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Papadopoulos NT, De Meyer M, Terblanche JS, Kriticos DJ. Fruit Flies: Challenges and Opportunities to Stem the Tide of Global Invasions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:355-373. [PMID: 37758223 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-022723-103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Global trade in fresh fruit and vegetables, intensification of human mobility, and climate change facilitate fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) invasions. Life-history traits, environmental stress response, dispersal stress, and novel genetic admixtures contribute to their establishment and spread. Tephritids are among the most frequently intercepted taxa at ports of entry. In some countries, supported by the rules-based trade framework, a remarkable amount of biosecurity effort is being arrayed against the range expansion of tephritids. Despite this effort, fruit flies continue to arrive in new jurisdictions, sometimes triggering expensive eradication responses. Surprisingly, scant attention has been paid to biosecurity in the recent discourse about new multilateral trade agreements. Much of the available literature on managing tephritid invasions is focused on a limited number of charismatic (historically high-profile) species, and the generality of many patterns remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece;
| | - Marc De Meyer
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium;
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa;
| | - Darren J Kriticos
- Cervantes Agritech, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;
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Liu X, Zhang Q, Xu W, Yang Y, Fan Q, Ji Q. The Effect of Cuelure on Attracting and Feeding Behavior in Zeugodacus tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:836. [PMID: 37999035 PMCID: PMC10671683 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
As a vital pest control strategy, trapping plays an important role in the system of monitoring, catching and killing fruit flies. Cuelure (4-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone, CL) is a male lure that attracts Zeugodacus tau and also stimulates feeding in this species. In this study, the attraction of Z. tau to CL and its subsequent feeding behavior were investigated. Under the significant influence of age and time of day, the attraction of CL to Z. tau was found to be optimal when flies were 14 days old, and the number of flies trapped increased with trapping duration. It was determined that consumption can improve the mating success and female adult fertility of Z. tau. After the observation period, the mating success rate of flies that ingested CL was significantly higher than that of the control group and was maintained at a higher level. It was found that parental consumption of CL could accelerate the development of eggs and larvae, resulting in increased pupation and emergence rates. The results of this study will further clarify the dynamic relationship between pest and lure, and provide a research basis for navigating the integrated management of Z. tau in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiang Liu
- Institute of Biological Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Y.); (Q.F.)
- The Joint FAO/IAEA Division Cooperation Center for Fruit Fly Control in China, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinyuan Zhang
- Institute of Biological Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Y.); (Q.F.)
- The Joint FAO/IAEA Division Cooperation Center for Fruit Fly Control in China, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Institute of Biological Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Y.); (Q.F.)
- The Joint FAO/IAEA Division Cooperation Center for Fruit Fly Control in China, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yongbang Yang
- Institute of Biological Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Y.); (Q.F.)
- The Joint FAO/IAEA Division Cooperation Center for Fruit Fly Control in China, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qingwen Fan
- Institute of Biological Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Y.); (Q.F.)
- The Joint FAO/IAEA Division Cooperation Center for Fruit Fly Control in China, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinge Ji
- Institute of Biological Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Y.); (Q.F.)
- The Joint FAO/IAEA Division Cooperation Center for Fruit Fly Control in China, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Clarke AR, Measham PF. Competition: A Missing Component of Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Risk Assessment and Planning. INSECTS 2022; 13:1065. [PMID: 36421968 PMCID: PMC9697728 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tephritid fruit flies are internationally significant pests of horticulture. Because they are also highly invasive and of major quarantine concern, significant effort is placed in developing full or partial pest risk assessments (PRAs) for fruit flies, while large investments can be made for their control. Competition between fruit fly species, driven by the need to access and utilise fruit for larval development, has long been recognised by researchers as a fundamental component of fruit fly biology, but is entirely absent from the fruit fly PRA literature and appears not be considered in major initiative planning. First presenting a summary of the research data which documents fruit fly competition, this paper then identifies four major effects of fruit fly competition that could impact a PRA or large-scale initiative: (i) numerical reduction of an existing fruit fly pest species following competitive displacement by an invasive fruit fly; (ii) displacement of a less competitive fruit fly pest species in space, time or host; (iii) ecological resistance to fruit fly invasion in regions already with competitively dominant fruit fly species; and (iv) lesser-pest fruit fly resurgence following control of a competitively superior species. From these four major topics, six more detailed issues are identified, with each of these illustrated by hypothetical, but realistic biosecurity scenarios from Australia/New Zealand and Europe. The scenarios identify that the effects of fruit fly competition might both positively or negatively affect the predicted impacts of an invasive fruit fly or targeted fruit fly control initiative. Competition as a modifier of fruit fly risk needs to be recognised by policy makers and incorporated into fruit fly PRAs and major investment initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Clarke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Penelope F. Measham
- Horticulture and Forestry Science, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, GPO Box 267, Ecosciences Precinct Dutton Park, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Gaire SK, Biswas MJH, Benelli M, Rempoulakis P, Taylor PW, Mainali BP. Effect of Chilling on Quality Control Parameters of Sterile Queensland Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1674-1680. [PMID: 34021558 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), presents a major threat to Australian fruit production and trade. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is increasingly employed to manage Q-fly. Quality of sterile males released in SIT programs, and hence program efficacy, can be affected by pre- and post-production processes, such as mass rearing, packing, irradiation, transportation, and release. Given long distances from rear-out facilities to release sites, adult flies are usually chilled to reduce metabolism and stress during transportation. To guide SIT procedures, it is important to understand the impact of such practices on performance of sterile Q-fly. The present study assesses the effect of chilling temperature and exposure period on quality parameters of sterile Q-fly. We considered the effects of two temperature regimes (4 and 6°C) and six exposure periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h) on chill-coma recovery time, flight ability, survival under nutritional stress, and longevity of both males and females. Flies chilled at 4°C took longer to recover than that those chilled at 6°C. Flight ability, survival under nutritional stress, and longevity all decreased as chilling period increased but did not differ between the two tested temperatures. We recommend that periods of chilling during transportation from rear-out facilities to release sites be minimized in order to retain quality of sterile Q-fly and that increased release rates be considered when longer chilling periods are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Gaire
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Maurizio Benelli
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Polychronis Rempoulakis
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Bishwo P Mainali
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Inskeep JR, Allen AP, Taylor PW, Rempoulakis P, Weldon CW. Canopy distribution and microclimate preferences of sterile and wild Queensland fruit flies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13010. [PMID: 34155249 PMCID: PMC8217526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects tend to live within well-defined habitats, and at smaller scales can have distinct microhabitat preferences. These preferences are important, but often overlooked, in applications of the sterile insect technique. Different microhabitat preferences of sterile and wild insects may reflect differences in environmental tolerance and may lead to spatial separation in the field, both of which may reduce the control program efficiency. In this study, we compared the diurnal microhabitat distributions of mass-reared (fertile and sterile) and wild Queensland fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Flies were individually tagged and released into field cages containing citrus trees. We recorded their locations in the canopies (height from ground, distance from canopy center), behavior (resting, grooming, walking, feeding), and the abiotic conditions on occupied leaves (temperature, humidity, light intensity) throughout the day. Flies from all groups moved lower in the canopy when temperature and light intensity were high, and humidity was low; lower canopy regions provided shelter from these conditions. Fertile and sterile mass-reared flies of both sexes were generally lower in the canopies than wild flies. Flies generally fed from the top sides of leaves that were lower in the canopy, suggesting food sources in these locations. Our observations suggest that mass-reared and wild B. tryoni occupy different locations in tree canopies, which could indicate different tolerances to environmental extremes and may result in spatial separation of sterile and wild flies when assessed at a landscape scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess R Inskeep
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- Vector Control, Hawaii Department of Health, Kahului, HI, 96732, USA.
| | - Andrew P Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Polychronis Rempoulakis
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0083, South Africa
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Inskeep JR, Taylor PW, Mainali B, Rempoulakis P, Weldon CW. Spatio-temporal distribution of sexual calling behaviour in domesticated, sterile and wild Queensland fruit fly males under field cage conditions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2522-2529. [PMID: 33460523 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sterile insect technique (SIT) is used in Australia to contain and eradicate outbreaks of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in fruit-fly-free regions, and to manage populations in some endemic regions. To assess the likely impact of SIT on wild B. tryoni populations it is important to assess the colocation and synchrony of male calling between sterile and wild flies. We observed the location and timing of calling behaviours of marked mass-reared (fertile and sterile) and wild B. tryoni males in walk-in field cages. RESULTS We found that wild males called further from the canopy centre than mass-reared (fertile or sterile) males. Mass-reared (fertile or sterile) males called earlier in the evening than wild males and, consequently, mass-reared males called when temperature and light intensity were higher than when wild males called. CONCLUSION Male calling is a prerequisite to mating among dacine fruit flies. Therefore, our observations of spatio-temporal divergence in male calling behaviour may lead to assortative mating between mass-reared and wild B. tryoni in SIT applications. The importance of these spatio-temporal differences warrants further inquiry, with particular focus on how environmental conditions modify calling behaviour and avenues to ameliorate differences between sterile and wild flies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess R Inskeep
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Bishwo Mainali
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Polychronis Rempoulakis
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, Gosford, Australia
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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Devescovi F, Hurtado J, Taylor PW. Mating-induced changes in responses of female Queensland fruit fly to male pheromones and fruit: A mechanism for mating-induced sexual inhibition. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 129:104195. [PMID: 33539917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to reproduce, female tephritid fruit flies need both mates for fertilization and fruit for oviposition. Virgin females are prone to mating and approach males, attracted by their pheromones. Mated females, however, may experience an abrupt reduction of mating propensity and prioritise the search for suitable fruit rather than additional mates. Accordingly, mating in fruit flies may induce a switch in olfactory preferences of females from pheromones to fruit stimuli, and this switch may also be an important mediator of mating-induced sexual inhibition. To test for mating-induced switches in olfactory preference of female Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, we used wind tunnel assays to assess attraction of mated and virgin females to (1) male sex pheromone delivered through a perforated glass sphere or (2) an entire fruit. Electroantennogram (EAG) responses were also used to test for mating-induced changes in olfactory sensitivity to pheromones and fruit odours. Pheromones elicited quicker upwind responses in virgin females than in mated females; during the first six minutes of trials more virgin females than mated females were observed in the upwind end of the wind tunnel where pheromone odours were released. Fruit cues, in contrast, elicited stronger association with the upwind end of the wind tunnel in mated females than in virgin females from the fifth minute onwards. Also, mated females were observed on the fruit for longer periods than virgin females. EAG responses to pheromones and fruit odours were similar in virgin and mated females, indicating that changes in preferences are not a consequence of changes in peripheral sensitivity of antennae to odours but instead appear to be mediated by post-receptor processing. Our results show that mating reduces attraction to male-produced pheromones and increases attraction to fruit stimuli in B. tryoni females. We propose that this behavioural switch from mating stimuli to oviposition stimuli is an important mediator of mating-induced sexual inhibition in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Devescovi
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, IGEAF (INTA), GV-IABIMO (CONICET), Dr. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Hurtado
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CABA, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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Biswas MJH, Mainali B, Park SJ, Taylor P, Rempoulakis P. Electrophysiological Responses to Cuelure of Raspberry Ketone-Fed Queensland Fruit Flies. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2832-2839. [PMID: 33111947 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sterile insect technique (SIT) and male annihilation technique (MAT) are important tools for the control of Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major insect pest of horticultural crops in Australia. In MAT, mature Q-fly males are attracted to a toxic bait using Cuelure, a synthetic analog of raspberry ketone (RK). Substantial improvements in control could be achieved by simultaneous use of SIT and MAT, but this requires suppression of the Cuelure response in released sterile flies. Recent studies report that prerelease feeding with RK during the first 48 h after emergence can reduce the response of mature Q-fly males to Cuelure, but the mechanism underpinning this is unknown. Here, to test whether reduced sensory sensitivity to Cuelure is involved, we evaluated the effects of RK supplements, adult diet (yeast-supplemented diet throughout adult stage vs yeast-supplemented diet only for 48 h), and age on electroantennogram (EAG) and electropalpogram (EPG) responses of Q-flies to Cuelure stimuli. EAG responses did not vary with RK supplements, sex, or age of Q-flies fed yeast-supplemented diet throughout the adult stage, but the responses of Q-flies fed other diet regime decreased with age. EPG responses of both sexes of Q-flies were affected by RK supplements, age, and their interaction, but without patterns that might indicate reduced maxillary palp response of RK supplemented flies to Cuelure. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that reduced Cuelure response of male Q-flies fed RK supplements is explained by reduced electrophysiological response in antennae or maxillary palps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bishwo Mainali
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Soo Jean Park
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Polychronis Rempoulakis
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
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Cameron DNS, McRae C, Park SJ, Taylor PW, Jamie IM. Vapor Pressures and Thermodynamic Properties of Phenylpropanoid and Phenylbutanoid Attractants of Male Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus Fruit Flies at Ambient Temperatures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9654-9663. [PMID: 32794749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the vapor pressures at ambient temperatures of seven attractants of Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus fruit flies-raspberry ketone, cuelure, raspberry ketone trifluoroacetate, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, dihydroeugenol, and zingerone-by a vapor saturation method. Dry nitrogen was passed over each compound at well-controlled temperatures. Entrained vapor from the compounds was trapped on Tenax GR tubes and analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measured attractant amounts on the traps were converted to vapor pressures. Data were subsequently fitted by the Antoine equation. From the Antoine equation parameters, thermodynamic properties for each compound were calculated at 298 K. The calculated vapor pressures were used to compare the volatility of the fruit fly attractants and to infer implications for field applications. Using ambient temperature readings yields far better estimates of vapor pressure values at temperatures relevant for insect control than do Antoine equation parameters derived from high-temperature readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N S Cameron
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Christopher McRae
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Soo J Park
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Ian M Jamie
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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10
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Tasnin MS, Silva R, Merkel K, Clarke AR. Response of Male Queensland Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Host Fruit Odors. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1888-1893. [PMID: 32409822 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The surveillance and management of Dacini fruit fly pests are commonly split by fly gender: male trapping focuses on the dacine 'male-lures', whereas female trapping focuses on lures based on host-fruit volatiles. Although the males of several Dacini species have been reported to be attracted to host fruit volatiles, the option of using host-fruit traps for males has, to date, been ignored. Males of the cue-lure responsive fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) have been recorded as responding to host-fruit volatile blends, but it is not known how frequently this happens, if it is age-dependent, or the strength of the response relative to cue-lure throughout the year. Here, we conducted an olfactometer experiment to test the lifetime (weeks 1-15) response of B. tryoni males to the odor of tomato, a known host of this fly, and compare catches of wild males to tomato-based traps and cue-lure traps in the field. Bactrocera tryoni males started to respond to tomato odor as they sexually matured (2 to 3 wk olds) and thereafter showed consistent olfactory response until advanced age (15 wk). In the field, wild males were captured by tomato-based traps throughout the year at a level not significantly different from cue-lure traps. The reason for the consistent B. tryoni male response to host fruit odor at this stage is not known, but it certainly occurs at a level greater than can be continued to be ignored for both basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Shahrima Tasnin
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rehan Silva
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katharina Merkel
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Moadeli T, Mainali B, Ponton F, Taylor PW. Effects of fatty acids and vitamin E in larval diets on development and performance of Queensland fruit fly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 125:104058. [PMID: 32422147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tephritid fruit flies are commonly reared on artificial larval diets for laboratory studies and for sterile insect technique pest management programs. While significant effort has been invested in developing artificial larval diets, surprisingly little is known about the specific nutritional requirements of tephritid flies. Recently developed gel larval diets have provided new opportunities for nutritional studies in Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni ('Q-fly'). Wheat germ oil (WGO) is the main source of fatty acids and vitamin E in this diet, and is key for production of high-quality adults. To identify the importance of nutritional components of WGO for Q-fly productivity and quality, linoleic, linolenic, oleic and palmitic fatty acids as well as α-tocopherol (vitamin E) were included in the diet individually and in combination. Diets that included all of the tested fatty acids or just unsaturated fatty acids performed as well as diets containing WGO in most quality control parameters except fecundity, and addition of vitamin E reduced the pupal productivity. Considering individual fatty acids, larval diets containing only linolenic acid produced adults with higher percentage of fliers than did larval diets containing only palmitic acid or oleic acid. Compared with diets containing WGO, nutritional requirements for egg production in Q-fly were not entirely met by either grouped fatty acids or individual polyunsaturated, monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids, however, diets containing linoleic acid alone produced more eggs than any other fatty acid. The present study is a significant advance in understanding of the role of fatty acids as a component of WGO in larval diet in meeting the needs of developing Q-fly for somatic performance, but highlight also that other, untested, components of WGO appear to be important for reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Moadeli
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2121, Australia.
| | - Bishwo Mainali
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2121, Australia
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2121, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2121, Australia
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Majumder R, Sutcliffe B, Taylor PW, Chapman TA. Microbiome of the Queensland Fruit Fly through Metamorphosis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060795. [PMID: 32466500 PMCID: PMC7356580 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Queensland fruit fly, or “Qfly”) is a highly polyphagous tephritid fruit fly and a serious economic pest in Australia. Qfly biology is intimately linked to the bacteria and fungi of its microbiome. While there are numerous studies of the microbiome in larvae and adults, the transition of the microbiome through the pupal stage remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we used high-throughput Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to examine microbial communities at each developmental stage in the Qfly life cycle, targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS regions. We found that microbial communities were similar at the larval and pupal stage and were also similar between adult males and females, yet there were marked differences between the larval and adult stages. Specific bacterial and fungal taxa are present in the larvae and adults (fed hydrolyzed yeast with sugar) which is likely related to differences in nutritional biology of these life stages. We observed a significant abundance of the Acetobacteraceae at the family level, both in the larval and pupal stages. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae was highly abundant (>80%) only in the adults. The majority of fungal taxa present in Qfly were yeasts or yeast-like fungi. In addition to elucidating changes in the microbiome through developmental stages, this study characterizes the Qfly microbiome present at the establishment of laboratory colonies as they enter the domestication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Majumder
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (P.W.T.); (T.A.C.)
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Brodie Sutcliffe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia;
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Phillip W. Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (P.W.T.); (T.A.C.)
| | - Toni A. Chapman
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (P.W.T.); (T.A.C.)
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
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Tasnin MS, Merkel K, Clarke AR. Effects of advanced age on olfactory response of male and female Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 122:104024. [PMID: 32061648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is an essential sensory modality of insects which is known to vary with age. In short-lived insects odour response generally declines rapidly with increasing age, but how increasing age affects the olfactory response of long-lived insects is less known and there may be different life-time patterns of olfactory response. Here, we examine the effect of age on olfactory response and exploratory activity of a long-lived tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni from sexual maturity (3 weeks) to advanced age (15 weeks). Males were tested against a male-specific attractant, cue-lure, which is associated with courtship and sexual selection in this species; while females were tested against guava-juice, a highly attractive oviposition host fruit odour. Trials were done in the laboratory using a Y-tube olfactometer at three weekly intervals. The probability of olfactory response of both males and females to tested odours declined with age. Males retained a constant attraction to cue-lure until 12 weeks of age, but then showed a significant drop in olfactory response at 15 weeks. However, females showed the highest attraction to guava-juice odour until six weeks of age and declined gradually thereafter. The change on odour response over time can be associated with an age-related change in initial locomotor activity for females as there was no change, over the life of the experiment, in selective female orientation to the odour source once flies started exploring within the olfactometer. However, for 15 week-old males, there was a simultaneous drop in both locomotor activity and selective olfactory orientation. The consistent attraction of male to cue-lure might be related to life-long reproductive activities of males, as males are thought to mate continuously during life. On the other hand, females' highest attraction to guava-juice odour in early life followed by a gradual decline might be linked with their oviposition rate which peaks in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Shahrima Tasnin
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Katharina Merkel
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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Mainali BP, Moadeli T, Ponton F, Taylor PW. Comparison of Gel Larval Diet With Traditional Lucerne Chaff and Carrot Solid Diets for Rearing of Queensland Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2278-2286. [PMID: 31139832 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sterile insect technique (SIT) for Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, Australia's most economically damaging fruit fly species, is currently undergoing a major renewal and expansion. SIT relies on efficient and economical mass-rearing procedures that produce high-quality flies. Two solid larval diets, carrot and lucerne chaff, have traditionally been used to rear Queensland fruit fly. Recently, a gel larval diet has been developed to eliminate biological bulking agents from the mass-rearing process, but to date, there has been no direct comparison of gel larval diet with traditional solid diets. In the present study, the performance of flies reared on gel larval diet was compared with the performance of flies reared on carrot and lucerne chaff diets. In addition, to investigate whether the performance of reared flies depends on ancestral diet as well as tested diet, we sourced eggs from a colony maintained on carrot diet and from a colony maintained on a lucerne chaff diet. Overall, the gel diet was as good or better than the solid diets in all quality control parameters, including, egg-larval duration, pupal number, pupal recovery, adult emergence, percentage of fliers, and rate of fliers. Of note, larvae developed faster and pupated more synchronously on the gel diet than on either of the solid diets. At the loading densities used, gel and carrot diets produced less waste than lucerne chaff diet. Gel diets offer a rearing solution for Queensland fruit fly that eliminates biological bulking agents and yields faster and more synchronous larval development without compromising productivity or quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwo P Mainali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tahereh Moadeli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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El-Sayed AM, Venkatesham U, Unelius CR, Sporle A, Pérez J, Taylor PW, Suckling DM. Chemical Composition of the Rectal Gland and Volatiles Released by Female Queensland Fruit Fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:807-814. [PMID: 31145449 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The composition of the rectal gland secretion and volatiles emitted by female Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni was investigated. Esters were found to be the main compounds in the gland extracts and headspace, while amides were the minor compounds in the gland extracts and headspace. Ethyl dodecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, ethyl (Z9)-hexadecenoate and ethyl palmitate were the main esters in the gland extracts, while ethyl dodecanoate and ethyl tetradecanoate were the main esters in the headspace. Four amides (N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide), N-(2-methylbutyl)propanamide, N-(3-methylbutyl)propanamide, and N-(3-methylbutyl)-2-methylpropanamide were found in the gland extracts and the headspace. Among the amides, N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide and N-(3-methylbutyl)propanamide were the main amides in the gland extracts and the headspace. Traces of three spiroacetals were found both in the gland extracts and in the headspace. (E,E)-2,8-Dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, (E,E)-2-ethyl-8-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, (E,E)-2-propyl-8-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane. All compounds found in the headspace were present in the extract of the rectal gland suggesting that the rectal gland is the main source of the headspace volatiles, whose function remains to be elucidated. This is the first comprehensive chemical analysis of the rectal gland secretions and volatiles of female B. tryoni, and further laboratory and field bioassays are required to determine the function of compounds identified in this study. Discovery of the same amides previously identified in the male rectal gland in the female rectal gland raises questions about the pheromonal role previously suggested for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M El-Sayed
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Uppala Venkatesham
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Sweden
| | - C Rikard Unelius
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Sweden
| | - Andrew Sporle
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Jeanneth Pérez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M Suckling
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland Tamaki Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
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Effect of Lure Combination on Fruit Fly Surveillance Sensitivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2653. [PMID: 30804349 PMCID: PMC6390102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for invading insect pests is costly and the trapper usually finds the traps empty of the target pest. Since the successful establishment of new pests is an uncommon event, multiple lures placed into one trap might increase the efficiency of the surveillance system. We investigated the effect of the combination of the Tephritidae male lures - trimedlure, cuelure, raspberry ketone and methyl eugenol - on catch of Ceratitis capitata, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Bactrocera tryoni, B. dorsalis, B. aquilonis and B. tenuifascia in Australia and the USA (not all species are present in each country). The increase in trap density required to offset any reduction in catch due to the presence of lures for other Tephritidae was estimated. The effect of increasing trap density to maintain surveillance sensitivity was modelled for a hypothetical population of B. tryoni males, where the effective sampling area of cuelure traps for this species has been estimated. The 3-way combination significantly reduced the catch of the methyl eugenol-responsive B. dorsalis. Unexpectedly, we found that trimedlure-baited traps that contained methyl eugenol had ×3.1 lower catch of C. capitata than in trimedlure-only-baited traps in Australia, but not in Hawaii where no difference in catch was observed, we cannot satisfactorily explain this result. Based on the data presented here and from previous research, combinations of some male lures for the early detection of tephritid flies appear compatible and where there is any reduction in surveillance sensitivity observed, this can be offset by increasing the density of traps in the area.
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Moadeli T, Mainali B, Ponton F, Taylor PW. Canola Oil as an Economical Lipid Source in Gel Larval Diet for Queensland Fruit Fly. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2764-2771. [PMID: 30295855 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new sterile insect technique (SIT) program is currently being developed for management of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), the most costly challenge to Australian horticulture in the eastern states. SIT relies on cost-effective mass production of millions of high-quality flies. A recently developed gel larval diet has proven effective, enabling production of large numbers of high-quality flies, but includes some costly ingredients. With a basic diet now available, current research focuses on refining the formulation to deliver a more economical diet. Wheat germ oil (WGO) is the main lipid source in the current Queensland fruit fly gel diet, but is a particularly expensive ingredient and has limited availability. To identify an oil that maintains high productivity and fly quality at reduced cost, the present study assessed production and performance of Queensland fruit flies reared on gel larval diets containing the WGO that was used in previous studies (WGO/M), an alternative WGO (WGO/A), sunflower oil, rice bran oil, and canola oil. Diets containing canola oil ($5.24/liter) performed as well as diets with WGO/M ($116/liter) in terms of parental egg hatch, pupal number, pupal weight, adult emergence, percentage and rate of fliers, sex ratio, fecundity, and fertility (F1 egg hatch), offering a remarkably cost-effective alternative. Costs of oil in Queensland fruit fly production are reduced by ca. 95% per 1,000 flight capable adults ('fliers'). Substantial savings may be made in Queensland fruit fly mass rearing by substituting WGO/M with canola oil in gel larval diets without compromising productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Moadeli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bishwo Mainali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pérez J, Park SJ, Taylor PW. Domestication modifies the volatile emissions produced by male Queensland fruit flies during sexual advertisement. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16503. [PMID: 30405136 PMCID: PMC6220308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects commonly undergo substantial changes during adaptation for laboratory or mass-rearing environments (‘domestication’) that may have significant implications for inferences from laboratory studies and utility for biological control. We assessed the effect of domestication on the amount and blend of volatiles released during sexual calling by laboratory-reared Bactrocera tryoni males using colonies from three regions of Australia: Brisbane, Cairns and Sydney. For each region, volatiles released by males from a young colony (five or fewer generations) and an old colony (20+ generations) during sexual calling was compared. Males from old colonies released more volatiles than males from young colonies. All components of the blend were more abundant in one or more of the older colonies, although differences varied by compound and by region. To assess changes over generations, the young and old colonies obtained from Brisbane were sampled at 5, 12 and 15 generations (young colony) and 25, 35 and 38 generations (old colony). While the old colony remained unchanged, flies from the young colony released more volatiles at each sequential sampling episode, and became increasingly similar to the old colony. Increased volatile production during domestication may be an adaptive response to crowded rearing conditions in which males need to overcome a chemically noisy environment to be sexually successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanneth Pérez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Soo Jean Park
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Moadeli T, Mainali B, Ponton F, Taylor PW. Effects of Wheat Germ Oil Concentration in Gel Larval Diets on Production and Quality of Queensland Fruit Fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2288-2297. [PMID: 30085173 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Queensland fruit fly ('Q-fly'), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most destructive insect pest of horticultural crops in Australia. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has attracted significant interest for sustainable management of Q-fly through the mass rearing and release of sterile flies. Cost-effective diets are required to rear Q-flies for SIT. Wheat germ oil (WGO) is the main source of fatty acids and vitamins in gel larval diets that are used to rear Q-fly but is an expensive ingredient. With the aim of reducing WGO cost in gel larval diet, we assessed performance of Q-flies reared on diets that varied in WGO content. Q-fly larvae were reared on two diets that differed mainly in yeast composition ('gel diet 2006' and 'gel diet 2009') and contained 0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.11, 0.15, or 1% WGO to identify reduced concentrations of WGO (and hence cost) without compromising productivity or quality. Diets containing WGO outperformed diets without WGO in development rate, pupal number, adult emergence, percentage of fliers, rate of fliers, and fecundity. Concentrations of 0.11% and above provided full benefit in gel diet 2006 (original formulation 0.15%), and concentrations of 0.15% (original formulation 1.0%) and above provided full benefit in gel diet 2009, and for both diets, a concentration-dependent decline in fly performance resulted from lower doses. Savings can be made in gel diets for mass rearing of Q-fly without compromising productivity by reducing WGO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Moadeli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bishwo Mainali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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