1
|
Pan SH, Sun YH, Tzeng HY, Rodriguez LJ, Bain A. First Evidence of Thalassochory in the Ficus Genus: Seed Dispersal Using the Kuroshio Oceanic Current. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1398. [PMID: 38794468 PMCID: PMC11125363 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
AIM Plants distributed between southern Taiwan and the north of the Philippines are spread among numerous small islands in an area crossed by the powerful Kuroshio current. Oceanic currents can be effective seed-dispersal agents for coastal plant species. Moreover, the Luzon Strait is an area prone to tropical cyclones. The aim of this study is to look at the dispersal capability of an endangered coastal plant species, the Mearns fig (Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii), using both experimental and population genetics methods. LOCATION Southern Taiwan, the Philippines, and the islands between Luzon and Taiwan Island. METHODS This study combined two types of analysis, i.e., buoyancy experiments on syconia and double digest restriction-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), to analyze the population genetics of the Mearns fig. RESULTS We first discovered that mature Mearns fig syconia could float in seawater. They have a mean float duration of 10 days to a maximum of 21 days. Germination rates varied significantly between Mearns fig seeds that had undergone different durations of flotation treatment. Population genetic analysis shows a high degree of inbreeding among various Mearns fig populations. Moreover, no isolation by distance was found between the populations and individuals. MAIN CONCLUSIONS From our analysis of the genetic structure of the Mearns fig populations, we can clearly highlight the effect of the Kuroshio oceanic current on the seed dispersal of this fig tree. Comprehensive analysis has shown that Mearns fig seeds are still viable before the mature syconium sinks into the seawater, and so they could use the Kuroshio Current to float to the current population locations in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hung Pan
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokwang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Sun
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokwang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsy-Yu Tzeng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokwang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez
- Institute of Biology, National Science Complex, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Anthony Bain
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rojas‐Cortés ÁP, Gasca‐Pineda J, González‐Rodríguez A, Ibarra‐Manríquez G. Genomic diversity and structure of a Neotropical microendemic fig tree. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11178. [PMID: 38505177 PMCID: PMC10948372 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity is a key component of evolution, and unraveling factors that promote genetic differentiation in space and time is a central question in evolutionary biology. One of the most diverse and ecologically important tree genera in tropical forests worldwide is Ficus (Moraceae). It has been suggested that, given the great dispersal capacity of pollinating fig wasps (Chalcidoidea; Agaonidae), the spatial genetic structure, particularly in monoecious fig species, should be weak. However, no studies have addressed the factors that determine the genetic structure of Ficus species in regions of high geological, geographic, and climatic complexity, such as the Mexican Transition Zone. Using nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (5311 SNPs) derived from low-coverage whole genomes and 17 populations, we analyzed the population genomics of Ficus pringlei to characterize neutral and adaptive genetic variation and structure and its association with geographic barriers such as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, environmental heterogeneity, and wind connectivity. From genomic data of 71 individuals, high genetic diversity, and the identification of three genomic lineages were recorded (North, South, and Churumuco). The results suggest that genetic variation is primarily determined by climatic heterogeneity. Ficus pringlei populations from the north and south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt also exhibited minimal genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.021), indicating that this mountain range may not act as an insurmountable barrier to gene flow. Wind connectivity is also highlighted in structuring putative adaptive genetic variation, underscoring the intricate complexity of the various factors influencing genetic variation in the species. This study provides information on the possible mechanisms underlying the genetic variation of endemic species of the tropical dry forest of Western Mexico, such as F. pringlei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela P. Rojas‐Cortés
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Jaime Gasca‐Pineda
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad UniversitariaCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Antonio González‐Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
| | - Guillermo Ibarra‐Manríquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang JF, Darwell CT, Peng YQ. Enhanced and asymmetric signatures of hybridization at climatic margins: Evidence from closely related dioecious fig species. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:181-193. [PMID: 38807912 PMCID: PMC11128846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Hybridization plays a significant role in biological evolution. However, it is not clear whether ecological contingency differentially influences likelihood of hybridization, particularly at ecological margins where parental species may exhibit reduced fitnesses. Moreover, it is unknown whether future ecosystem change will increase the prevalence of hybridization. Ficus heterostyla and F. squamosa are closely related species co-distributed from southern Thailand to southwest China where hybridization, yielding viable seeds, has been documented. As a robust test of ecological factors driving hybridization, we investigated spatial hybridization signatures based on nuclear microsatellites from extensive population sampling across a widespread contact range. Both species showed high population differentiation and strong patterns of isolation by distance. Admixture estimates exposed asymmetric interspecific gene flow. Signatures of hybridization increase significantly towards higher latitude zones, peaking at the northern climatic margins. Geographic variation in reproductive phenology combined with ecologically challenging marginal habitats may promote this phenomenon. Our work is a first systematic evaluation of such patterns in a comprehensive, latitudinally-based clinal context, and indicates that tendency to hybridize appears strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Moreover, that future climate change scenarios will likely alter and possibly augment cases of hybridization at ecosystem scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Clive T. Darwell
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang JF, Li SQ, Xu R, Peng YQ. East‒West genetic differentiation across the Indo-Burma hotspot: evidence from two closely related dioecious figs. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:321. [PMID: 37322436 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding biodiversity patterns and their underlying mechanisms is of interest to ecologists, biogeographers and conservationists and is critically important for conservation efforts. The Indo-Burma hotspot features high species diversity and endemism, yet it also faces significant threats and biodiversity losses; however, few studies have explored the genetic structure and underlying mechanisms of Indo-Burmese species. Here, we conducted a comparative phylogeographic analysis of two closely related dioecious Ficus species, F. hispida and F. heterostyla, based on wide and intensive population sampling across Indo-Burma ranges, using chloroplast (psbA-trnH, trnS-trnG) and nuclear microsatellite (nSSR) markers, as well as ecological niche modeling. RESULTS The results indicated large numbers of population-specific cpDNA haplotypes and nSSR alleles in the two species. F. hispida showed slightly higher chloroplast diversity but lower nuclear diversity than F. heterostyla. Low-altitude mountainous areas of northern Indo-Burma were revealed to have high genetic diversity and high habitat suitability, suggesting potential climate refugia and conservation priority areas. Strong phylogeographic structure and a marked east‒west differentiation pattern were observed in both species, due to the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Interspecific dissimilarities at fine-scale genetic structure and asynchronized historical dynamics of east‒west differentiation between species were also detected, which were attributed to different species-specific traits. CONCLUSIONS We confirm hypothesized predictions that interactions between biotic and abiotic factors largely determine the patterns of genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Indo-Burmese plants. The east‒west genetic differentiation pattern observed in two targeted figs can be generalized to some other Indo-Burmese plants. The results and findings of this work will contribute to the conservation of Indo-Burmese biodiversity and facilitate targeted conservation efforts for different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecoloy, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China.
| | - Shu-Qiong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecoloy, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity/College of Biodiversity and Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecoloy, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng X, Liao Y, Liu W, Yu H. The coexistence of two related fig wasp species sharing the same host fig species across a broad geographical area. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2022.103885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
6
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
7
|
González-Robles A, Manzaneda AJ, Salido T, Valera F, García C, Fernández-Ocaña AM, Rey PJ. Spatial genetic structure of a keystone long-lived semiarid shrub: historical effects prevail but do not cancel the impact of recent severe habitat loss on genetic diversity. CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Li S, Huang J, Darwell CT, Peng Y. Development of 19 universal microsatellite loci for three closely related Ficus species (Moraceae) by high-throughput sequencing. Genes Genet Syst 2020; 95:21-27. [PMID: 32161229 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.19-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Ficus is striking for its species diversity, ecological significance, and its often species-specific relationship with coevolved pollinating fig wasps, which has long fascinated biologists. The three closely related and generally co-distributed dioecious species Ficus hispida, F. heterostyla and F. squamosa provide an ideal system for the study of speciation, hybridization (caused by pollinator sharing) and comparative phylogeography to infer historical biogeography. We aimed to develop microsatellite markers for these allied species to facilitate the outlined study investigations. A DNA library was constructed from one F. heterostyla sample, and 19 microsatellite loci were developed based on high-throughput sequencing. These markers showed relatively high polymorphism in all three fig species. The mean number of alleles per locus was 3.594-5.286, and the mean observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.469-0.546 and 0.467-0.528, respectively. Principal coordinate, STRUCTURE and AMOVA analyses revealed different degrees of genetic differentiation within species, and, despite some observed genetic admixture, indicated the presence of clear boundaries between different species. In summary, we successfully developed universal microsatellite markers for three closely related Ficus species. These markers will be of great value for investigating patterns of biodiversity among the species in this model system for coevolutionary studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Clive T Darwell
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
| | - Yanqiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cristóbal-Pérez EJ, Fuchs EJ, Olivares-Pinto U, Quesada M. Janzen-Connell effects shape gene flow patterns and realized fitness in the tropical dioecious tree Spondias purpurea (ANACARDIACEAE). Sci Rep 2020; 10:4584. [PMID: 32165645 PMCID: PMC7067871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollination and seed dispersal patterns determine gene flow within plant populations. In tropical forests, a high proportion of trees are dioecious, insect pollinated and dispersed by vertebrates. Dispersal vectors and density dependent factors may modulate realized gene flow and influence the magnitude of Fine Scale Genetic Structure (FSGS), affecting individual fitness. Spondias purpurea is a vertebrate-dispersed, insect-pollinated dioecious tropical tree. We assessed the influence of sex ratio, effective and realized gene flow on genetic diversity, FSGS and individual fitness within a 30 ha plot in the tropical dry forest reserve of Chamela-Cuixmala, Mexico. All individuals within the plot were tagged, geo-referenced and sampled for genetic analysis. We measured dbh and monitored sex expression during two reproductive seasons for all individuals. We collected seeds directly from maternal trees for effective pollen dispersal analysis, and analyzed established seedlings to assess realized pollen and seed dispersal. Nine microsatellite loci were used to describe genetic diversity parameters, FSGS and gene flow patterns among different size classes. A total of 354 individuals were located and classified into three size classes based on their dbh (<10, 10–20, and >20 cm). Population sex ratios were male biased and diametric size distributions differed among sexes, these differences may be the result of precocious male reproduction at early stages. Autocorrelation analyses indicate low FSGS (Fj <0.07) across all size classes. Long realized pollen and seed dispersal and differences among effective and realized gene flow were detected. In our study site low FSGS is associated with high gene flow levels. Effective and realized gene flow indicate a population recruitment curve indicating Janzen-Connell effects and suggesting fitness advantages for long-distance pollen and seed dispersal events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Jacob Cristóbal-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Eric J Fuchs
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Ulises Olivares-Pinto
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México. .,Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang R, Yang CH, Ding YY, Tong X, Chen XY. Weak genetic divergence suggests extensive gene flow at the northeastern range limit of a dioecious Ficus species. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Gelmi-Candusso TA, Heymann EW, Heer K. Effects of zoochory on the spatial genetic structure of plant populations. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5896-5910. [PMID: 28921766 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatial genetic structure (SGS) of plants results from the nonrandom distribution of related individuals. SGS provides information on gene flow and spatial patterns of genetic diversity within populations. Seed dispersal creates the spatial template for plant distribution. Thus, in zoochorous plants, dispersal mode and disperser behaviour might have a strong impact on SGS. However, many studies only report the taxonomic group of seed dispersers, without further details. The recent increase in studies on SGS provides the opportunity to review findings and test for the influence of dispersal mode, taxonomic affiliation of dispersers and their behaviour. We compared the proportions of studies with SGS among groups and tested for differences in strength of SGS using Sp statistics. The presence of SGS differed among taxonomic groups, with reduced presence in plants dispersed by birds. Strength of SGS was instead significantly influenced by the behaviour of seed dispersal vectors, with higher SGS in plant species dispersed by animals with behavioural traits that result in short seed dispersal distances. We observed high variance in the strength of SGS in plants dispersed by animals that actively or passively accumulate seeds. Additionally, we found SGS was also affected by pollination and marker type used. Our study highlights the importance of vector behaviour on SGS even in the presence of variance created by other factors. Thus, more detailed information on the behaviour of seed dispersers would contribute to better understand which factors shape the spatial scale of gene flow in animal-dispersed plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana A Gelmi-Candusso
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eckhard W Heymann
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Heer
- Naturschutzbiologie, Phillips-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A fig tree in a concrete jungle: fine-scale population genetic structure of the cluster fig Ficus racemosa in an urban environment. Urban Ecosyst 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-017-0707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Ley AC, Hardy OJ. Spatially limited clonality and pollen and seed dispersal in a characteristic climber of Central African rain forests:Haumania danckelmaniana(Marantaceae). Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Ley
- Institute of Systematics and Biodiversity; University Halle-Wittenberg; Neuwerk 21 06108 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; CP160/12; Faculté des Sciences; Université Libre de Bruxelles; 50 Av. F. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Olivier J. Hardy
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; CP160/12; Faculté des Sciences; Université Libre de Bruxelles; 50 Av. F. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu M, Compton SG, Peng FE, Zhang J, Chen XY. Movements of genes between populations: are pollinators more effective at transferring their own or plant genetic markers? Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150290. [PMID: 25948688 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfer of genes between populations is increasingly important in a world where pollinators are declining, plant and animal populations are increasingly fragmented and climate change is forcing shifts in distribution. The distances that pollen can be transported by small insects are impressive, as is the extensive gene flow between their own populations. We compared the relative ease by which small insects introduce genetic markers into their own and host-plant populations. Gene flow via seeds and pollen between populations of an Asian fig species were evaluated using cpDNA and nuclear DNA markers, and between-population gene flow of its pollinator fig wasp was determined using microsatellites. This insect is the tree's only pollinator locally, and only reproduces in its figs. The plant's pollen-to-seed dispersal ratio was 9.183-9.437, smaller than that recorded for other Ficus. The relative effectiveness of the pollinator at introducing markers into its own populations was higher than the rate it introduced markers into the plant's populations (ratio = 14 : 1), but given the demographic differences between plant and pollinator, pollen transfer effectiveness is remarkably high. Resource availability affects the dispersal of fig wasps, and host-plant flowering phenology here and in other plant-pollinator systems may strongly influence relative gene flow rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen G Compton
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Fo-En Peng
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang R, Compton SG, Quinnell RJ, Peng YQ, Barwell L, Chen Y. Insect responses to host plant provision beyond natural boundaries: latitudinal and altitudinal variation in a Chinese fig wasp community. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3642-56. [PMID: 26380693 PMCID: PMC4567868 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plants are grown outside their natural ranges. Plantings adjacent to native ranges provide an opportunity to monitor community assembly among associated insects and their parasitoids in novel environments, to determine whether gradients in species richness emerge and to examine their consequences for host plant reproductive success. We recorded the fig wasps (Chalcidoidea) associated with a single plant resource (ovules of Ficus microcarpa) along a 1200 km transect in southwest China that extended for 1000 km beyond the tree's natural northern range margin. The fig wasps included the tree's agaonid pollinator and other species that feed on the ovules or are their parasitoids. Phytophagous fig wasps (12 species) were more numerous than parasitoids (nine species). The proportion of figs occupied by fig wasps declined with increasing latitude, as did the proportion of utilized ovules in occupied figs. Species richness, diversity, and abundance of fig wasps also significantly changed along both latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. Parasitoids declined more steeply with latitude than phytophages. Seed production declined beyond the natural northern range margin, and at high elevation, because pollinator fig wasps became rare or absent. This suggests that pollinator climatic tolerances helped limit the tree's natural distribution, although competition with another species may have excluded pollinators at the highest altitude site. Isolation by distance may prevent colonization of northern sites by some fig wasps and act in combination with direct and host-mediated climatic effects to generate gradients in community composition, with parasitoids inherently more sensitive because of declines in the abundance of potential hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal UniversitySichuan, 621000, China
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, East China Normal UniversityDongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen G Compton
- School of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes UniversityGrahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | | | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, 666303, China
| | - Louise Barwell
- School of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yan Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal UniversitySichuan, 621000, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang J, Li Y, Ma J, Cheng JJ. Survey of duckweed diversity in Lake Chao and total fatty acid, triacylglycerol, profiles of representative strains. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:1066-72. [PMID: 25950142 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lemnaceae (duckweeds) are widely distributed aquatic flowering plants. Their high growth rate, starch content and suitability for bioremediation make them potential feedstock for biofuels. However, few natural duckweed resources have been investigated in China, and there is no information about total fatty acid (TFA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of duckweeds from China. Here, the genetic diversity of a natural duckweed population collected from Lake Chao, China, was investigated using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The 54 strains were categorised into four species in four genera, representing 12 distinct sequence types. Strains representing Lemna aequinoctialis and Spirodela polyrhiza were predominant. Interestingly, a surprisingly high degree of genetic diversification within L. aequinoctialis was observed. The four duckweed species revealed a uniform fatty acid composition, with three fatty acids, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, accounting for more than 80% of the TFA. The TFA in biomass varied among species, ranging from 1.05% (of dry weight, DW) for L. punctata and S. polyrhiza to 1.62% for Wolffia globosa. The four duckweed species contained similar TAG contents, 0.02% mg · DW(-1). The fatty acid profiles of TAG were different from those of TFA, and also varied among the four species. The survey investigated the genetic diversity of duckweeds from Lake Chao, and provides an initial insight into TFA and TAG of four duckweed species, indicating that intraspecific and interspecific variations exist in the content and composition of both TFA and TAG in comparison with other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - J Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - J J Cheng
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Spatial Scales of Genetic Structure in Free-Standing and Strangler Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) Inhabiting Neotropical Forests. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133581. [PMID: 26226482 PMCID: PMC4520606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind-borne pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) can transport fig (Ficus sp., Moraceae) pollen over enormous distances (> 100 km). Because of their extensive breeding areas, Neotropical figs are expected to exhibit weak patterns of genetic structure at local and regional scales. We evaluated genetic structure at the regional to continental scale (Panama, Costa Rica, and Peru) for the free-standing fig species Ficus insipida. Genetic differentiation was detected only at distances > 300 km (Jost´s Dest = 0.68 ± 0.07 & FST = 0.30 ± 0.03 between Mesoamerican and Amazonian sites) and evidence for phylogeographic structure (RST>>permuted RST) was only significant in comparisons between Central and South America. Further, we assessed local scale spatial genetic structure (SGS, d ≤ 8 km) in Panama and developed an agent-based model parameterized with data from F. insipida to estimate minimum pollination distances, which determine the contribution of pollen dispersal on SGS. The local scale data for F. insipida was compared to SGS data collected for an additional free-standing fig, F. yoponensis (subgenus Pharmacosycea), and two species of strangler figs, F. citrifolia and F. obtusifolia (subgenus Urostigma) sampled in Panama. All four species displayed significant SGS (mean Sp = 0.014 ± 0.012). Model simulations indicated that most pollination events likely occur at distances > > 1 km, largely ruling out spatially limited pollen dispersal as the determinant of SGS in F. insipida and, by extension, the other fig species. Our results are consistent with the view that Ficus develops fine-scale SGS primarily as a result of localized seed dispersal and/or clumped seedling establishment despite extensive long-distance pollen dispersal. We discuss several ecological and life history factors that could have species- or subgenus-specific impacts on the genetic structure of Neotropical figs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Duarte JF, Carvalho DD, Vieira FDA. Genetic conservation of Ficus bonijesulapensis R.M. Castro in a dry forest on limestone outcrops. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Yang LY, Machado CA, Dang XD, Peng YQ, Yang DR, Zhang DY, Liao WJ. The incidence and pattern of copollinator diversification in dioecious and monoecious figs. Evolution 2015; 69:294-304. [PMID: 25495152 PMCID: PMC4328460 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Differences in breeding system are associated with correlated ecological and morphological changes in plants. In Ficus, dioecy and monoecy are strongly associated with different suites of traits (tree height, population density, fruiting frequency, pollinator dispersal ecology). Although approximately 30% of fig species are pollinated by multiple species of fig-pollinating wasps, it has been suggested that copollinators are rare in dioecious figs. Here, we test whether there is a connection between the fig breeding system and copollinator incidence and diversification by conducting a meta-analysis of molecular data from pollinators of 119 fig species that includes new data from 15 Asian fig species. We find that the incidence of copollinators is not significantly different between monoecious and dioecious Ficus. Surprisingly, while all copollinators in dioecious figs are sister taxa, only 32.1% in monoecious figs are sister taxa. We present hypotheses to explain those patterns and discuss their consequences on the evolution of this mutualism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Carlos A Machado
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland1210 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Xiao-Dong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, 650223, China
| | - Da-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, 650223, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Wan-Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tang J, Zhang F, Cui W, Ma J. Genetic structure of duckweed population of Spirodela, Landoltia and Lemna from Lake Tai, China. PLANTA 2014; 239:1299-1307. [PMID: 24663442 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed is widely used in environmental biotechnology and has recently emerged as a potential feedstock for biofuels due to its high growth rate and starch content. The genetic diversity and composition of a natural duckweed population in genera Spirodela, Landoltia and Lemna from Lake Tai, China, were investigated using probabilistic analysis of multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The 78 strains were categorized into five lineages, among which strains representing L. aequinoctialis and S. polyrhiza were predominant. Among the five lineages, interlineage transfers of markers were infrequent and no recombination was statistically detected. Tajima's D tests determined that all loci are subject to population bottlenecks, which is likely one of the main reasons for the low genetic diversity observed within the lineages. Interestingly, strains of L. turionifera are found to contain small admixture from L. minor, providing rare evidence of transfer of genetic materials in duckweed. This was discussed with respect to the hypothesis that a cross of these two gave rise to L. japonica. Moreover, the conventional maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis clearly recognized all the species in the three genera with high bootstrap supports. In conclusion, this work offers a basic framework for using MLST to characterize Spirodela, Landoltia and in particular Lemna strains at the species level, and to study population genetics and evolution history of natural duckweed populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu M, Zhao R, Chen Y, Zhang J, Compton SG, Chen XY. Competitive exclusion among fig wasps achieved via entrainment of host plant flowering phenology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97783. [PMID: 24849458 PMCID: PMC4029822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular techniques are revealing increasing numbers of morphologically similar but co-existing cryptic species, challenging the niche theory. To understand the co-existence mechanism, we studied phenologies of morphologically similar species of fig wasps that pollinate the creeping fig (F. pumila) in eastern China. We compared phenologies of fig wasp emergence and host flowering at sites where one or both pollinators were present. At the site where both pollinators were present, we used sticky traps to capture the emerged fig wasps and identified species identity using mitochondrial DNA COI gene. We also genotyped F. pumila individuals of the three sites using polymorphic microsatellites to detect whether the host populations were differentiated. Male F. pumila produced two major crops annually, with figs receptive in spring and summer. A small partial third crop of receptive figs occurred in the autumn, but few of the second crop figs matured at that time. Hence, few pollinators were available to enter third crop figs and they mostly aborted, resulting in two generations of pollinating wasps each year, plus a partial third generation. Receptive figs were produced on male plants in spring and summer, timed to coincide with the release of short-lived adult pollinators from the same individual plants. Most plants were pollinated by a single species. Plants pollinated by Wiebesia sp. 1 released wasps earlier than those pollinated by Wiebesia sp. 3, with little overlap. Plants occupied by different pollinators were not spatially separated, nor genetically distinct. Our findings show that these differences created mismatches with the flight periods of the other Wiebesia species, largely ‘reserving’ individual plants for the resident pollinator species. This pre-emptive competitive displacement may prevent long term co-existence of the two pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystems, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystems, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystems, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephen G. Compton
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Yong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystems, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Distribution of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes in three pollinator fig wasps associated with Ficus pumila. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
23
|
Nazareno AG, Alzate-Marin AL, Pereira RAS. Dioecy, more than monoecy, affects plant spatial genetic structure: the case study of Ficus. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3495-508. [PMID: 24223285 PMCID: PMC3797494 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this analysis, we attempt to understand how monoecy and dioecy drive spatial genetic structure (SGS) in plant populations. For this purpose, plants of the genus Ficus were used as a comparative model due to their particular characteristics, including high species diversity, variation in life histories, and sexual systems. One of the main issues we assessed is whether dioecious fig tree populations are more spatially genetically structured than monoecious populations. Using the Sp statistic, which allows for quantitative comparisons among different studies, we compared the extent of SGS between monoecious and dioecious Ficus species. To broaden our conclusions we used published data on an additional 27 monoecious and dioecious plant species. Furthermore, genetic diversity analyses were performed for two monoecious Ficus species using 12 microsatellite markers in order to strengthen our conclusions about SGS. Our results show that dioecy, more than monoecy, significantly contributes to SGS in plant populations. On average, the estimate of Sp was six times higher for dioecious Ficus species than monoecious Ficus species and it was two times higher in dioecious than monoecious plant species. Considering these results, we emphasize that the long-distance pollen dispersal mechanism in monoecious Ficus species seems to be the dominant factor in determining weak spatial genetic structure, high levels of genetic diversity, and lack of inbreeding. Although Ficus constitute a model species to study SGS, a more general comparison encompassing a wider range of plants is required in order to better understand how sexual systems affect genetic structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Nazareno
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC Avenida Ademar Gonzaga, 1346, 88040-000, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, FFCLRP/USP Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu M, Zhang J, Chen Y, Compton SG, Chen XY. Contrasting genetic responses to population fragmentation in a coevolving fig and fig wasp across a mainland-island archipelago. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4384-96. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Yan Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province; Mianyang Normal University; Mianyang Sichuan 621000 China
| | - Stephen G. Compton
- Faculty of Biological Sciences; School of Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Xiao-Yong Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Genetic diversity and the mating system in a fragmented population of Tsoongiodendron odorum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1003.2012.09083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
Wang R, Compton SG, Shi YS, Chen XY. Fragmentation reduces regional-scale spatial genetic structure in a wind-pollinated tree because genetic barriers are removed. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:2250-61. [PMID: 23139883 PMCID: PMC3488675 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow strongly influences the regional genetic structuring of plant populations. Seed and pollen dispersal patterns can respond differently to the increased isolation resulting from habitat fragmentation, with unpredictable consequences for gene flow and population structuring. In a recently fragmented landscape we compared the pre- and post-fragmentation genetic structure of populations of a tree species where pollen and seed dispersal respond differentially to forest fragmentation generated by flooding. Castanopsis sclerophylla is wind-pollinated, with seeds that are dispersed by gravity and rodents. Using microsatellites, we found no significant difference in genetic diversity between pre- and post-fragmentation cohorts. Significant genetic structure was observed in pre-fragmentation cohorts, due to an unknown genetic barrier that had isolated one small population. Among post-fragmentation cohorts this genetic barrier had disappeared and genetic structure was significantly weakened. The strengths of genetic structuring were at a similar level in both cohorts, suggesting that overall gene flow of C. sclerophylla has been unchanged by fragmentation at the regional scale. Fragmentation has blocked seed dispersal among habitats, but this appears to have been compensated for by enhanced pollen dispersal, as indicated by the disappearance of a genetic barrier, probably as a result of increased wind speeds and easier pollen movement over water. Extensive pollen flow can counteract some negative effects of fragmentation and assist the long-term persistence of small remnant populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Tiantong National Observation Station of Forest Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University Shanghai, 200062, China ; School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
CHEN YAN, COMPTON STEPHENG, LIU MIN, CHEN XIAOYONG. Fig trees at the northern limit of their range: the distributions of cryptic pollinators indicate multiple glacial refugia. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1687-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Wang R, Compton SG, Chen XY. Fragmentation can increase spatial genetic structure without decreasing pollen-mediated gene flow in a wind-pollinated tree. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4421-32. [PMID: 21981067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation reduces population sizes, increases isolation between habitats and can result in restricted dispersal of pollen and seeds. Given that diploid seed dispersal contributes more to shaping fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) than haploid pollen flow, we tested whether fine-scale SGS can be sensitive to fragmentation even if extensive pollen dispersal is maintained. Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Schottky (Fagaceae), a wind-pollinated and gravity seed-dispersed tree, was studied in an area of southeast China where its populations have been fragmented to varying extents by human activity. Using different age classes of trees in areas subject to varying extents of fragmentation, we found no significant difference in genetic diversity between prefragmentation vs. postfragmentation C. sclerophylla subpopulations. Genetic differentiation among postfragmentation subpopulations was also only slightly lower than among prefragmentation subpopulations. In the most fragmented habitat, selfing rates were significantly higher than zero in prefragmentation, but not postfragmentation, cohorts. These results suggest that fragmentation had not decreased gene flow among these populations and that pollen flow remains extensive. However, significantly greater fine-scale SGS was found in postfragmentation subpopulations in the most fragmented habitat, but not in less fragmented habitats. This alteration in SGS reflected more restricted seed dispersal, induced by changes in the physical environments and the prevention of secondary seed dispersal by rodents. An increase in SGS can therefore result from more restricted seed dispersal, even in the face of extensive pollen flow, making it a sensitive indicator of the negative consequences of population fragmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Tiantong National Observation Station of Forest Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen Y, Jiang ZX, Compton SG, Liu M, Chen XY. Genetic diversity and differentiation of the extremely dwarf Ficus tikoua in Southwestern China. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
30
|
Zhang J, Jiang K, Shi YS, Liu M, Chen XY. Development and polymorphism of microsatellite primers in Ficus pumila L. (Moraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:e170-e172. [PMID: 21700806 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite primers were developed in the functionally dioecious Ficus pumila L. to provide polymorphic markers for further population genetic studies and parentage analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed in F. pumila. These loci were successfully amplified in four F. pumila populations from eastern China (Fodu, Xiangshan, Xianju, and Hexi). These loci had 3-11 alleles across all 80 F. pumila individuals. At the population level, the number of alleles per locus varied from 1 to 8, and the observed (H(O)) and expected (H(E)) heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.900 and from 0.000 to 0.830, respectively. Linkage disequilibrium between loci FP213 and FP435 was found in three of the four tested populations. CONCLUSIONS These loci showed high levels of polymorphism, indicating the utility of these primers in population genetic studies as well as parentage analysis of F. pumila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dev SA, Kjellberg F, Hossaert-McKey M, Borges RM. Fine-scale Population Genetic Structure of Two Dioecious Indian Keystone Species, Ficus hispida and Ficus exasperata (Moraceae). Biotropica 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
YU HUI, NASON JOHND, GE XUEJUN, ZENG JIQING. Slatkin’s Paradox: when direct observation and realized gene flow disagree. A case study in Ficus. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:4441-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
Wind-borne insects mediate directional pollen transfer between desert fig trees 160 kilometers apart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:20342-7. [PMID: 19910534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902213106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of how far pollen can move between plants has implications for topics as diverse as habitat fragmentation, conservation management, and the containment of genetically modified crops. The monoecious African fig tree Ficus sycomorus L. relies on the small, short-lived, night-flying, host-specific fig wasp Ceratosolen arabicus Mayr for pollination. We used microsatellite markers to characterize a geographically isolated riparian population of F. sycomorus growing along the Ugab River in the Namib Desert, Namibia, together with paternity analysis of seedlings from known mothers, to map pollen movement within this population. In this way we tracked insect movements between individually recognizable trees by means of their pollen cargo and documented the movement of C. arabicus between known trees separated by more than 160 km, with a mean distance for confirmed successful pollination events of 88.6 km. The predominant observed movement of pollinators was in a westerly direction, toward the sea, reflecting seasonal nighttime wind direction and the wind-borne dispersal of fig wasps. Our results suggest the existence of an extensive panmictic population of trees that are well suited to overcome the effects of geographical isolation.
Collapse
|
34
|
|