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Germline Mutation Enrichment in Pathways Controlling Endothelial Cell Homeostasis in Patients with Brain Arteriovenous Malformation: Implication for Molecular Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124321. [PMID: 32560555 PMCID: PMC7352422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is a congenital defect affecting brain microvasculature, characterized by a direct shunt from arterioles to venules. Germline mutations in several genes related to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/BMP signaling are linked to both sporadic and hereditary phenotypes. However, the low incidence of inherited cases makes the genetic bases of the disease unclear. To increase this knowledge, we performed a whole exome sequencing on five patients, on DNA purified by peripheral blood. Variants were filtered based on frequency and functional class. Those selected were validated by Sanger sequencing. Genes carrying selected variants were prioritized to relate these genes with those already known to be linked to bAVM development. Most of the prioritized genes showed a correlation with the TGF-βNotch signaling and vessel morphogenesis. However, two novel pathways related to cilia morphogenesis and ion homeostasis were enriched in mutated genes. These results suggest novel insights on sporadic bAVM onset and confirm its genetic heterogeneity. The high frequency of germline variants in genes related to TGF-β signaling allows us to hypothesize bAVM as a complex trait resulting from the co-existence of low-penetrance loci. Deeper knowledge on bAVM genetics can improve personalized diagnosis and can be helpful with genotype–phenotype correlations.
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Noshiro S, Mikami T, Kataoka-Sasaki Y, Sasaki M, Ohnishi H, Ohtaki S, Wanibuchi M, Mikuni N, Kocsis JD, Honmou O. Co-expression of tissue factor and IL-6 in immature endothelial cells of cerebral cavernous malformations. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 37:83-90. [PMID: 28087183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are congenital abnormal clusters of capillaries that are prone to leaking and thought to result from a disorder of endothelial cells. The underlying pathology of CCM is not fully understood. We analyzed the expression of tissue factor (TF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in CCMs to determine the association of TF and IL-6 with clinical and pathological findings. Thirteen cases of operative specimens of sporadic CCMs were included in this study. The expression of messenger RNA of TF and IL-6 was assayed and the association with clinical factors was investigated. Then, the distribution of TF and IL-6 was examined with immunofluorescence. The mRNA expression of TF of CCMs was significantly higher than that of the control (p=0.017), and was correlated with the number of hemorrhage appearances (p=0.190, ρ=0.62). The mRNA expression level of IL-6 was significantly correlated with the mRNA expression level of TF (p=0.034, ρ=0.58). Examination of immunostained sections indicated that TF+ cells were also positive for IL-6, and distributed around normal endothelial cells. Moreover, the TF+/IL-6+ cells expressed CD31 and VEGFR2. The expressions of IL-6 and TF were correlated, and both were present in the same immature endothelial cells. TF is elevated in CCM and might mediate progressive events. These factors may play a prognostic role in CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhei Noshiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mikami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Yuko Kataoka-Sasaki
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masanori Sasaki
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Hirofumi Ohnishi
- Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shunya Ohtaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masahiko Wanibuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Mikuni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Jeffery D Kocsis
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Osamu Honmou
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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