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Thoma V, Sakai S, Nagata K, Ishii Y, Maruyama S, Abe A, Kondo S, Kawata M, Hamada S, Deguchi R, Tanimoto H. On the origin of appetite: GLWamide in jellyfish represents an ancestral satiety neuropeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221493120. [PMID: 37011192 PMCID: PMC10104569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221493120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake is regulated by internal state. This function is mediated by hormones and neuropeptides, which are best characterized in popular model species. However, the evolutionary origins of such feeding-regulating neuropeptides are poorly understood. We used the jellyfish Cladonema to address this question. Our combined transcriptomic, behavioral, and anatomical approaches identified GLWamide as a feeding-suppressing peptide that selectively inhibits tentacle contraction in this jellyfish. In the fruit fly Drosophila, myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) is a related satiety peptide. Surprisingly, we found that GLWamide and MIP were fully interchangeable in these evolutionarily distant species for feeding suppression. Our results suggest that the satiety signaling systems of diverse animals share an ancient origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimiros Thoma
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-0845, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Koki Nagata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuu Ishii
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-0845, Japan
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Maruyama
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai980-8578, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo112-8610, Japan
| | - Ayako Abe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Shu Kondo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo125-8585, Japan
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka411-8540, Japan
| | - Masakado Kawata
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai980-8578, Japan
| | - Shun Hamada
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka813-8529, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Deguchi
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-0845, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
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Americus B, Lotan T, Bartholomew JL, Atkinson SD. A comparison of the structure and function of nematocysts in free-living and parasitic cnidarians (Myxozoa). Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:763-769. [PMID: 32707121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myxozoans are obligate parasites that have complex life cycles requiring alternate vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, with transmission via microscopic waterborne spores. Unusually for parasites, they belong to the phylum Cnidaria, alongside thousands of free-living corals, sea anemones, jellyfish and hydrozoans. Their cnidarian affinity is affirmed by genetic relatedness and the presence of nematocysts, historically called "polar capsules" in myxozoan research. Free-living cnidarians utilise this cellular weaponry for defence, predation and adhesion, whereas myxozoans use it to anchor to their hosts as the first step in infection. Despite the ~650 million years of divergence between free-living cnidarians and myxozoans, their nematocysts retain many shared morphological and molecular characters. Both are intra-cellular capsules with a single opening, and contain a coiled, evertable tubule. They are composed of unique nematocyst proteins, nematogalectin and minicollagen, and both likely contain an internal matrix of metal cations covalently bound to the anionic polymer poly-gamma glutamate. The rapid dissociation of this matrix and the resulting increase in internal osmotic potential is the driving force behind tubule elongation during discharge. In this review, we compare the structure and function of nematocysts in Myxozoa and free-living Cnidaria, incorporating recent molecular characterizations. We propose that terminology for homologous myxozoan structures be synonymized with those from other Cnidaria, hence, "polar capsule" as a taxon-specific nematocyst morphotype and "polar filament" as "tubule." Despite taxonomic divergence, genome reduction and an evolution to parasitism, myxozoans maintain nematocysts that are structurally and functionally homologous to those of their free-living cnidarian relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Americus
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Tamar Lotan
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H.Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Weir K, Dupre C, van Giesen L, Lee ASY, Bellono NW. A molecular filter for the cnidarian stinging response. eLife 2020; 9:57578. [PMID: 32452384 PMCID: PMC7250568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All animals detect and integrate diverse environmental signals to mediate behavior. Cnidarians, including jellyfish and sea anemones, both detect and capture prey using stinging cells called nematocytes which fire a venom-covered barb via an unknown triggering mechanism. Here, we show that nematocytes from Nematostella vectensis use a specialized voltage-gated calcium channel (nCaV) to distinguish salient sensory cues and control the explosive discharge response. Adaptations in nCaV confer unusually sensitive, voltage-dependent inactivation to inhibit responses to non-prey signals, such as mechanical water turbulence. Prey-derived chemosensory signals are synaptically transmitted to acutely relieve nCaV inactivation, enabling mechanosensitive-triggered predatory attack. These findings reveal a molecular basis for the cnidarian stinging response and highlight general principles by which single proteins integrate diverse signals to elicit discrete animal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Weir
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Christophe Dupre
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Amy S-Y Lee
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Nicholas W Bellono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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Senatore A, Raiss H, Le P. Physiology and Evolution of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Early Diverging Animal Phyla: Cnidaria, Placozoa, Porifera and Ctenophora. Front Physiol 2016; 7:481. [PMID: 27867359 PMCID: PMC5095125 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels serve dual roles in the cell, where they can both depolarize the membrane potential for electrical excitability, and activate transient cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals. In animals, Cav channels play crucial roles including driving muscle contraction (excitation-contraction coupling), gene expression (excitation-transcription coupling), pre-synaptic and neuroendocrine exocytosis (excitation-secretion coupling), regulation of flagellar/ciliary beating, and regulation of cellular excitability, either directly or through modulation of other Ca2+-sensitive ion channels. In recent years, genome sequencing has provided significant insights into the molecular evolution of Cav channels. Furthermore, expanded gene datasets have permitted improved inference of the species phylogeny at the base of Metazoa, providing clearer insights into the evolution of complex animal traits which involve Cav channels, including the nervous system. For the various types of metazoan Cav channels, key properties that determine their cellular contribution include: Ion selectivity, pore gating, and, importantly, cytoplasmic protein-protein interactions that direct sub-cellular localization and functional complexing. It is unclear when these defining features, many of which are essential for nervous system function, evolved. In this review, we highlight some experimental observations that implicate Cav channels in the physiology and behavior of the most early-diverging animals from the phyla Cnidaria, Placozoa, Porifera, and Ctenophora. Given our limited understanding of the molecular biology of Cav channels in these basal animal lineages, we infer insights from better-studied vertebrate and invertebrate animals. We also highlight some apparently conserved cellular functions of Cav channels, which might have emerged very early on during metazoan evolution, or perhaps predated it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Hamad Raiss
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Phuong Le
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga, ON, Canada
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Bouchard C, Anderson PAV. Immunolocalization of a voltage-gated calcium channel β subunit in the tentacles and cnidocytes of the Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 227:252-262. [PMID: 25572213 DOI: 10.1086/bblv227n3p252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the localization of a voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) β subunit in the tentacles and cnidocytes of the Portuguese man-of-war using confocal immunocytochemistry. An antibody specific to the Ca(2+) channel β subunit of the Portuguese-man-of-war (PpCaVβ) was generated, and characterized by Western immunoblotting. The antibody labeling was widespread in the ectoderm of cnidosacs of the tentacles. The binding of the antibody on isolated cnidocytes was distributed at the base of the cell and appeared as multiple strong fluorescent plaques located around the basal hemisphere of the cell. The distribution of PpCaVβ in the cnidocyte is consistent with previous studies on other hydrozoans that demonstrated that cnidocytes convey sensory information to other cnidocytes through chemical synapses in which the cnidocyte is pre-synaptic to elements of the animal's nervous system. Importantly and surprisingly, PpCaVβ did not localize to the apical surface of the cnidocyte where the exocytotic events involved in cnidocyst discharge are thought to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter A V Anderson
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Dept. of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, Florida 32080
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Mayorova T, Kosevich I. FMRF-amide immunoreactivity pattern in the planula and colony of the hydroid Gonothyraea loveni. ZOOLOGY 2013; 116:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Plachetzki DC, Fong CR, Oakley TH. Cnidocyte discharge is regulated by light and opsin-mediated phototransduction. BMC Biol 2012; 10:17. [PMID: 22390726 PMCID: PMC3329406 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cnidocytes, the eponymous cell type of the Cnidaria, facilitate both sensory and secretory functions and are among the most complex animal cell types known. In addition to their structural complexity, cnidocytes display complex sensory attributes, integrating both chemical and mechanical cues from the environment into their discharge behavior. Despite more than a century of work aimed at understanding the sensory biology of cnidocytes, the specific sensory receptor genes that regulate their function remain unknown. RESULTS Here we report that light also regulates cnidocyte function. We show that non-cnidocyte neurons located in battery complexes of the freshwater polyp Hydra magnipapillata specifically express opsin, cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) ion channel and arrestin, which are all known components of bilaterian phototransduction cascades. We infer from behavioral trials that different light intensities elicit significant effects on cnidocyte discharge propensity. Harpoon-like stenotele cnidocytes show a pronounced diminution of discharge behavior under bright light conditions as compared to dim light. Further, we show that suppression of firing by bright light is ablated by cis-diltiazem, a specific inhibitor of CNG ion channels. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate an ancient opsin-mediated phototransduction pathway and a previously unknown layer of sensory complexity in the control of cnidocyte discharge. These findings also suggest a molecular mechanism for the regulation of other cnidarian behaviors that involve both photosensitivity and cnidocyte function, including diurnal feeding repertoires and/or substrate-based locomotion. More broadly, our findings highlight one novel, non-visual function for opsin-mediated phototransduction in a cnidarian, the origins of which might have preceded the evolution of cnidarian eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Plachetzki
- Center for Population Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Deguchi R, Takeda N, Stricker SA. Comparative biology of cAMP-induced germinal vesicle breakdown in marine invertebrate oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:708-25. [PMID: 21774023 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During maturation, oocytes must undergo a process of nuclear disassembly, or "germinal vesicle breakdown" (GVBD), that is regulated by signaling pathways involving cyclic AMP (cAMP). In vertebrate and starfish oocytes, cAMP elevation typically prevents GVBD. Alternatively, increased concentrations of intra-oocytic cAMP trigger, rather than inhibit, GVBD in several groups of marine invertebrates. To integrate what is known about the stimulation of GVBD by intra-oocytic cAMP, this article reviews published data for ascidian, bivalve, brittle star, jellyfish, and nemertean oocytes. The bulk of the review concentrates on the three most intensively analyzed groups known to display cAMP-induced GVBD-nemerteans, ascidians, and jellyfish. In addition, this synopsis also presents some previously unpublished findings regarding the stimulatory effects of intra-oocytic cAMP on GVBD in jellyfish and the annelid worm Pseudopotamilla occelata. Finally, factors that may account for the currently known distribution of cAMP-induced GVBD across animal groups are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusaku Deguchi
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Scappaticci A, Kahn F, Kass-Simon G. Nematocyst discharge in Hydra vulgaris: Differential responses of desmonemes and stenoteles to mechanical and chemical stimulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:184-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Oliver D, Brinkmann M, Sieger T, Thurm U. Hydrozoan nematocytes send and receive synaptic signals induced by mechano-chemical stimuli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 211:2876-88. [PMID: 18723547 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.018515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nematocytes, the stinging cells of Hydrozoa, can be considered as prototypic mechanosensory hair cells bearing a concentric hair bundle, the cnidocil apparatus. These cells produce typical mechanoreceptor potentials in response to deflection of their cnidocil. Here we show that mechanosensory signals are relayed to neighbouring nematocytes via chemical neurotransmission and that nematocytes receive synaptic input from surrounding nematocytes, hair cells and probably from epithelial cells. Intracellular voltage recordings from stenotele nematocytes of capitate hydroid polyps showed two distinct types of responses when other nematocytes within the same tentacle were mechanically stimulated: (i) graded depolarizations of variable duration ('L-potentials'), and (ii) uniform impulse-like, often repetitive depolarizations ('T-potentials') that occurred in correlation with contractions of epitheliomuscular cells. Voltage clamp experiments showed that despite the stereotyped time course of T-potentials, their generation did not involve electrically excitable conductances. Instead, time course, post-stimulus delay, susceptibility to blockers of neurotransmission and gap junctions, and induction by electrical stimulation of other nematocytes indicate that L- and T-potentials are postsynaptic, most likely glutamatergic potentials. Both result from different presynaptic pathways: L-potentials are induced monosynaptically by presynaptic receptor potentials, T-potentials are most likely triggered by presynaptic action potentials propagating through the ectodermal epithelium via gap junctions. Moreover, contact-chemosensory (phospholipid) stimulation of the presynaptic nematocyte is a positive modulator of the nematocyte's afferent synaptic efficacy and of cnidocyst discharge, both triggered by mechanoreceptor potentials. The results reveal that hydrozoan nematocytes act as bimodal sensory cells, signalling coincident chemical and mechanical stimuli indicative of prey, and receive signals from other nematocytes and sensory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Oliver
- Institute for Neurobiology and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Mackie GO, Meech RW. Nerves in the endodermal canals of hydromedusae and their role in swimming inhibition. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2008; 8:199-209. [PMID: 19002509 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-008-0082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
N eoturris breviconis (Anthomedusae) has a nerve plexus in the walls of its endodermal canals. The plexus is distinct from the ectodermal nerve plexuses supplying the radial and circular muscles in the ectoderm and no connections have been observed between them. Stimulation of the endodermal plexus evokes electrical events recorded extracellularly as "E" potentials. These propagate through all areas where the plexus has been shown by immunohistology to exist and nowhere else. When Neoturris is ingesting food, trains of "E" potentials propagate down the radial canals to the margin and cause inhibition of swimming. This response is distinct from the inhibition of swimming associated with contractions of the radial muscles but both may play a part in feeding and involve chemoreceptors. Preliminary observations suggest that the "E" system occurs in other medusae including Aglantha digitale (Trachymedusae) where the conduction pathway was previously thought to be an excitable epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Mackie
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada.
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Bouchard C, Price RB, Moneypenny CG, Thompson LF, Zillhardt M, Stalheim L, Anderson PAV. Cloning and functional expression of voltage-gated ion channel subunits from cnidocytes of the Portuguese Man O'War Physalia physalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:2979-89. [PMID: 16857882 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cnidocytes were dissociated from the tentacles of the Portuguese Man O'War Physalia physalis using heat treatment, and purified using density centrifugation. Visual observation confirmed that these cnidocytes contained a nucleus, a cnidocyst and an apical stereocilium, confirming that the cells were intact. A cnidocyte-specific amplified cDNA library was then prepared using RNA isolated from the cnidocytes, and screened for voltage-gated ion channel subunits using conventional molecular cloning techniques. A variety of channel proteins were identified and full-length sequence obtained for two of them, a Ca(2+) channel beta subunit (PpCa(V)beta) and a Shaker-like K(+) channel (PpK(V)1). The location of the transcripts was confirmed by RT-PCR of total RNA isolated from individually selected and rinsed cnidocytes. The functional properties of these two channel proteins were characterized electrophysiologically using heterologous expression. PpCa(V)beta modulates currents carried by both cnidarian and mammalian alpha(1) subunits although the specifics of the modulation differ. PpK(V)1 produces fast transient outward currents that have properties typical of other Shaker channels. The possible role of these channel proteins in the behavior of cnidocytes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bouchard
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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