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Ruggiero C, Porzio M, Tengattini F, Cinalli G, Spennato P. Selective dorsal rhizotomy after baclofen intrathecal pump removal: a single-center experience and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2024:10.1007/s00381-024-06618-y. [PMID: 39317766 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) and intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pump placement are two surgical options in children affected by spasticity secondary to cerebral palsy 1. The latest literature is an enlarging indication for SDR in case of ITB failure in non-ambulant patients as an alternative to pump reimplantation to reduce spasticity and facilitate patients' care. METHODS A retrospective single-center study has screened all children diagnosed with spastic tetraparesis who underwent in the last 10 years SDR and had previously ITB pump implanted. A cohort of six patients was pooled out. Furthermore, pertinent literature has been reviewed. RESULTS Indication for pump removal was pump pocket infection, parents' decision, and poor response to ITB. Patients' amount of lifetime with the pump implanted has been 6.9 years. The preoperative and postoperative Ashworth scores were statistically different in both procedures (p = 0.005 and p = 0.,02). CONCLUSIONS Only two studies investigated the pediatric population undergoing SDR in the occurrence of ITB pump removal. Authors are offering SDR to all children, regardless of GMFCS groups and previous ITB pump placement. In conclusion, SDR represents a valid tool in neurosurgeon's hands to help ameliorate patients' long-lasting quality of life, reducing the severity of the spasticity and leading to better management by caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ruggiero
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Porzio
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy.
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurosurgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tengattini
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cinalli
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Neurosurgery, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Spennato
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Neurosurgery, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
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Li S, Winston P, Mas MF. Spasticity Treatment Beyond Botulinum Toxins. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2024; 35:399-418. [PMID: 38514226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BonT) is the mainstream treatment option for post-stroke spasticity. BoNT therapy may not be adequate in those with severe spasticity. There are a number of emerging treatment options for spasticity management. In this paper, we focus on innovative and revived treatment options that can be alternative or complementary to BoNT therapy, including phenol neurolysis, cryoneurolysis, and extracorporeal shock wave therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Houston, TX, USA; TIRR Memorial Herman.
| | - Paul Winston
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Consortium, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manuel F Mas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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3
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Masrour M, Zare A, Presedo A, Nabian MH. Intrathecal baclofen efficacy for managing motor function and spasticity severity in patients with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:143. [PMID: 38678195 PMCID: PMC11055284 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spasticity can significantly affect a patient's quality of life, caregiver satisfaction, and the financial burden on the healthcare system. Baclofen is one of only a few options for treating spasticity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy on severe40.23 spasticity and motor function in patients with cerebral palsy. METHODS We conducted a systematic review in PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and the Cochrane Library in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. We included studies based on eligibility criteria that included desired participants (cerebral palsy patients with spasticity), interventions (intrathecal baclofen), and outcomes (the Ashworth scales and the Gross Motor Function Measure [GMFM]). The within-group Cohen's d standardized mean differences (SMD) were analyzed using the random effect model. RESULTS We screened 768 papers and included 19 in the severity of spasticity section and 6 in the motor function section. The pre-intervention average spasticity score (SD) was 3.2 (0.78), and the post-intervention average score (SD) was 1.9 (0.72), showing a 40.25% reduction. The SMD for spasticity reduction was - 1.7000 (95% CI [-2.1546; -1.2454], p-value < 0.0001), involving 343 patients with a weighted average age of 15.78 years and a weighted average baclofen dose of 289 µg/day. The SMD for the MAS and Ashworth Scale subgroups were - 1.7845 (95% CI [-2.8704; -0.6986]) and - 1.4837 (95% CI [-1.8585; -1.1088]), respectively. We found no relationship between the participants' mean age, baclofen dose, measurement time, and the results. The pre-intervention average GMFM (SD) was 40.03 (26.01), and the post-intervention average score (SD) was 43.88 (26.18), showing a 9.62% increase. The SMD for motor function using GMFM was 0.1503 (95% CI [0.0784; 0.2223], p-value = 0.0030), involving 117 patients with a weighted average age of 13.63 and a weighted average baclofen dose of 203 µg/day. In 501 ITB implantations, 203 medical complications were reported, including six new-onset seizures (2.96% of medical complications), seven increased seizure frequency (3.45%), 33 infections (16.26%), eight meningitis (3.94%), and 16 cerebrospinal fluid leaks (7.88%). Delivery system complications, including 75 catheter and pump complications, were also reported. CONCLUSION Despite the risk of complications, ITB has a significant impact on the reduction of spasticity. A small but statistically significant improvement in motor function was also noted in a group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Masrour
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Orthopedic Trans-Disciplinary Applied Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Zare
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Presedo
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nabian
- Center for Orthopedic Trans-Disciplinary Applied Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.
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Wu J, Yan B, Mutalifu N, Guan Q, Bai C, Li J, Luan X. Efficacy and influencing factors of cervical perivascular sympathectomy in children with cerebral palsy. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:1137-1145. [PMID: 37870563 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06191-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of research to determine the efficacy of cervical perivascular sympathectomy (CPVS) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CPVS in children with CP and analyze the associated influential factors. METHODS Using the method of retrospective cohort studies, children who underwent CPVS were included in the CPVS group, whereas those who underwent selective posterior rhizotomy (SPR) were included in the SPR group. The Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) and Teacher Drooling Scale (TDS) were used to evaluate the communication function and salivation in the two groups before and 12 months after surgery and compare the surgical efficiency between the two groups, and the factors affecting the efficacy were screened by binary logistic regression. RESULTS The study included 406 patients, 202 in the CPVS group and 204 in the SPR group. No significant differences were observed in the baseline characteristics (p > 0.05). The surgical efficacy of the CPVS group (47.01%) was significantly higher than that in the SPR group (9.81%) (χ2 = 71.08, p < 0.001). Binary logic regression analysis showed that preterm birth and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) grade were influencing factors of surgical efficacy. Eighteen patients developed postoperative complications. CONCLUSION CPVS is a safe and effective surgery for cerebral palsy. Preterm birth and GMFCS grade are independent factors affecting the efficacy of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wu
- Cerebral Palsy Center in Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830063, China
| | - Baofeng Yan
- Cerebral Palsy Center in Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830063, China
| | - Nurehemaiti Mutalifu
- Cerebral Palsy Center in Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830063, China
| | - Qi Guan
- Cerebral Palsy Center in Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830063, China
| | - Chao Bai
- Cerebral Palsy Center in Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830063, China
| | - Jianglong Li
- Cerebral Palsy Center in Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830063, China
| | - Xinping Luan
- Cerebral Palsy Center in Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830063, China.
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Viana Pinto L, Romeiro I, Gouveia F, Ramalho J, Ribeiro Silva S, Táboas Simões MI, Rodrigues Leal J. Intrathecal baclofen for the management of hereditary spastic paraparesis: a systematic review. Int J Rehabil Res 2024; 47:3-9. [PMID: 38251093 DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to evaluate the use of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) for hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) treatment. An extensive search in two electronical databases was performed. We identified articles published between 1990 and 2022 (PubMed, Scopus), and applied the following inclusion criteria: diagnosis of HSP at the time of the intervention, either familial or sporadic; report on the effect of ITB in patients with HSP; test trial via either bolus injections or continuous infusion tests; and ITB pump implantation. A data extraction sheet based on the Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group's data extraction template was created and adapted to collect relevant data. A qualitative analysis was performed to present the results in narrative summary fashion. A total of 6 studies met our inclusion criteria. 51 patients with HSP had a pre-implantation ITB trial. The time since the diagnosis until the pump implantation ranged from 5 to 30 years. The initial bolus ranged from 20 to 50 μg and the mean doses used at steady state ranged from 65 to 705 μg. An improvement in spasticity was observed on the modified Ashworth Scale in patients treated with ITB. Although all studies reported a subjective gait improvement, not all found an objective improvement in gait. The most common side effect reported was catheter-related problems. The findings of this review support the use of ITB as an effective and a viable option for the treatment of spasticity in HSP refractory to conservative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Viana Pinto
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
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Otero-Luis I, Cavero-Redondo I, Álvarez-Bueno C, Martinez-Rodrigo A, Pascual-Morena C, Moreno-Herráiz N, Saz-Lara A. Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Treatment of Spasticity of Different Aetiologies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1323. [PMID: 38592705 PMCID: PMC10932441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Spasticity is a motor disorder characterised by exaggerated movements of the tendons and accompanied by hyperreflexia and hypertonia. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is used as a treatment for spasticity, although more evidence is needed on the effectiveness of this therapy in the treatment of spasticity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness ESWT in the treatment of upper and lower limbs spasticity in both children and adults through different aetiologies. Methods: A systematic search was performed in different databases from inception to December 2023. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the efficacy of ESWT on spasticity using the Modified Ashworth Scale. Results: Sixteen studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The effect of ESWT on spasticity measured with the Modified Ashworth Scale shows a significant decrease in spasticity in the upper limbs and in the lower limbs in adults with chronic stroke and in children with cerebral palsy, is more effective immediately after application, and maintains its effect up to 12 weeks post treatment. Conclusions: These findings are important for clinical practice since they show evidence that ESWT is effective in reducing spasticity in both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Otero-Luis
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (I.O.-L.); (C.Á.-B.); (C.P.-M.); (N.M.-H.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (I.O.-L.); (C.Á.-B.); (C.P.-M.); (N.M.-H.); (A.S.-L.)
- Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción 2024, Paraguay
| | - Arturo Martinez-Rodrigo
- Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos (DSI), Facultad de Comunicación de Cuenca, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Pascual-Morena
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (I.O.-L.); (C.Á.-B.); (C.P.-M.); (N.M.-H.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Nerea Moreno-Herráiz
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (I.O.-L.); (C.Á.-B.); (C.P.-M.); (N.M.-H.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Alicia Saz-Lara
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (I.O.-L.); (C.Á.-B.); (C.P.-M.); (N.M.-H.); (A.S.-L.)
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Zhu T, Liu K, Ni BY, Li L, Jin HP, Wu W. Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy combined with isokinetic strength training on spastic calf triceps in patients after a stroke: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Neurol Res 2023; 45:1019-1025. [PMID: 37668321 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2255413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antitetanic effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) combined with isokinetic strength training (IST) on calf triceps spasm in patients after a stroke. METHODS Forty-five patients with hemiplegia after a stroke and lower extremity spasms were randomly assigned into three groups: a control group (n = 15), an ESWT group (n = 15) and an ESWT+IST group (n = 15). All patients agreed to conventional rehabilitation therapy, while the ESWT and ESWT+IST groups received ESWT of 2.0-3.0 bar once a week for four weeks. In addition, the ESWT+IST group underwent four weeks of ankle IST. All groups were assessed using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) and surface electromyography before and after four weeks of treatment. The ankle passive movement of all groups was measured using the BIODEX isokinetic system at angular velocities of 60°/s, 120°/s, 180°/s and 240°/s. RESULTS After four weeks of treatment, compared with the control group, the ESWT+IST groups showed a significant reduction in MASscores (P = 0.030). The ESWT+IST group had significantly lower MAS scores than the baseline (P = 0.002), while the ESWT group did not show a significant difference (P = 0.072). The average electromyography (AEMG) analysis demonstrated a significant difference among the groups after four weeks (P = 0.001), with the ESWT+IST group having lower AEMG values compared with the control group (P < 0.001) and the ESWT group (P = 0.042). Peak resistive torque significantly decreased in both the ESWT and ESWT+IST groups at all velocities (60°/s: P = 0.030, 120°/s: P = 0.039, 180°/s: P = 0.030 and 240°/s: P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Extracorporeal shock wave therapy combined with IST can significantly improve calf triceps spasm in patients after a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo-Ye Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ping Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Medina-Pérez JJ, Vega-Rosas A, Martínez-Espinosa RA, Chávez-González D, Coubert-Pelayo SG. Intrathecal Baclofen Infusion Pump for the Treatment of Painful Spastic Hemiplegia: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e44503. [PMID: 37790028 PMCID: PMC10544553 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Painful spastic hemiplegia is a common sequel to a stroke in which patients rarely achieve optimal levels of pain control. Herein, we report the case of a 62-year-old woman with painful spasticity secondary to an ischemic stroke of 15 years' evolution who received multiple pharmacological treatments without reaching motor or pain management goals. After an adequate analgesic response to the intrathecal baclofen test, the placement of an electromechanical pump was decided, reaching an effective maintenance dose of 150 μg per day. Despite achieving partial improvement in spasticity, optimal pain remission was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Medina-Pérez
- Pain Management Center, Hospital Ángeles Mocel, Mexico City, MEX
- Pain Clinic, Hospital Escandón, Mexico City, MEX
| | - Andrés Vega-Rosas
- Pain Management Center, Hospital Ángeles Mocel, Mexico City, MEX
- Pain Clinic, Hospital Escandón, Mexico City, MEX
| | | | | | - Silvia G Coubert-Pelayo
- Pain Management Center, Hospital Ángeles Mocel, Mexico City, MEX
- Pain Clinic, Hospital Escandón, Mexico City, MEX
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Fogarty MJ. Inhibitory Synaptic Influences on Developmental Motor Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086962. [PMID: 37108127 PMCID: PMC10138861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, GABA and glycine play major trophic and synaptic roles in the establishment of the neuromotor system. In this review, we summarise the formation, function and maturation of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses within neuromotor circuits during development. We take special care to discuss the differences in limb and respiratory neuromotor control. We then investigate the influences that GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission has on two major developmental neuromotor disorders: Rett syndrome and spastic cerebral palsy. We present these two syndromes in order to contrast the approaches to disease mechanism and therapy. While both conditions have motor dysfunctions at their core, one condition Rett syndrome, despite having myriad symptoms, has scientists focused on the breathing abnormalities and their alleviation-to great clinical advances. By contrast, cerebral palsy remains a scientific quagmire or poor definitions, no widely adopted model and a lack of therapeutic focus. We conclude that the sheer abundance of diversity of inhibitory neurotransmitter targets should provide hope for intractable conditions, particularly those that exhibit broad spectra of dysfunction-such as spastic cerebral palsy and Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Towards functional improvement of motor disorders associated with cerebral palsy. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:229-243. [PMID: 36657477 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition arising from non-progressive disorders occurring in the fetal or infant brain. Cerebral palsy has long been categorised into discrete motor types based on the predominance of spasticity, dyskinesia, or ataxia. However, these motor disorders, muscle weakness, hypotonia, and impaired selective movements should also be discriminated across the range of presentations and along the lifespan. Although cerebral palsy is permanent, function changes across the lifespan, indicating the importance of interventions to improve outcomes in motor disorders associated with the condition. Mounting evidence exists for the inclusion of several interventions, including active surveillance, adapted physical activity, and nutrition, to prevent secondary and tertiary complications. Avenues for future research include the development of evidence-based recommendations, low-cost and high-quality alternatives to existing therapies to ensure universal access, standardised cerebral palsy registers to harmonise epidemiological and clinical information, improved adult screening and check-up programmes to facilitate positive lived experiences, and phase 3 trials for new interventions.
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Lee S, Hyun C, KIM K, Kwon HE, Woo M, Koh SE. Effect of Intrathecal Baclofen Pump on Scoliosis in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Rehabil Med 2023; 47:11-18. [PMID: 36599295 PMCID: PMC10020052 DOI: 10.5535/arm.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effect of intrathecal baclofen pump insertion in children with cerebral palsy (CP) with respect to scoliosis. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases up to June 2022. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) studies with a quantitative study design; (2) studies with a study group of children with CP; (3) studies comparing scoliosis in children with and without an intrathecal baclofen pump; and (4) studies with Cobb's angle as a parameter. RESULTS Of the 183 studies found, four studies, all of which were retrospective comparative studies, met the aforementioned inclusion criteria. All studies were homogeneous (I2=0%, p=0.53) and intrathecal baclofen pump insertion accelerated the progression of scoliosis (standard mean difference=0.27; 95% confidence interval=0.07-0.48). CONCLUSION Intrathecal baclofen pumps have been used to alleviate spasticity in children with CP, thus aiding their daily activities and movements. However, their advantages and disadvantages should be reviewed after sufficient time considering the pumps' negative effect on the course of scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soolim Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine & Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheolhwan Hyun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine & Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungmin KIM
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine & Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Eun Kwon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine & Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minwoo Woo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine & Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Koh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine & Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author: Seong-Eun Koh Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine & Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05030, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2030-5346, Fax: +82-2-2030-5375, E-mail:
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Oraee-Yazdani S, Tavanaei R, Rezaee-Naserabad SS, Khannejad S, Alizadeh Zendehrood S, Yazdani KO, Zali A. Safety and Potential Efficacy of Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Spasticity: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Single-Arm Trial. World Neurosurg 2023; 170:e806-e816. [PMID: 36460198 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the abundant literature on the use of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) in spastic cerebral palsy, no investigation has evaluated its use in adult patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced spasticity. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of SDR in chronic SCI-induced spasticity for the first time. METHODS In this open-label, single-arm, non-randomized clinical trial, all patients were assigned to the single study intervention arm and underwent SDR. The primary outcome measure was the safety profile of SDR. Secondary outcome measures were Modified Ashworth Scale, Penn Spasm Frequency Scale, visual analog scale for spasticity, Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Tool, Spinal Cord Independence measure version III, and Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire. RESULTS Six patients with cervical SCI and 4 with thoracic SCI were allocated to the single study intervention arm. No adverse event attributable to the SDR was found. Moreover, all secondary outcome measures of the study improved significantly over the study period (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis also found a significant association between level of injury and changes in average Modified Ashworth Scale scores (P = 0.041), Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Tool score (P = 0.013), and Spinal Cord Independence measure version III total (P = 0.002) and mobility domain scores (P = 0.004) at 12-month postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS This clinical trial indicated that SDR is a safe and potentially effective procedure in patients with severe and intractable SCI-induced spasticity. However, future clinical trials with larger sample sizes and adequate power are required to validate our findings regarding efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Oraee-Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roozbeh Tavanaei
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Saeed Rezaee-Naserabad
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samin Khannejad
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Alizadeh Zendehrood
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Oraii Yazdani
- Department of cardiovascular diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Mei M, Fang M, Mao Y, Chen H, Huang L. Single-arm trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of baclofen in treatment of intractable hiccup caused by malignant tumor chemotherapy. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230664. [PMID: 36910849 PMCID: PMC9999114 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that baclofen may be useful in the treatment of intractable hiccup caused by chemotherapy. This study was aimed to assess the possible efficacy and safety of baclofen. In total, 65 patients with intractable hiccup caused by chemotherapy were screened. 45 patients with intractable hiccup caused by chemotherapy were finally recruited. Participants in the trial received 10 mg baclofen three times daily for 3 days. The primary outcome measure was cessation of hiccups. Secondary outcome measures included efficacy and adverse events. All 45 patients completed the study. Among them, 41 cases were cured (91.11%, 41/45), 4 cases were relieved (8.89%, 4/45), and the overall effective rate was 100% (45/45). Furthermore, the median remission time was 2(1, 9) times, the median cure time was 2(1, 9) times, the remission rate of one-time was 13.33% (6/45), the remission rate of two-time was 53.33% (24/45), and 2 cases (4.44%, 2/45) relapsed after drug withdrawal. No serious adverse events were documented. Only 1 case (2.22%) had grade 2 fatigue and 2 cases (4.44%) had grade 1 sleepiness. Baclofen is safe and effective in the treatment of intractable hiccup caused by chemotherapy of malignant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Mei
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.,JiangXi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Oncology, Yangxin People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, China
| | - Ye Mao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.,JiangXi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - He Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Long Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.,JiangXi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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14
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Tamburin S, Filippetti M, Mantovani E, Smania N, Picelli A. Spasticity following brain and spinal cord injury: assessment and treatment. Curr Opin Neurol 2022; 35:728-740. [PMID: 36226708 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Spasticity is a common sequela of brain and spinal cord injury and contributes to disability, reduces quality of life, and increases economic burden. Spasticity is still incompletely recognized and undertreated. We will provide an overview of recent published data on the definition, assessment, and prediction, therapeutic advances, with a focus on promising new approaches, and telemedicine applications for spasticity. RECENT FINDINGS Two new definitions of spasticity have been recently proposed, but operational criteria should be developed, and test-retest and inter-rater reliability should be explored. Cannabinoids proved to be effective in spasticity in multiple sclerosis, but evidence in other types of spasticity is lacking. Botulinum neurotoxin injection is the first-line therapy for focal spasticity, and recent literature focused on optimizing its efficacy. Several pharmacological, interventional, and nonpharmacological therapeutic approaches for spasticity have been explored but low-quality evidence impedes solid conclusions on their efficacy. The recent COVID-19 pandemic yielded guidelines/recommendations for the use of telemedicine in spasticity. SUMMARY Despite the frequency of spasticity, robust diagnostic criteria and reliable assessment scales are required. High-quality studies are needed to support the efficacy of current treatments for spasticity. Future studies should explore telemedicine tools for spasticity assessment and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko Filippetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Mantovani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Smania
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Picelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
- Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopaedics for Spasticity Congress (CANOSC), Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Mu JD, Ma LX, Zhang Z, Yu WY, Sun TY, Qian X, Tian Y, Wang JX. Acupuncture alleviates spinal hyperreflexia and motor dysfunction in post-ischemic stroke rats with spastic hypertonia via KCC2-mediated spinal GABA A activation. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114027. [PMID: 35245503 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients simultaneously develop motor dysfunction and spastic hypertonia after ischemic strokes, which can be associated with an increasing trend in motor impairments, seriously impeding the rehabilitation process. Evidence suggests that some deficits in the KCC2 expression in the spinal cord along with maladaptive endogenous plasticity via GABAA receptors are often involved in the pathology of spastic hypertonia after a stroke. In this respect, acupuncture has been commonly used in clinical settings for post-stroke patients' rehabilitation. Nevertheless, the mechanism of the modulating activity of this alternative medicine in the spinal pathways to relieve spasticity and improve functional recovery after a stroke has still remained unclear. Utilizing laser speckle imaging, functional assessments (viz. neurologic function scale, muscular tension scale, foot balance test, and gait analysis), H-reflex recording, TTC, Western blotting, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence molecular assay, the study results illustrated that acupuncture could significantly alleviate the spinal hyperreflexia, decrease muscle tone, and enhance locomotor function by elevating the GABA, KCC2, and GABAAγ2 expressions in the lumbar spine of a rat model of post-ischemic stroke with spastic hypertonia. Furthermore, the KCC2 antagonist DIOA abolished the benefits induced by this practice. Overall, the data revealed that acupuncture is a promising therapeutic approach for spastic hypertonia after a stroke, and the positive outcomes in this sense could be achieved via activating the KCC2-mediated spinal GABAA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Dan Mu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liang-Xiao Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Unit of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Evaluation of Characteristic Acupuncture Therapy, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen-Yan Yu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tian-Yi Sun
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu Qian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Wang
- School of Nursing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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16
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Nicosia L, Rossato E, Avesani R, Marchioretto F, Armani G, Zamperini M, Foti G, Jafari F, De Simone A, Ruggieri R, Alongi F, Ferrari F. A novel treatment for malignant spasticity: the therapeutic use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Radiother Oncol 2022; 169:86-89. [PMID: 35218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spasticity is a clinical condition secondary to central nervous system damage, which impairs patients' mobility and quality of life. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to the spinal roots responsible of the spasms might represent a non-invasive therapy. The present are the preliminary results of the first clinical use of this novel technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nicosia
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Cancer Care Center, via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Verona, Italy.
| | - Elena Rossato
- Department of Rehabilitation, IRCSS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Renato Avesani
- Department of Rehabilitation, IRCSS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchioretto
- Neurological Unit, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Armani
- Department of Rehabilitation, IRCSS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Zamperini
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar, Italy
| | - Giovanni Foti
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar, Italy
| | - Fatemeh Jafari
- Radiation Oncology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antonio De Simone
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Cancer Care Center, via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Ruggero Ruggieri
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Cancer Care Center, via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Alongi
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Cancer Care Center, via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Verona, Italy; University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Department of Rehabilitation, IRCSS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Verona, Italy
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17
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Kwon DR, Kwon DG. Botulinum Toxin a Injection Combined with Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: Shear Wave Sonoelastographic Findings in the Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle, Preliminary Study. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8111059. [PMID: 34828772 PMCID: PMC8622460 DOI: 10.3390/children8111059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies to boost the effect of botulinum toxin may lead to some advantages, such as long lasting effects, the injection of lower botulinum toxin dosages, fewer side effects, and lower costs. The aim of this study is to investigate the combined effect of botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for the treatment of spasticity in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Fifteen patients with spastic CP were recruited through a retrospective chart review to clarify what treatment they received. All patients received a BTA injection on gastrocnemius muscle (GCM), and patients in group 1 underwent one ESWT session for the GCM immediately after BTA injection and two consecutive ESWT sessions at weekly intervals. Ankle plantar flexor and the passive range of motion (PROM) of ankle dorsiflexion were measured by a modified Ashworth scale (MAS) before treatment and at 1 and 3 month(s) post-treatment. In group 1, the shear wave velocity (SWV) of GCM was measured. The PROM and MAS in group 1 and 2 before treatment significantly improved at 1 and 3 month(s) after treatment. The change in PROM was significantly different between the two groups at 1 and 3 month(s) after treatment. The SWV before treatment significantly decreased at 1 month and 3 months after treatment in group 1. Our study has shown that the combination of BTA injection and ESWT would be effective at controlling spasticity in children with spastic CP, with sustained improvement at 3 months after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Rak Kwon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea
- Correspondence:
| | - Dae Gil Kwon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Comprehensive and Integrative Medicine Hospital, Daegu 42473, Korea;
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