Mechanical Properties of Baboon Tympanic Membrane from Young to Adult

Understanding age-related middle ear properties and basilar membrane damage in hearing loss: A finite element analysis and retrospective cohort study

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is primarily attributed to inner-ear factors, yet the role of age-related middle ear characteristics remains elusive. Employing a finite element (FE) model, we conducted a comparative analysis with clinical data extracted from a retrospective cohort study involving 90 younger adults (mean age = 38.1 ± 7.7) and 111 older adults (mean age = 63.8 ± 8.4). The clinical dataset encompassed air-bone gap (ABG) measurements obtained through pure-tone audiometry (PTA) at frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kHz. FE results quantified the normalized stapes displacement value of the simulated form of air-bone gap (ABGSim) between the two age groups. The Mann-Whitney U test, with a significance threshold set at P < 0.05, was employed for statistical analysis. Furthermore, the study employs simulated auditory risk unit (ARU) results to evaluate basilar membrane (BM) damage. A significant intergroup discrepancy surfaces at 1.0 kHz (ABGSim = 1.0; ABG: P = 0.008), with pronounced BM damage occurring within the speech frequency range (0.5-4.0 kHz) among older adults. The ARU consistently localizes within the 3-18 mm region from the base for both age groups. In conclusion, older adults exhibited significant conductive hearing loss (CHL) at 1.0 kHz but demonstrated a modest enhancement in middle ear sound transmission efficiency at 2.0 kHz. Furthermore, our research indicates that aging exacerbates damage to the BM when exposed to speech frequency excitation exceeding 90 dB sound pressure level (dB SPL).

Effects of age-related tympanic-membrane material properties on sound transmission in the middle ear in a three-dimensional finite-element model

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The Young's modulus of the tympanic membrane (TM) is an important modeling parameter in computer simulations of the sound transmission in the ear. Understanding the material mechanics of the TM is essential to improve the coupling between the tympanic membrane and the auditory ossicles. However, the impact of the age-related Young's modulus of the TM on sound transmission is not well known. The objective of this study was to use a comprehensive finite element (FE) model to assess the impact of Young's modulus on sound transmission from the ear canal to the stapes footplate over acoustic frequencies.

METHODS

The FE model of the ear canal, the middle ear, and the inner ear, was constructed. The model was constructed with identical geometries and boundary conditions, but with three different Young's moduli for the TMs. The auditory ossicles, suspensory ligaments and tendons, and manubrium were also modeled as isotropic elastic materials. Beside, we evaluated the age-related Young's moduli of the TMs on sound transmission with the FE element fluid-structural interaction (FSI) model under acoustic loading conditions.

RESULTS

The impact of the age-related Young's moduli on the sound pressure distributions in the ear canal was significant over two frequency ranges of 1.4-3.2 and 8.6-10 kHz. Meanwhile, the significant differences of the displacement of the stapes occurred at around 1.6 kHz, where the displacement of the stapes decreased from 0.352 nm to 0.287 nm.

CONCLUSIONS

The FSI model could demonstrate the influence of Young's modulus of the TM on the transfer of sound-induced vibrations form the ear canal to the stapes footplate. The FE model may provide appropriate information to the medical device development of artificial ossicles and hearing aids.

Mechanical Properties of Baboon Tympanic Membrane from Young to Adult

Mechanical properties of the tympanic membrane (TM) play an important role in sound transmission through the middle ear. While numerous studies have investigated the mechanical properties of the adult human TM, the effects of age on the TM's properties remain unclear because of the limited published data on the TM of young children. To address this deprivation, we used baboons in this study as an animal model for investigating the effect of age on the mechanical properties of the TM. Temporal bones were harvested from baboons (Papio anubis) of four different age groups: less than 1 year, 1-3 years, 3-5 years, and older than 5 years of age or adult. The TM specimens were harvested from baboon temporal bones and cut into rectangle strips along the inferior-superior direction, mainly capturing the influence of the circumferential direction fibers on the TM's mechanical properties. The elasticity, ultimate tensile strength, and relaxation behavior of the baboon TM were measured in each of the four age groups with a mechanical analyzer. The average effective Young's modulus of adult baboon TM was approximately 3.1 MPa, about two times higher than that of a human TM. The Young's moduli of the TM samples demonstrated a 26 % decrease from newborn to adult (from 4.2 to 3.1 MPa). The average ultimate tensile strength of the TMs for all the age groups was ~ 2.5 MPa. There was no significant change in the ultimate tensile strength and relaxation behavior among age groups. The preliminary results reported in this study provide a first step towards understanding the effect of age on the TM mechanical properties from young to adult.