or resistance in Triticeae is limited. It is hardly understood what actually stops a microbial invader when restricted by the plant and in how far a susceptible host plant contributes to pathogenesis. Transcriptional reprogramming of the host plant may be involved in both immunity and disease. This paper gives an overview about recent analyses of global pathogenesis-related transcriptional patterns in response of Triticeae to biotrophic or non-biotrophic fungal pathogens and their toxins. It highlights enriched biological functions in association with successful plant defence or disease as well as experiments that successfully translated gene expression data into analysis of gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bischof
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Chen X, Hackett CA, Niks RE, Hedley PE, Booth C, Druka A, Marcel TC, Vels A, Bayer M, Milne I, Morris J, Ramsay L, Marshall D, Cardle L, Waugh R. An eQTL analysis of partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8598. [PMID: 20066049 PMCID: PMC2798965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic resistance to barley leaf rust caused by Puccinia hordei involves both R genes and quantitative trait loci. The R genes provide higher but less durable resistance than the quantitative trait loci. Consequently, exploring quantitative or partial resistance has become a favorable alternative for controlling disease. Four quantitative trait loci for partial resistance to leaf rust have been identified in the doubled haploid Steptoe (St)/Morex (Mx) mapping population. Further investigations are required to study the molecular mechanisms underpinning partial resistance and ultimately identify the causal genes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We explored partial resistance to barley leaf rust using a genetical genomics approach. We recorded RNA transcript abundance corresponding to each probe on a 15K Agilent custom barley microarray in seedlings from St and Mx and 144 doubled haploid lines of the St/Mx population. A total of 1154 and 1037 genes were, respectively, identified as being P. hordei-responsive among the St and Mx and differentially expressed between P. hordei-infected St and Mx. Normalized ratios from 72 distant-pair hybridisations were used to map the genetic determinants of variation in transcript abundance by expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping generating 15685 eQTL from 9557 genes. Correlation analysis identified 128 genes that were correlated with resistance, of which 89 had eQTL co-locating with the phenotypic quantitative trait loci (pQTL). Transcript abundance in the parents and conservation of synteny with rice allowed us to prioritise six genes as candidates for Rphq11, the pQTL of largest effect, and highlight one, a phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (HvPHGPx) for detailed analysis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The eQTL approach yielded information that led to the identification of strong candidate genes underlying pQTL for resistance to leaf rust in barley and on the general pathogen response pathway. The dataset will facilitate a systems appraisal of this host-pathogen interaction and, potentially, for other traits measured in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Chen
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (XC); (RW)
| | - Christine A. Hackett
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BioSS), Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rients E. Niks
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter E. Hedley
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Booth
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Arnis Druka
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry C. Marcel
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vels
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Micha Bayer
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Milne
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Morris
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Ramsay
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Marshall
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Cardle
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (XC); (RW)
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Meng Y, Moscou MJ, Wise RP. Blufensin1 negatively impacts basal defense in response to barley powdery mildew. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:271-85. [PMID: 19005086 PMCID: PMC2613711 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.129031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms to control the defense response against microbial attack. Both temporal and spatial gene expression are tightly regulated in response to pathogen ingress, modulating both positive and negative control of defense. BLUFENSIN1 (BLN1), a small peptide belonging to a novel family of proteins in barley (Hordeum vulgare), is highly induced by attack from the obligate biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), casual agent of powdery mildew disease. Computational interrogation of the Bln1 gene family determined that members reside solely in the BEP clade of the Poaceae family, specifically, barley, rice (Oryza sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of Bln1 enhanced plant resistance in compatible interactions, regardless of the presence or absence of functional Mla coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding site, Leu-rich repeat alleles, indicating that BLN1 can function in an R-gene-independent manner. Likewise, transient overexpression of Bln1 significantly increased accessibility toward virulent Bgh. Moreover, silencing in plants harboring the Mlo susceptibility factor decreased accessibility to Bgh, suggesting that BLN1 functions in parallel with or upstream of MLO to modulate penetration resistance. Collectively, these data suggest that the grass-specific Bln1 negatively impacts basal defense against Bgh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1020, USA
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Druka A, Druka I, Centeno AG, Li H, Sun Z, Thomas WTB, Bonar N, Steffenson BJ, Ullrich SE, Kleinhofs A, Wise RP, Close TJ, Potokina E, Luo Z, Wagner C, Schweizer GF, Marshall DF, Kearsey MJ, Williams RW, Waugh R. Towards systems genetic analyses in barley: Integration of phenotypic, expression and genotype data into GeneNetwork. BMC Genet 2008; 9:73. [PMID: 19017390 PMCID: PMC2630324 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A typical genetical genomics experiment results in four separate data sets; genotype, gene expression, higher-order phenotypic data and metadata that describe the protocols, processing and the array platform. Used in concert, these data sets provide the opportunity to perform genetic analysis at a systems level. Their predictive power is largely determined by the gene expression dataset where tens of millions of data points can be generated using currently available mRNA profiling technologies. Such large, multidimensional data sets often have value beyond that extracted during their initial analysis and interpretation, particularly if conducted on widely distributed reference genetic materials. Besides quality and scale, access to the data is of primary importance as accessibility potentially allows the extraction of considerable added value from the same primary dataset by the wider research community. Although the number of genetical genomics experiments in different plant species is rapidly increasing, none to date has been presented in a form that allows quick and efficient on-line testing for possible associations between genes, loci and traits of interest by an entire research community. DESCRIPTION Using a reference population of 150 recombinant doubled haploid barley lines we generated novel phenotypic, mRNA abundance and SNP-based genotyping data sets, added them to a considerable volume of legacy trait data and entered them into the GeneNetwork http://www.genenetwork.org. GeneNetwork is a unified on-line analytical environment that enables the user to test genetic hypotheses about how component traits, such as mRNA abundance, may interact to condition more complex biological phenotypes (higher-order traits). Here we describe these barley data sets and demonstrate some of the functionalities GeneNetwork provides as an easily accessible and integrated analytical environment for exploring them. CONCLUSION By integrating barley genotypic, phenotypic and mRNA abundance data sets directly within GeneNetwork's analytical environment we provide simple web access to the data for the research community. In this environment, a combination of correlation analysis and linkage mapping provides the potential to identify and substantiate gene targets for saturation mapping and positional cloning. By integrating datasets from an unsequenced crop plant (barley) in a database that has been designed for an animal model species (mouse) with a well established genome sequence, we prove the importance of the concept and practice of modular development and interoperability of software engineering for biological data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnis Druka
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
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The stem rust resistance gene Rpg5 encodes a protein with nucleotide-binding-site, leucine-rich, and protein kinase domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14970-5. [PMID: 18812501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807270105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated the barley stem rust resistance genes Rpg5 and rpg4 by map-based cloning. These genes are colocalized on a 70-kb genomic region that was delimited by recombination. The Rpg5 gene consists of an unusual structure encoding three typical plant disease resistance protein domains: nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat, and serine threonine protein kinase. The predicted RPG5 protein has two putative transmembrane sites possibly involved in membrane binding. The gene is expressed at low but detectable levels. Posttranscriptional gene silencing using VIGS resulted in a compatible reaction with a normally incompatible stem rust pathogen. Allele sequencing also validated the candidate Rpg5 gene. Allele and recombinant sequencing suggested that the probable rpg4 gene encoded an actin depolymerizing factor-like protein. Involvement of actin depolymerizing factor genes in nonhost resistance has been documented, but discovery of their role in gene-for-gene interaction would be novel and needs to be further substantiated.
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