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Zhou Y, Li JW, Uedo N. Multimodal management of foregut neuroendocrine neoplasms. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 68:101889. [PMID: 38522885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2024.101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The foregut, which includes the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, represents one of the most common sites for neuroendocrine neoplasms. These are highly heterogenous with different risk of progression depending on location, cell-type of origin, size, grade and other factors. Various endoscopic and imaging modalities exist to inform therapeutic decision-making, which may be in the form of surgical or endoscopic resection and medical therapy depending on the extent of the disease after diagnostic evaluation. This narrative review aims to explore the literature on the multimodal management of such foregut neuroendocrine neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichan Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - James Weiquan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore Health Services, Singapore
| | - Noriya Uedo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Japan.
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Liang H, Liu W, Wang H, Li T. Late-stage esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma in a patient treated with tislelizumab combined with anlotinib: a case report. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231187942. [PMID: 37498227 PMCID: PMC10387792 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231187942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (ENEC) is an extremely rare tumor with highly malignant potential, rapid growth, and a poor prognosis. Advanced extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma should be treated with chemotherapeutic regimens suitable for small cell lung cancer. However, ENEC has no clear second-line treatment options. The clinical application of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in small cell lung cancer has produced good therapeutic effects. We describe the case of an elderly woman with multiple metastatic advanced ENEC treated with tislelizumab combined with anlotinib as second-line therapy, achieving complete remission in a short period and long-term survival. In total, 21 cycles of tislelizumab combined with anlotinib were given to this patient. After two cycles, the patient's neuron-specific enolase level decreased from 181.8 to 22.9 µg/L and remained at normal levels throughout treatment. Progression-free survival and overall survival were 16 and 21 months, respectively, in this patient. No obvious side effects were observed. Thus, tislelizumab and anlotinib could represent a novel therapeutic option for advanced ENEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Dezhou People's Hospital (Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital), 1166 Dongfanghong West Road, Dezhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Dezhou People's Hospital (Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital), 1166 Dongfanghong West Road, Dezhou, P.R. China
| | - Honglu Liang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Dezhou People's Hospital (Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital), 1166 Dongfanghong West Road, Dezhou, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dezhou People's Hospital (Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital), 1166 Dongfanghong West Road, Dezhou, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dezhou People's Hospital (Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital), 1166 Dongfanghong West Road, Dezhou, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Oncology, Dezhou People's Hospital (Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital), 1166 Dongfanghong West Road, Dezhou, P.R. China
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Xu BB, He XY, Zhou YB, He QL, Tian YT, Hao HK, Qiu XT, Jiang LX, Zhao G, li Z, Xu YC, Fu WH, Xue FQ, Li SL, Xu ZK, Zhu ZG, Li Y, Li E, Chen JP, Li HL, Cai LS, Wu D, Li P, Zheng CH, Xie JW, Lu J, Huang CM. Optimal postoperative surveillance strategies for cancer survivors with gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma based on individual risk: a multicenter real-world cohort study. Int J Surg 2023; 109:1668-1676. [PMID: 37076132 PMCID: PMC10389463 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The best follow-up strategy for cancer survivors after treatment should balance the effectiveness and cost of disease detection while detecting recurrence as early as possible. Due to the low incidence of gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma [G-(MA)NEC], high-level evidence-based follow-up strategies is limited. Currently, there is a lack of consensus among clinical practice guidelines regarding the appropriate follow-up strategies for patients with resectable G-(MA)NEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included patients diagnosed with G-(MA)NEC from 21 centers in China. The random forest survival model simulated the monthly probability of recurrence to establish an optimal surveillance schedule maximizing the power of detecting recurrence at each follow-up. The power and cost-effectiveness were compared with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, and European Society for Medical Oncology Guidelines. RESULTS A total of 801 patients with G-(MA)NEC were included. The patients were stratified into four distinct risk groups utilizing the modified TNM staging system. The study cohort comprised 106 (13.2%), 120 (15.0%), 379 (47.3%), and 196 cases (24.5%) for modified groups IIA, IIB, IIIA, and IIIB, respectively. Based on the monthly probability of disease recurrence, the authors established four distinct follow-up strategies for each risk group. The total number of follow-ups 5 years after surgery in the four groups was 12, 12, 13, and 13 times, respectively. The risk-based follow-up strategies demonstrated improved detection efficiency compared to existing clinical guidelines. Further Markov decision-analytic models verified that the risk-based follow-up strategies were better and more cost-effective than the control strategy recommended by the guidelines. CONCLUSIONS This study developed four different monitoring strategies based on individualized risks for patients with G-(MA)NEC, which may improve the detection power at each visit and were more economical, effective. Even though our results are limited by the biases related to the retrospective study design, we believe that, in the absence of a randomized clinical trial, our findings should be considered when recommending follow-up strategies for G-(MA)NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-bin Xu
- Department of Gastric Surgery
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University
- Fujian Province Minimally Invasive Medical Center
| | - Xin-Yang He
- Division of life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West district of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Yan-bing Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Qing-liang He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
| | - Yan-tao Tian
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Han-kun Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Xian-tu Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Gastrointestinal Surgery Research Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University
| | - Li-xin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yan Tai Yu Huang Ding Hospital
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Zhi li
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital
| | - Yan-chang Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fujian Medicine University Teaching Hospital, The First Hospital of Putian
| | - Wei-hua Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Fang-qin Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital
| | - Shu-liang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng
| | - Ze-kuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Zheng-gang Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Yong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - En Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People’s Hospital
| | - Jin-ping Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University
| | - Hong-lang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University
| | - Li-sheng Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastric Surgery
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University
- Fujian Province Minimally Invasive Medical Center
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Gastric Surgery
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University
- Fujian Province Minimally Invasive Medical Center
| | - Chao-hui Zheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University
- Fujian Province Minimally Invasive Medical Center
| | - Jian-wei Xie
- Department of Gastric Surgery
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University
- Fujian Province Minimally Invasive Medical Center
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Gastric Surgery
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University
- Fujian Province Minimally Invasive Medical Center
| | - Chang-Ming Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University
- Fujian Province Minimally Invasive Medical Center
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Chen C, Hu H, Zheng Z, Yang Y, Chen W, Qiao X, Li P, Zhang S. Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival trends in esophageal neuroendocrine carcinomas: A population-based study. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4935-4945. [PMID: 35596661 PMCID: PMC9761068 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (ENEC) is an extremely rare type of malignancy. Clinical data of ENEC are limited to case reports and case series. More information is needed on its clinical feature, management, and prognosis. METHODS This study collected information of ENEC patients diagnosed pathologically from 2010 to 2018. Data including demographic information, clinical features, and survival trends were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA/SE 15.1, SPSS 25.0, and GraphPad Prism 8. RESULTS A total of 283 ENEC patients were included in this study. The small-cell and large-cell subtypes of ENEC possess similar clinical features. The lower third of the esophagus (58%) was the most common location of ENEC. At the time of diagnosis, most ENEC patients were AJCC 7th stage IV (48.1%). Metastasis occurred in more than half of the ENEC patients (53.4%), and the most common metastatic site was the liver (37.1%). Compared with poorly differentiated esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), another aggressive malignancy of the esophagus sometimes confused with ENEC because of similar histological features, our study showed differences in tumor location and metastatic rate, but similar poor survival rates. Multivariate survival analysis showed that ENEC located at the middle third of esophagus (p = 0.013), "Brain metastasis" (p = 0.019), and "Liver metastasis" (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of worse outcomes. "Surgery" (p = 0.003), and "Chemotherapy" (p < 0.001) were associated with better survival. CONCLUSION A significant proportion of patients with newly diagnosed ENEC presented with metastatic disease. Predictors of poor survival included tumor location, brain metastasis, and liver metastasis. ENEC and poorly differentiated ESCC share certain histological features, but differ in tumor location and metastatic rate. Yet, no standard treatment strategy has been established, but surgery and chemotherapy were related to better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haiyi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhibo Zheng
- Department of International Medical ServicesPeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina,Department of Thoracic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinwei Qiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Tang N, Feng Z. Endoscopic submucosal dissection combined with adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3164-3169. [PMID: 35603334 PMCID: PMC9082696 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i10.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the esophagus is rare and highly aggressive, and lacks biological features. Currently, there are no established standard treatments for this cancer. In this report, we describe a patient with large-cell NEC of the esophagus who was successfully treated using endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) combined with adjuvant chemotherapy.
CASE SUMMARY A 55-year-old woman presented with intermittent mild dysphagia for 2 mo. Gastroscopy revealed a disc-shaped protruding lesion about 18 mm × 18 mm in size on the upper esophagus. Endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated that the bulged lesion originated from the muscularis mucosa. We assessed en bloc resections using ESD for therapeutic diagnosis to devise a safe and appropriate treatment. Histopathological examination revealed a poorly differentiated neoplasm comprising of large cells with marked nuclear atypia and multifocal necrosis. In addition, the specimens had a negative horizontal margin and vertical margins. Depth of invasion was classified as submucosa 2 (SM2) without lymphovascular invasion. These histopathological results were consistent with a diagnosis of esophageal NEC, large cell type. Adjuvant therapy has been considered for ESD patients with SM2/SM3 lesions and patients with poorly differentiated lesions. After comprehensive consideration, we initiated combination treatment, i.e., ESD plus adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient remained disease-free at the 2-year follow-up.
CONCLUSION En bloc resection approach using ESD may play a vital role as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality for esophageal NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Xuhui Center Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Xuhui Center Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
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Efficacy of the Low Dose Apatinib plus Chemotherapy on Advanced Gastric Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3009494. [PMID: 35401748 PMCID: PMC8986369 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3009494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of low dose apatinib plus chemotherapy on advanced gastric carcinoma. Methods Eligible 50 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma admitted to the hospital from January 2019 to March 2020 were enrolled, and they were assigned into the control group (n = 25, chemotherapy) and observation group (apatinib plus chemotherapy). Changes of CEA, CA72-4, and VEGF levels were measured, and the efficacy of the two groups was evaluated by referring to KPS and RECIST. Results Significant reduction was observed in CEA, CA72-4, and VEGF in both groups, and the treatment in the observation group resulted in a greater reduction (all P < 0.05). The observation group obtained significantly higher KPS scores of compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the treatment in the observation group led to a better control rate in relative to the control group according to RECIST the score (P < 0.05). Conclusion The combination of low dose apatinib and chemotherapy might be a promising option for advanced gastric cancer and it merits clinical application.
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Kohno S. Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Literature Review. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2022; 2:115-125. [PMID: 35399177 PMCID: PMC8962810 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review aimed to highlight the characteristics and surgical treatments of tumours, and answer questions regarding the assessment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) and optimal therapy. NENs comprise tumours that can produce hormones and cause a secretory syndrome. The diagnostic method and accuracy differ depending on the site of occurrence; hence, the relevant scientific society has created NEN treatment guidelines for each organ. Gastroenteric pancreatic (GEP) NENs have been unified and classified together according to the 2019 World Health Organization classification. Treatment is based on complete tumour resection, and when metastatic or primary lesions cannot be completely resected, lesions and symptoms are treated. Except for surgery for NENs, chemotherapy, molecularly targeted drugs, transarterial chemoembolization, etc., have also been confirmed as treatments. GEP NEN treatment methods will continue to advance and change because of surgery and other advances in treatment and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Kohno
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen G, Xu Q, Qian S, Wang Z, Wang S. Survival Analysis in Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma With Bone Metastasis at Diagnosis. Front Surg 2022; 9:820725. [PMID: 35155558 PMCID: PMC8831321 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.820725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) with bone metastasis is rarely reported. The purpose of this study is to explore the prognosis and risk factors of such patients. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed as gastrointestinal NECs with bone metastasis at diagnosis from 2010 to 2016 by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Predictors of overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were analyzed by univariable and multivariable Cox analyses. Kaplan–Meier plots were constructed to show the correlation between independent predictors and survival. Results A total of 330 gastrointestinal NEC patients with bone metastasis at diagnosis were included for analysis. Over half of patients were male and older than 60 years old. The most common primary site of gastrointestinal NEC with bone metastasis was the pancreas. The prognosis of gastrointestinal NEC with bone metastasis (3-year OS and CSS rates: 16.7 and 17.0%) was very poor. On Cox multivariable analysis, age over 60 years old, no surgery, and lung metastasis were independent predictors of decreased OS and CSS. Conclusions We identified three independent factors associated with prognosis among gastrointestinal NEC patients with bone metastasis, namely age, surgery, and lung metastasis. For younger gastrointestinal NEC patients with bone metastasis, surgical resection of primary tumors as well as actively treating lung metastasis might be useful for prolonging survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genlian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Pan'an County, Jinhua, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Qian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan Wang
| | - Shicheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo No.6 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Shicheng Wang
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Rapidly Extensive Recurrence of Esophageal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma After Complete Pathologic Response to Definitive Chemoradiation. ACG Case Rep J 2022; 9:e00730. [PMID: 35083361 PMCID: PMC8785926 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma is a rare, aggressive malignancy lacking evidence-based treatment guidelines. The timing and nature of relapse after successful treatment of locoregional disease are not well characterized. We report a patient lacking risk factors for esophageal cancer who rapidly developed extensive disease recurrence 4 months after achieving complete pathologic response to nonsurgical treatment. Although optimal survival for early stage nonmetastatic disease is achieved by esophagectomy with adjuvant therapy, definitive chemotherapy is also appropriate for late stage nonmetastatic patients. There are presently no protocols for maintenance therapy. We highlight complex treatment considerations for this rare malignancy.
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Han D, Li YL, Zhou ZW, Yin F, Chen J, Liu F, Shi YF, Wang W, Zhang Y, Yu XJ, Xu JM, Yang RX, Tian C, Luo J, Tan HY. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of 232 patients with poorly differentiated gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2895-2909. [PMID: 34135560 PMCID: PMC8173377 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i21.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly differentiated gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (PDGNENs) include gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma, which are highly malignant and rare tumors, and their incidence has increased over the past few decades. However, the clinicopathological features and outcomes of patients with PDGNENs have not been completely elucidated.
AIM To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of patients with PDGNENs.
METHODS The data from seven centers in China from March 2007 to November 2019 were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS Among the 232 patients with PDGNENs, 191 (82.3%) were male, with an average age of 62.83 ± 9.11 years. One hundred and thirteen (49.34%) of 229 patients had a stage III disease and 86 (37.55%) had stage IV disease. Three (1.58%) of 190 patients had no clinical symptoms, while 187 (98.42%) patients presented clinical symptoms. The tumors were mainly (89.17%) solitary and located in the upper third of the stomach (cardia and fundus of stomach: 115/215, 53.49%). Most lesions were ulcers (157/232, 67.67%), with an average diameter of 4.66 ± 2.77 cm. In terms of tumor invasion, the majority of tumors invaded the serosa (116/198, 58.58%). The median survival time of the 232 patients was 13.50 mo (7, 31 mo), and the overall 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates were 49%, 19%, and 5%, respectively. According to univariate analysis, tumor number, tumor diameter, gastric invasion status, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, and distant metastasis status were prognostic factors for patients with PDGNENs. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor number, tumor diameter, AJCC stage, and distant metastasis status were independent prognostic factors for patients with PDGNENs.
CONCLUSION The overall prognosis of patients with PDGNENs is poor. The outcomes of patients with a tumor diameter > 5 cm, multiple tumors, and stage IV tumors are worse than those of other patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Han
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Li
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan-Fen Shi
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Run-Xiang Yang
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huang-Ying Tan
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Immunohistochemical Staining With Neuroendocrine Markers is Essential in the Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Esophagogastric Junction. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:454-461. [PMID: 33480601 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) are uncommon and the classification of these tumors has been revised several times. Since 2016, at the Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark, all adenocarcinomas and poorly differentiated carcinomas of the EGJ have been stained routinely with the neuroendocrine markers, synaptophysin and chromogranin A, to detect a possible neuroendocrine component. This study aimed to determine if routine immunohistochemical staining is necessary to detect neuroendocrine differentiation of the EGJ tumors by evaluating how often a neuroendocrine component of the tumors was correctly identified or missed on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, and by evaluating the interobserver agreement among several pathologists. Of 262 cases a NEN was identified in 24 (9.2%). Up to 22.7% of all EGJ NENs would have been missed without routinely performed neuroendocrine staining in all EGJ tumors. The interobserver agreement between 3 pathologists was slight to moderate. In conclusion, immunohistochemical staining with neuroendocrine markers is essential for the diagnosis of NENs, and to detect all NENs, we recommend to perform this routinely on all resected tumors of the EGJ.
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Sato H, Saito T, Horii H, Kajiura M, Kikuchi N, Takada N, Taguchi K, Yoshida M, Hasegawa M, Taguchi H, Yoshida Y, Ando K, Fujiya M, Omori Y, Hank T, Liss AS, Gala MK, Makita Y, Ono Y, Mizukami Y, Okumura T. Case Report: A Rare Case of Esophagogastric Junctional Squamous Cell Carcinoma After the Successful Treatment of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Clonal Tumor Evolution Revealed by Genetic Analysis. Front Genet 2021; 12:608324. [PMID: 34616420 PMCID: PMC8489402 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.608324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is a rare disease with no established treatments. Herein, we describe a case of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) after achieving complete response to chemotherapy against NEC of the EGJ. A 67-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of epigastric discomfort. Computed tomography imaging and esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed ulcerated tumors at the EGJ. Endoscopic biopsy revealed small tumor cells with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, suggesting small-cell NEC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis showed tumor cells with an MIB-1 index of 80%. The patient achieved complete response after 10 cycles of chemotherapy. Follow-up endoscopic examination revealed small red-colored mucosal lesions in the center of the cicatrized primary lesion. Re-biopsy detected cancer cells harboring large eosinophilic cytoplasm with keratinization and no evidence of NEC components. IHC of the cells were cytokeratin 5/6-positive and p53-negative. The tumor persisted without evidence of metastases after chemoradiotherapy, and total gastrectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. Pathological assessment of the resected specimens revealed SCC, without evidence of NEC. The patient survived without a recurrence for >3 years after the initial presentation. Somatic mutation profiles of the primary NEC and recurrent SCC were analyzed by targeted amplicon sequencing covering common cancer-related mutations. Both tumors possessed TP53 Q192X mutation, whereas SMAD4 S517T was found only in SCC, suggesting that both tumor components originated from a founder clone with a stop-gain mutation in TP53. The somatic mutation profile of the tumors indicated that that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the TP53 gene might have occurred during the differentiation of the founder clone into NEC, while a SMAD4 mutation might have contributed to SCC development, indicating branching and subclonal evolution from common founder clone to both NEC and SCC. The mutation assessments provided valuable information to better understand the clonal evolution of metachronous cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hiroki Sato
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horii
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Mami Kajiura
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kikuchi
- Division of Pathology, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Takada
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Taguchi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Yoshida
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hasegawa
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Taguchi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yoshida
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Ando
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Omori
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Thomas Hank
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew S. Liss
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Manish K. Gala
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yoshio Makita
- Department of Genetic Counseling, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizukami
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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