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Cao B, Yuan B, Xu G, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Wang Z, Zhou S, Xu Z, Wang Y, Chen X. A Pilot Human Cadaveric Study on Accuracy of the Augmented Reality Surgical Navigation System for Thoracolumbar Pedicle Screw Insertion Using a New Intraoperative Rapid Registration Method. J Digit Imaging 2023; 36:1919-1929. [PMID: 37131064 PMCID: PMC10406793 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-023-00840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of AR-assisted pedicle screw placement using a new intraoperative rapid registration method of combining preoperative CT scanning and intraoperative C-arm 2D fluoroscopy in cadavers. Five cadavers with intact thoracolumbar spines were employed in this study. Intraoperative registration was performed using anteroposterior and lateral views of preoperative CT scanning and intraoperative 2D fluoroscopic images. Patient-specific targeting guides were used for pedicle screw placement from Th1-L5, totaling 166 screws. Instrumentation for each side was randomized (augmented reality surgical navigation (ARSN) vs. C-arm) with an equal distribution of 83 screws in each group. CT was performed to evaluate the accuracy of both techniques by assessing the screw positions and the deviations between the inserted screws and planned trajectories. Postoperative CT showed that 98.80% (82/83) screws in ARSN group and 72.29% (60/83) screws in C-arm group were within the 2-mm safe zone (p < 0.001). The mean time for instrumentation per level in ARSN group was significantly shorter than that in C-arm group (56.17 ± 3.33 s vs. 99.22 ± 9.03 s, p < 0.001). The overall intraoperative registration time was 17.2 ± 3.5 s per segment. AR-based navigation technology can provide surgeons with accurate guidance of pedicle screw insertion and save the operation time by using the intraoperative rapid registration method of combining preoperative CT scanning and intraoperative C-arm 2D fluoroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Sun
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyuan Zhou
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Linyan Medical Technology Company Limited, 528 Ruiqing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongsheng Chen
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
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Design and Validation of a Spinal Surgical Navigation System Based on Spatial Augmented Reality. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020; 45:E1627-E1633. [PMID: 32833931 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. OBJECTIVE This article aims to develop a spatial augmented reality-based surgical navigation system to assist in the placement of pedicle screws in minimally invasive spine surgery and to verify the accuracy of this method. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Due to their high accuracy and good visualization ability, augmented reality surgical navigation systems have been used in minimally invasive surgeries. However, augmented reality does not allow information to be shared and restricts doctors. METHODS A surgical navigation system that implements augmented reality based on a projector can be used to realize the external visualization of virtual organs and surgical information through an improved multiple information fusion method. Using fiducial markers and imaging technology, the patient's spatial position is tracked and registered in real time. All the information is accurately fused with the patient's back skin, and the surgeon can see surgical information such as the preoperative plan and bones. Phantom experiments were used to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the system. RESULTS In the phantom experiments, the accuracy of the pedicle screw insertion point on the dummy's skin was 0.441 ± 0.214 mm, the average location error into the dummy's body was 1.645 ± 0.355 mm, and the average axial and sagittal angulation errors were <0.9°. CONCLUSION This article introduces and verifies the design of a new surgical navigation system based on spatial augmented reality for lumbar pedicle screw implantation. The system passed a series of phantom accuracy experiments. Compared with the traditional augmented reality navigation system, this system avoids the use of glasses and truly realizes the effect of naked-eye 3D, which is more convenient for doctors to use for communication during an operation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Ho TY, Lin CW, Chang CC, Chen HT, Chen YJ, Lo YS, Hsiao PH, Chen PC, Lin CS, Tsou HK. Percutaneous endoscopic unilateral laminotomy and bilateral decompression under 3D real-time image-guided navigation for spinal stenosis in degenerative lumbar kyphoscoliosis patients: an innovative preliminary study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:734. [PMID: 33172435 PMCID: PMC7656687 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to introduce a new method of percutaneous endoscopic decompression under 3D real-time image-guided navigation for spinal stenosis in degenerative kyphoscoliosis patients without instability or those who with multiple comorbidities. Decompression alone using endoscope for kyphoscoliosis patient is technical demanding and may result in unnecessary bone destruction leading to further instability. The O-arm/StealthStation system is popular for its ability to provide automated registration with intraoperative, postpositioning computed tomography (CT) which results in superior accuracy in spine surgery. METHODS In this study, we presented four cases. All patients were over seventy years old female with variable degrees of kyphoscoliosis and multiple comorbidities who could not endure major spine fusion surgery. Percutaneous endoscopic unilateral laminotomy and bilateral decompression under 3D real-time image-guided navigation were successfully performed. Patients' demographics, image study parameters, and outcome measurements including pre- and post-operative serial Visual analog scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were well documented. The follow-up time was 1 year. RESULTS Pre- and post-operative MRI showed average dural sac cross sectional area (DSCSA) improved from 81.62 (range 67.34-89.07) to 153.27 (range 127.96-189.73). Preoperative neurological symptoms including radicular leg pain improved postoperatively. The mean ODI (%) were 85 (range 82.5-90) at initial visit, 35.875 (range 25-51) at 1 month post-operatively, 26.875 (range 22.5-35) at 6 months post-operatively and 22.5 (range 17.5-30) at 12 months post-operatively (p < 0.05). The mean VAS score were 9 (range 8-10) at initial visit, 2.25 (range 2-3) at 1 month post-operatively, 1.75 (range 1-2) at 6 months post-operatively and 0.25 (range 0-1) at 12 months post-operatively (p < 0.05). There was no surgery-related complication. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first preliminary study of percutaneous endoscopic laminotomy under O-arm navigation with successful outcomes. The innovative technique may serve as a promising solution in treating spinal stenosis patients with lumbar kyphoscoliosis and multiple comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Ho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan. .,Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan. .,Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75, Bo'ai St., East Dist, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan. .,Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75, Bo'ai St., East Dist, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Te Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan. .,Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan. .,Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Jen Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.,Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shun Lo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.,Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Hsuan Hsiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.,Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Xueshi Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Chen
- Section of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Changhua Hospital, No. 80, Sec. 2, Zhongzheng Rd., Puxin Township, Changhua County, 513, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75, Bo'ai St., East Dist, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.,Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75, Bo'ai St., East Dist, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Kai Tsou
- Functional Neurosurgery Division, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Blvd., Xitun Dist, Taichung City, 407, Taiwan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, No. 79-9 Sha-Luen Hu Xi-Zhou Li Hou-Loung Town, Miaoli County, 356, Taiwan
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Chen X, Gao X, Zhang G, Zheng F, Wang Y, Huang W, Lin H. Design, application, and evaluation of a novel method for determining optimal trajectory of thoracic pedicle screws. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1012. [PMID: 32953812 PMCID: PMC7475455 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background This is an experimental study performed on 15 adult cadavers. In this cadaveric study, we designed and evaluated a novel methodology for determining the optimal trajectory for the placement of thoracic pedicle screws. The accuracy of thoracic pedicle screw placement is critical to the spinal surgery. The concept, implement method, and significance of the optimal thoracic pedicle trajectory have not been reported. Methods The experimental study was performed on 15 adult cadavers. The Mimics software was used to design optimal trajectory through the pedicle central axis. Using three-dimensional (3D) printing, a navigation module with a locating facet and a stabilizing facet was developed. The thoracic pedicle screws were inserted with the help of the navigation module. The three-dimensional coordinates for the entry and the exit points of the screws were compared between the planned trajectories and the postoperative trajectories. The differences in coordinates were analyzed to evaluate the precision of the screw placement. Results The trajectories through the pedicle central axis showed an excellent symmetry between the single segments and for all thoracic vertebrae. Out of a total of 358 screws that were inserted, 15 (4.2%) screws breached the pedicle cortex with a breach distance of <2 mm. The qualifying rate was 98.6% (353/358) for the entry point precision of ≥3.2 mm, and 98.9% (354/358) for the exit point precision of ≥6.4 mm. In comparison to the designed qualified rate of 100% (358/358), the χ2 was 3.22 and 2.26, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusions The optimal trajectory was obtained through the pedicle central axis, which significantly reduced the risk of cortex breach. A high degree of precision was obtained for the entry and the exit points of the screws when the postoperative trajectory was compared with the designed trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhuang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Ya Wang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
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Lin CW, Chang CC, Chen HT, Chen YJ, Lin CS, Hsu HC, Tsou HK. 3D Real-Time Image-Guided Navigation Spine Corpectomy with Ultrasonic Bone Cutter: Technical Note. World Neurosurg 2019; 135:197-204. [PMID: 31706972 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.10.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical interventions for congenital scoliosis are challenging for spine surgeons. The coordination of 3-dimensional (3D), real-time, image-guided navigation with an ultrasonic bone cutter allows surgeons to localize the affected area of the spine accurately and remove the lesion without damaging soft tissue structures. The goal of this technical paper is to report a previously undescribed method of hemivertebrectomy that combines 3D, real-time, image-guided navigation and an ultrasonic bone cutter. We highlight the feasibility and safety of this method in spinal surgery. METHODS Three patients with congenital scoliosis were treated with this technique. We present three illustrative cases comprising hemivertebrectomies for congenital scoliosis. Intraoperative photos demonstrating the technique are also provided. RESULTS All surgeries were completed without complications. The hemivertebrae were completely removed, and marked correction of congenital scoliosis was noted. CONCLUSIONS We believe that the combination of 3D, real-time image navigation and an ultrasonic bone cutter improves hemivertebrectomy by increasing accuracy and avoiding dura laceration, major organ damage, or potential vessel damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chien-Chun Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsien-Te Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
| | - Yen-Jen Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Horng-Chaung Hsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsi-Kai Tsou
- Functional Neurosurgery Division, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Shree Kumar D, Ampar N, Wee Lim L. Accuracy and reliability of spinal navigation: An analysis of over 1000 pedicle screws. J Orthop 2019; 18:197-203. [PMID: 32042226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To estimate the rate of pedicle screw malpositioning associated with placing pedicle screws using intraoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided spinal navigation. Methods We analysed the records of 219 patients who underwent pedicle screw fixation using O-arm-based navigation. Screw placement accuracy was evaluated on intraoperative CT scans acquired after pedicle screw insertion. Breaches were graded according to the Gertzbein classification (grade 0-III). Results Of 1152 pedicle screws included, 47 had pedicle violations noted on intraoperative CT. Pedicle screw violation was noted for 17 of 241 screws placed in the cervical spine (overall breach rate, 7.05%; 3.73% and 3.3% with grade I and II, respectively), for 11 of 300 screws placed in the thoracic spine (overall breach rate, 3.67%; 2%, 1%, and 0.67% with grade I, II, and III, respectively), and for 22 of 611 screws placed in the lumbar spine (overall breach rate, 3.6%; 2.29% and 0.82% with grade I and II, respectively). The rate of accuracy of pedicle screw fixation was 93%, 96.33%, and 96.4% for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, respectively. Conclusions Using O-arm-based intra-operative three-dimensional scans for navigation can improve the reliability, accuracy, and safety of pedicle screw placement, reducing the risk for reoperation and hospitalization due to implant-related complications. Further improvement may be achieved by adequate consideration of potential sources of errors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nishanth Ampar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Loo Wee Lim
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changi General Hospital, Changi, Singapore
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Accuracy and Safety in Screw Placement in the High Cervical Spine: Retrospective Analysis of O-arm-based Navigation-assisted C1 Lateral Mass and C2 Pedicle Screws. Clin Spine Surg 2019; 32:E193-E199. [PMID: 30829879 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This study was a retrospective analysis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of present study was to evaluate accuracy, efficiency, and safety of intraoperative O-arm-based navigation system for the placement of C1 lateral mass screw (C1LMS) and C2 pedicle screws (C2PSs) in high cervical spine operations. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA High screw misplacement rates, various pedicle morphometry and vertebral body size variations have led to a search of image-guided systems to improve the surgical accuracy of screw insertion in high cervical spine. The use of O-arm has been proposed for more accurate and efficient spinal instrumentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between June 2009 and August 2016, a total of 48 patients with atlantoaxial instability were surgically treated using the image-guidance system. To reconstruct atlantoaxial instability, we have been using Harm's technique of C1LMS and C2PS fixations. A frameless, stereotactic O-arm-based image-guidance system was used for correct screw placement. Postoperative computed tomographic scan with multiplanar reconstructions were used to determine the accuracy of the screw placement. RESULTS A total of 182 screws, including 90 C1LMS and 92 C2PSs were inserted using image-guidance system. In total, 4.4% (4/90) of C1LMS and 7.6% (10/92) of C2PS had cortex violation over 2 mm and considered as "significant." Among the significant cortex violations, "unexpected breech" was 3.3% of all the screws inserted. Two (2.1%) screws inserted had perforated the vertebral artery canal and iatrogenic vertebral artery stenosis was proved with postoperative computed tomography angiography. When divided into time periods, 60% of significant breech occurred during the beginning stage, 40% during adaptation stage and none during expert stage. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the authors demonstrated that use of image-guidance system seems to be beneficial for high cervical instrumentation which requires much experience and steep learning curves. However, incidence of cortex violation does not disappear completely due to the close proximity to spinal canal and surrounding vessels.
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Pedicle Screw Placement Using Augmented Reality Surgical Navigation With Intraoperative 3D Imaging: A First In-Human Prospective Cohort Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019; 44:517-525. [PMID: 30234816 PMCID: PMC6426349 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of pedicle screw placement using augmented reality surgical navigation (ARSN) in a clinical trial. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Recent cadaveric studies have shown improved accuracy for pedicle screw placement in the thoracic spine using ARSN with intraoperative 3D imaging, without the need for periprocedural x-ray. In this clinical study, we used the same system to place pedicle screws in the thoracic and lumbosacral spine of 20 patients. METHODS The study was performed in a hybrid operating room with an integrated ARSN system encompassing a surgical table, a motorized flat detector C-arm with intraoperative 2D/3D capabilities, integrated optical cameras for augmented reality navigation, and noninvasive patient motion tracking. Three independent reviewers assessed screw placement accuracy using the Gertzbein grading on 3D scans obtained before wound closure. In addition, the navigation time per screw placement was measured. RESULTS One orthopedic spinal surgeon placed 253 lumbosacral and thoracic pedicle screws on 20 consenting patients scheduled for spinal fixation surgery. An overall accuracy of 94.1% of primarily thoracic pedicle screws was achieved. No screws were deemed severely misplaced (Gertzbein grade 3). Fifteen (5.9%) screws had 2 to 4 mm breach (Gertzbein grade 2), occurring in scoliosis patients only. Thirteen of those 15 screws were larger than the pedicle in which they were placed. Two medial breaches were observed and 13 were lateral. Thirteen of the grade 2 breaches were in the thoracic spine. The average screw placement time was 5.2 ± 4.1 minutes. During the study, no device-related adverse event occurred. CONCLUSION ARSN can be clinically used to place thoracic and lumbosacral pedicle screws with high accuracy and with acceptable navigation time. Consequently, the risk for revision surgery and complications could be minimized. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Three-Dimensional Patient-Specific Guides for Intraoperative Navigation for Cortical Screw Trajectory Pedicle Fixation. World Neurosurg 2019; 122:674-679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Intraoperative O-arm-navigated resection in musculoskeletal tumors. J Orthop Sci 2018; 23:1045-1050. [PMID: 30037470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although emerging evidence has suggested that computer-assisted navigation allows surgeons to plan the optimal level of resection without compromising the surgical margins, the precise accuracy of the procedures has been unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and safety of the musculoskeletal tumor resection using O-arm/Stealth intraoperative navigation assistance. METHODS A retrospective study of six patients with bone and soft tissue tumors who underwent surgical resection using O-arm/Stealth navigation system was performed. The histological diagnosis was osteosarcoma, metastatic bone tumor, leiomyosarcoma, undifferentiated sarcoma, and synovial sarcoma, respectively. Tumor resection was performed according to planned osteotomy planes determined on O-arm/Stealth three-dimensional intraoperative images. The resection accuracy, length of time for the procedures, surgical margins, and perioperative complications were evaluated. RESULTS The distances between the entry and exit points for the planned and actual cuts were 1.5 ± 0.3 mm and 2.3 ± 0.3 mm, respectively, and the mean discrepancy of the osteotomy angle was 2.8 ± 1.2°. The mean length of time required for navigation was 14 min. A histological examination revealed clear margins in all patients. There were no complications related to navigation, and no patients developed local recurrence during a mean follow-up of 30.6 months. CONCLUSIONS The O-arm/Stealth intraoperative CT navigation system provides safe and accurate osteotomy in musculoskeletal tumor resections. However, surgeons should keep in mind and be careful of minimal errors during osteotomy, which are around 2 mm from the planned line.
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Zhao Z, Liu Z, Hu Z, Tseng C, Li J, Pan W, Qiu Y, Zhu Z. Improved accuracy of screw implantation could decrease the incidence of post-operative hydrothorax? O-arm navigation vs. free-hand in thoracic spinal deformity correction surgery. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2018; 42:2141-2146. [PMID: 29549400 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-018-3889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the occurrence of PE after intra-operative O-arm navigation-assisted surgery and determine whether the post-operative PE incidence could be decreased by using O-arm navigation as compared to conventional free-hand technique. METHODS A cohort of 27 patients with spinal deformity who were operated upon with an O-arm navigated system (group A) between 2013 and 2016 were enrolled in the study. A total of 27 curve-matched patients treated by conventional free-hand technique were included as the control group (group B). Whole spine posterior-anterior and lateral radiographs, and CT scans were taken pre and post-operation. Radiologic parameters and volume of PE were measured and compared between the two groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age, Cobb angle, and sagittal contour between the two groups pre-operatively. The mean total volume of post-operative PE was significantly larger in the free-hand group (p < 0.001). In the O-arm group, 59 malpositioned screws were identified in 22 patients. In the free-hand group, 88 malpositioned screws were found among 26 patients. The screw perforation rate was higher in the free-hand group than in the O-arm group (p = 0.007). In the O-arm group, the mean volume of PE was significantly larger among patients with malpositioned screws than those without malpositioned screws (p < 0.001), as well as in the free-hand group. CONCLUSION The volume of PE after correction surgery can be significantly decreased by application of O-arm navigation system as compared to conventional free-hand technique. We ascribed the improvement to the accuracy of screw implantation navigated by O-arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zongshan Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Changchun Tseng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Liu H, Chen W, Liu T, Meng B, Yang H. Accuracy of pedicle screw placement based on preoperative computed tomography versus intraoperative data set acquisition for spinal navigation system. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2018; 25:2309499017718901. [PMID: 28673199 DOI: 10.1177/2309499017718901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the accuracy of pedicle screw placement based on preoperative computed tomography in comparison with intraoperative data set acquisition for spinal navigation system. METHODS The PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched for the literature published up to September 2015. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using the Review Manager 5.3. The dichotomous data for the pedicle violation rate was summarized using relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with the fixed-effects model. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS For this meta-analysis, seven studies used a total of 579 patients and 2981 screws. The results revealed that the accuracy of intraoperative data set acquisition method is significantly higher than preoperative one using 2 mm grading criteria (RR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.04, I2 = 0%, p = 0.02). However, there was no significant difference between two kinds of methods at the 0 mm grading criteria (RR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.46, I2 = 17%, p = 0.34). Using the 2-mm grading criteria, there was a higher accuracy of pedicle screw insertion in O-arm-assisted navigation than CT-based navigation method (RR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.64, I2 = 0%, p = 0.03). The accuracy between CT-based navigation and two-dimensional-based navigation showed no significant difference (RR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.35-3.03, I2 = 0%, p = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS The intraoperative data set acquisition method may decrease the incidence of perforated screws over 2 mm but not increase the number of screws fully contained within the pedicle compared to preoperative CT-based navigation system. A significantly higher accuracy of intraoperative (O-arm) than preoperative CT-based navigation was revealed using 2 mm grading criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Meng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Szczodry M, Solitro GF, Amirouche F, Patel P. Pedicle Screw With Increased Cortical Purchase Can Be Inserted With Same Accuracy as the Screw in Straightforward Trajectory Using 3D Modeling Landmarks. Spine Deform 2018; 6:20-27. [PMID: 29287813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Comparison, in terms of insertion accuracy and biomechanical performance, between an increased cortical purchase and straightforward pedicle screw trajectory. OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare a trajectory with increased cortical purchase to the more common straightforward trajectory in terms of strength and insertion accuracy using real-time navigation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In previous studies, it was suggested that pedicle screw pullout strength is strongly correlated with bone mineral density, and using a more cortical tract allows a greater portion of the denser bone, the cortex, to be in contact with the screw. In light of this advantage, an insertion technique has been proposed more recently, to increase the cortical purchase to maximize screw thread contact with cortical bone. It is performed inserting the screw with reduced transverse inclination and results in cortical bone purchase in the lateral portion of the pedicle. METHODS Eight T1 and eight T3 vertebra models were reconstructed in Mimics Suite (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) using CT data obtained with a Medtronic O-arm. Using a previously developed computer algorithm, we calculated all achievable safe trajectories for pedicle screw placement ensuring a minimal distance of 0.5 mm between screw and pedicle edges. For both vertebrae, among these, the straightest and the most convergent trajectories with the calculated insertion region greater than 15% of the total were selected to safely instrument the vertebrae, respectively, as ICP and straightforward techniques. The straightforward technique was planned with a transverse angle of 22.50° in both vertebrae whereas the ICP was planned with a transverse angle of 12.50° for T1 and 2.5° for T3. The screws were implanted by a surgeon experienced in straightforward insertion, and other independent investigators measured placement accuracy and mechanical performance. RESULTS The transverse screw angles for T1 and T3 with straightforward technique had average values of 24.93° ± 2.96° and 23.53° ± 2.70°, respectively. For the ICP technique, the average values were 15.60° ± 2.95° for T1 and 2.29° ± 1.55° for T3. The resultant errors associated with screw placement for T1 and T3 were not significantly different (p > .05). The pullout failure loads with straightforward techniques ranged from 756 ± 164 N in T1 to 703 ± 74 N in T3 and were not significantly different (p > .05) from the values of 699 ± 84 N for T1 and of 732 ± 113 N measured for the ICP. CONCLUSIONS For the upper thoracic vertebrae tested, despite the use of shorter screws, the insertion technique with increased cortical purchase, in biomechanical terms, is comparable with the straightforward trajectory. Using guidance, the proposed ICP technique was performed with the same accuracy as the popular straightforward technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szczodry
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 21287, USA.
| | - Giovanni F Solitro
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 21287, USA
| | - Farid Amirouche
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 21287, USA
| | - Priyesh Patel
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Radiation dose reduction in thoracic and lumbar spine instrumentation using navigation based on an intraoperative cone beam CT imaging system: a prospective randomized clinical trial. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017; 26:2818-2827. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Nooh A, Lubov J, Aoude A, Aldebeyan S, Jarzem P, Ouellet J, Weber MH. Differences between Manufacturers of Computed Tomography-Based Computer-Assisted Surgery Systems Do Exist: A Systematic Literature Review. Global Spine J 2017; 7:83-94. [PMID: 28451513 PMCID: PMC5400166 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1583942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Literature review. OBJECTIVE Several studies have shown that the accuracy of pedicle screw placement significantly improves with use of computed tomography (CT)-based navigation systems. Yet, there has been no systematic review directly comparing accuracy of pedicle screw placement between different CT-based navigation systems. The objective of this study is to review the results presented in the literature and compare CT-based navigation systems relative only to screw placement accuracy. METHODS Data sources included CENTRAL, Medline, PubMed, and Embase databases. Studies included were randomized clinical trials, case series, and case-control trials reporting the accuracy of pedicle screws placement using CT-based navigation. Two independent reviewers extracted the data from the selected studies that met our inclusion criteria. Publications were grouped based on the CT-based navigation system used for pedicle screw placement. RESULTS Of the 997 articles we screened, only 26 met all of our inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis, which showed a significant statistical difference (p < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.23) in accuracy of pedicle screw placement between three different CT-based navigation systems. The mean (weighted) accuracy of pedicle screws placement based on the CT-based navigation system was found to be 97.20 ± 2.1% in StealthStation (Medtronic, United States) and 96.1 ± 3.9% in VectorVision (BrainLab, Germany). CONCLUSION This review summarizes results presented in the literature and compares screw placement accuracy using different CT-based navigation systems. Although certain factors such as the extent of the procedure and the experience and skills of the surgeon were not accounted for, the differences in accuracy demonstrated should be considered by spine surgeons and should be validated for effects on patients' outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Nooh
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Joushua Lubov
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Ahmed Aoude
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sultan Aldebeyan
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Jarzem
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean Ouellet
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael H. Weber
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Shimokawa N, Abe J, Satoh H, Arima H, Takami T. Image-guided Spine Stabilization for Traumatic Or Osteoporotic Spine Injury: Radiological Accuracy and Neurological Outcome. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:493-500. [PMID: 27063144 PMCID: PMC4987449 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2015-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in image-guided surgery (IGS) over the last few decades. IGS can be effectively applied to spinal instrumentation surgery. In the present study, we focused our attention on the feasibility and safety of image-guided spine stabilization for traumatic or osteoporotic spine injury. The IGS spine fixation with or without minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques such as percutaneous screw placement, balloon kyphoplasty (BKP), or vertebroplasty (VP) were accomplished in 80 patients with traumatic or osteoprotic spine injury between 2007 and 2015. The injured vertebral levels included the following: cervical spine, 41; thoracic spine, 22; and lumbar spine, 17. Neurological condition before and after surgery was assessed using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS). A total of 419 pedicle, lateral mass, or laminar screws were placed, and 399 screws (95.2%) were found to be placed correctly based on postoperative computed tomography scan. Although 20 screws (4.8%) were found to be unexpectedly placed incorrectly, no neural or vascular complications closely associated with screw placement were encountered. Neurological outcomes appeared to be acceptable or successful based on AIS. The IGS is a promising technique that can improve the accuracy of screw placement and reduce potential injury to critical neurovascular structures. The integration of MIS and IGS has proved feasible and safe in the treatment of traumatic or osteoporotic spine injury, although a thorough knowledge of surgical anatomy, spine biomechanics, and basic technique remain the most essential aspects for a successful surgery.
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Abstract
Introduction Technical developments for improving the safety and accuracy of pedicle screw placement play an increasingly important role in spine surgery. In addition to the standard techniques of free-hand placement and fluoroscopic navigation, the rate of complications is reduced by 3D fluoroscopy, cone-beam CT, intraoperative CT/MRI, and various other navigation techniques. Another important aspect that should be emphasized is the reduction of intraoperative radiation exposure for personnel and patient. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of a new navigation system for the spine based on an electromagnetic field. Material and Method Twenty pedicle screws were placed in the lumbar spine of human cadavers using EMF navigation. Navigation was based on data from a preoperative thin-slice CT scan. The cadavers were positioned on a special field generator and the system was matched using a patient tracker on the spinous process. Navigation was conducted using especially developed instruments that can be tracked in the electromagnetic field. Another thin-slice CT scan was made postoperatively to assess the result. The evaluation included the position of the screws in the direction of trajectory and any injury to the surrounding cortical bone. The results were classified in 5 groups: grade 1: ideal screw position in the center of the pedicle with no cortical bone injury; grade 2: acceptable screw position, cortical bone injury with cortical penetration ≤ 2 mm; grade 3: cortical bone injury with cortical penetration 2,1-4 mm, grad 4: cortical bone injury with cortical penetration 4,1-6 mm, grade 5: cortical bone injury with cortical penetration >6 mm. Results The initial evaluation of the system showed good accuracy for the lumbar spine (65% grade 1, 20% grade 2, 15% grade 3, 0% grade 4, 0% grade 5). A comparison of the initial results with other navigation techniques in literature (CT navigation, 2D fluoroscopic navigation) shows that the accuracy of this system is comparable. Conclusion EMF navigation offers a high accuracy in Pedicle screw placement with additional advantages compared to other techniques. The short set-up time and easy handling of EMF navigation should be emphasized. Additional advantages are the absence of intraoperative radiation exposure for the operator and surgical team in the current set-up and the operator’s free mobility without interfering with navigation. Further studies with navigation at higher levels of the spine, larger numbers of cases and studies with control group are planned.
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Methods to determine pedicle screw placement accuracy in spine surgery: a systematic review. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 24:990-1004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-3853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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