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Mulorz J, Garcon F, Arnautovic A, De Somer C, Knapsis A, Aubin H, Fleissner F, Rembe JD, Vockel M, Oberhuber A, Lichtenberg A, Schelzig H, Wagenhäuser MU. The Role of Spatial Aortic Arch Architecture in Type B Aortic Dissection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5963. [PMID: 37762902 PMCID: PMC10532254 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of type B aortic dissection (TBAD) is increasing worldwide; however, the underlying pathomechanisms are not conclusively understood. This study explores the geometric architecture of the aortic arch and supra-aortic branches in TBAD patients as opposed to non-TBAD patients. METHODS Patient characteristics were retrieved from archived medical records. Computer-assisted tomography (CAT) scans of patients with TBAD and carotid stenosis (CS) from two high-volume centers were analyzed. Various aortic arch parameters and take-off angles of the supra-aortic branches of TBAD patients were measured following centerline normalization in comparison CS patients. A compression index (C-index) was calculated from the para-sagittal, and a torsion index (T-index) was calculated from the para-coronal take-off angles of the supra-aortic branches to analyze aortic arch tortuosity. RESULTS A total of 199 CAT scans were analyzed, namely, 85 in the TBAD group and 114 in the CS group. The average age was 61.5 ± 13.1 years among the TBAD patients and 71 ± 9.3 years among the CS patients. We found a significantly higher proportion of type III aortic arch configurations in TBAD patients compared with CS patients. Further, the aortic arch angle was steeper in the TBAD group. In the para-sagittal plane, the left subclavian artery (LSA) take-off angle was less steep in TBAD patients. In the para-coronal plane, the left carotid artery (LCA) had a less steep take-off angle, while the LSA had a more obtuse take-off angle in the TBAD group when compared with the CS group. In addition, the inter-vessel distance was increased in TBAD patients. Finally, the T-index was increased, suggesting a significant torsion resulting from the deviating take-off angles of the supra-aortic branches supplying the left half of the body as opposed to the innominate artery (IA) in TBAD patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest several aortic arch-specific geometric configurations in patients suffering from TBAD that significantly differ from those in CS patients. Further functional studies are needed to verify the pathogenetic relevance of our results and their disease-specific causality. Although our data are not mechanistically explorative, they may serve as a basis for identifying future patients with aortic arch morphology at higher risk for TBAD development and who may benefit from more stringent adjustment of risk factors as a primary prevention concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Mulorz
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Garcon
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amir Arnautovic
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Casper De Somer
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Artis Knapsis
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hug Aubin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- CURE3D Laboratory, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Fleissner
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian-Dario Rembe
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malwina Vockel
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexander Oberhuber
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubert Schelzig
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Udo Wagenhäuser
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Mulorz J, Ibing W, Cappallo M, Braß SM, Takeuchi K, Raaz U, Schellinger IN, Krott KJ, Schelzig H, Aubin H, Oberhuber A, Elvers M, Wagenhäuser MU. Ethanol Enhances Endothelial Rigidity by Targeting VE-Cadherin-Implications for Acute Aortic Dissection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4967. [PMID: 37568369 PMCID: PMC10420172 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12154967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is caused by an endothelial entry tear followed by intimomedial delamination of the outer layers of the vessel wall. The established risk factors include hypertension and smoking. Another rising candidate risk factor is excessive alcohol consumption. This experimental study explores the effects of nicotine (Nic), angiotensin II (Ang II), and ethanol (EtOH) on human aortic endothelial cells (hAoEC). (2) Methods: HAoECs were exposed to Nic, Ang II, and EtOH at different dose levels. Cell migration was studied using the scratch assay and live-cell imaging. The metabolic viability and permeability capacity was investigated using the water-soluble tetrazolium (WST)-1 assay and an in vitro vascular permeability assay. Cell adherence was studied by utilizing the hanging drop assay. The transcriptional and protein level changes were analyzed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry for major junctional complexing proteins. (3) Results: We observed reduced metabolic viability following Ang II and EtOH exposure vs. control. Further, cell adherence was enhanced by EtOH exposure prior to trituration and by all risk factors after trituration, which correlated with the increased gene and protein expression of VE-cadherin upon EtOH exposure. The cell migration capacity was reduced upon EtOH exposure vs. controls. (4) Conclusion: Marked functional changes were observed upon exposure to established and potential risk factors for AAD development in hAoECs. Our findings advocate for an enhanced mechanical rigidity in hAoECs in response to the three substances studied, which in turn might increase endothelial rigidity, suggesting a novel mechanism for developing an endothelial entry tear due to reduced deformability in response to increased shear and pulsatile stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Mulorz
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wiebke Ibing
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Cappallo
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- CURE3D Lab, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sönke Maximilian Braß
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kiku Takeuchi
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Uwe Raaz
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- University Heart Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Nahal Schellinger
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- University Heart Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim Jürgen Krott
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubert Schelzig
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hug Aubin
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- CURE3D Lab, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Oberhuber
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Udo Wagenhäuser
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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3
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Zhou J, Wu R, Williams C, Emberson J, Reith C, Keech A, Robson J, Wilkinson K, Armitage J, Gray A, Simes J, Baigent C, Mihaylova B. Prediction Models for Individual-Level Healthcare Costs Associated with Cardiovascular Events in the UK. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2023; 41:547-559. [PMID: 36826687 PMCID: PMC10085892 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-022-01219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop prediction models for the individual-level impacts of cardiovascular events on UK healthcare costs. METHODS In the UK Biobank, people 40-70 years old, recruited in 2006-2010, were followed in linked primary (N = 192,983 individuals) and hospital care (N = 501,807 individuals) datasets. Regression models of annual primary and annual hospital care costs (2020 UK£) associated with individual characteristics and experiences of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary revascularization, incident diabetes mellitus and cancer, and vascular and nonvascular death are reported. RESULTS For both people without and with previous cardiovascular disease (CVD), primary care costs were modelled using one-part generalised linear models (GLMs) with identity link and Poisson distribution, and hospital costs with two-part models (part 1: logistic regression models the probability of incurring costs; part 2: GLM with identity link and Poisson distribution models the costs conditional on incurring any). In people without previous CVD, mean annual primary and hospital care costs were £360 and £514, respectively. The excess primary care costs were £190 and £360 following MI and stroke, respectively, whereas excess hospital costs decreased from £4340 and £5590, respectively, in the year of these events, to £190 and £410 two years later. People with previous CVD had more than twice higher annual costs, and incurred higher excess costs for cardiovascular events. Other characteristics associated with higher costs included older age, female sex, south Asian ethnicity, higher socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, lower level of physical activities, unhealthy body mass index, and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS These individual-level healthcare cost prediction models could inform assessments of the value of health technologies and policies to reduce cardiovascular and other disease risks and healthcare costs. An accompanying Excel calculator is available to facilitate the use of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Zhou
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7LF, Oxford, UK
| | - Runguo Wu
- Health Economics and Policy Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire Williams
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7LF, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Emberson
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Reith
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Robson
- Clinical Effectiveness Group, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Jane Armitage
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alastair Gray
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7LF, Oxford, UK
| | - John Simes
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Colin Baigent
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Borislava Mihaylova
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7LF, Oxford, UK.
- Health Economics and Policy Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Heintjes EM, Anastassopoulou A, Kuiper J, Bilitou A, Beest FJAPV, Herings RMC, Postma MJ, Jukema JW. Treatment and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia at high or very high cardiovascular risk: a population-based cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. Curr Med Res Opin 2023; 39:1-11. [PMID: 36168818 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2129228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe treatment patterns, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) in the Netherlands in 2018 of patients with hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia at high or very high cardiovascular (CV) risk. METHODS From the PHARMO Database Network adult patients with a diagnosis or receiving lipid lowering therapy (LLT) between 2009 and 2018 were selected. Patients at high or very high CV risk according to 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines with recorded LDL-C levels who were treated with LLT or were characterized as statin intolerant in 2018 were included. LLT treatment patterns, LDL-C levels and HCRU (General Practitioner [GP] consultations and hospitalizations) were assessed. RESULTS The study population included 54,346 patients, of which 70% were at very high CV risk and 30% at high CV risk. The majority (93%) received statin monotherapy, mostly of moderate (73%) or high (15%) intensity. Only 3% received a combination of statin and ezetimibe. Statin intolerance, based on a treatment algorithm, was estimated at 3%. Average LDL-C decreased with LLT intensity. Overall, 74% reached LDL-C < 2.5 mmol/l and 34% <1.8 mmol/l with their current treatment, and 46% reached their LDL-C goal according to 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines. The highest rates of hospitalizations and GP consultations, including home visits, were recorded in patients with peripheral artery disease or polyvascular disease. CONCLUSION The treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia in patients at high or very high CV risk in the Netherlands was suboptimal in 2018. To further lower CV risk alternative treatment strategies using add-on therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M Heintjes
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Josephina Kuiper
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ron M C Herings
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Pharmacoepidemiology & Health Care Optimization, Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Postma
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Xu N, Yao Y, Jiang L, Xu J, Wang H, Song Y, Yang Y, Xu B, Gao R, Yuan J. Lipoprotein(a) predicts recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with prior cardiovascular events post-PCI: five-year findings from a large single center cohort study. Thromb J 2022; 20:69. [DOI: 10.1186/s12959-022-00424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
It is well established that lipoprotein(a)[Lp(a)] play a vital role in atherosclerosis. Whether Lp(a) can predict recurrence of cardiovascular events (CVEs) in prior CVEs patients is still unclear. We aim to investigate its association with subsequent long-term adverse events in this high-risk population.
Methods
A total of 4,469 patients with prior CVEs history after PCI were consecutively enrolled and categorized according Lp(a) values of < 10 (low), 10 to 30 (medium), and ≥ 30 mg/dL (high). The primary endpoint was MACCE, a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke and unplanned revascularization.
Results
During an average of 5.0 years of follow-up, 1,078 (24.1%) and 206 (4.6%) patients experienced MACCE and all-cause death with 134 (3.0%) of whom from cardiac death. The incidence of MACCE, all-cause death and cardiac death were significantly higher in the high Lp(a) group (p < 0.05). After adjustment of confounding factors, high Lp(a) level remained an independent risk factor for MACCE (adjusted HR 1.240, 95%CI 1.065–1.443, p = 0.006), all-cause death (adjusted HR 1.445, 95%CI 1.023–2.042, p = 0.037) and cardiac death (adjusted HR 1.724, 95%CI 1.108–2.681, p = 0.016). This correlation remained significant when treated as a natural logarithm-transformed continuous variable. This finding is relatively consistent across subgroups and confirmed again in two sensitivity analyses.
Conclusions
Our present study confirmed that Lp(a) was an independent predictor for recurrent CVEs in patients with established CVEs, illustrating that Lp(a) level might be a valuable biomarker for risk stratification and prognostic assessment in this high-risk population.
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Landmesser U, Lindgren P, Hagström E, van Hout B, Villa G, Pemberton-Ross P, Arellano J, Svensson ME, Sibartie M, Fonarow GC. Cost-effectiveness of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition with evolocumab in patients with a history of myocardial infarction in Sweden. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. QUALITY OF CARE & CLINICAL OUTCOMES 2022; 8:31-38. [PMID: 33063111 PMCID: PMC8728027 DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims To assess the cost-effectiveness of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition with evolocumab added to standard-of-care lipid-lowering treatment [maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of statin and ezetimibe] in Swedish patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and results Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using a Markov model based on Swedish observational data on cardiovascular event rates and efficacy from the FOURIER trial. Three risk profiles were considered: recent MI in the previous year; history of MI with a risk factor; and history of MI with a second event within 2 years. For each population, three minimum baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were considered: 2.5 mmol/L (≈100 mg/dL), based on the current reimbursement recommendation in Sweden; 1.8 mmol/L (≈70 mg/dL), based on 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines; and 1.4 mmol/L (≈55 mg/dL), or 1.0 mmol/L (≈40 mg/dL) for MI with a second event, based on 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition with evolocumab was associated with increased quality-adjusted life-years and costs vs. standard-of-care therapy. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were below SEK700 000 (∼€66 500), the generally accepted willingness-to-pay threshold in Sweden, for minimum LDL-C levels of 2.3 (recent MI), 1.7 (MI with a risk factor), and 1.7 mmol/L (MI with a second event). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that base-case results were robust to changes in model parameters. Conclusion Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition with evolocumab added to MTD of statin and ezetimibe may be considered cost-effective at its list price for minimum LDL-C levels of 1.7–2.3 mmol/L, depending on risk profile, with ICERs below the accepted willingness-to-pay threshold in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Director Charité Cardiovascular Center (CC11), Campus Benjamin Franklin Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Lindgren
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Managing Director, The Swedish Institute for Health Economics, Box 2127, 220 02, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emil Hagström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben van Hout
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent St, Sheffield, S1 4DA
| | - Guillermo Villa
- Global Health Economics, Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Suurstoffi 22, 6343, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Peter Pemberton-Ross
- Global Health Economics, Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Suurstoffi 22, 6343, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Arellano
- Global Health Economics, Amgen Inc, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Maria Eriksson Svensson
- Medical Affairs, Amgen AB, Gustav III: s Boulevard 54, 169 74, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahendra Sibartie
- Medical Affairs, Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Suurstoffi 22, 6343, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Gregg C Fonarow
- Division of Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Analisi di costo-utilità di evolocumab in pazienti con ASCVD in Italia. GLOBAL & REGIONAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2021; 8:155-167. [PMID: 36627880 PMCID: PMC9616188 DOI: 10.33393/grhta.2021.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of evolocumab in addition to standard statin therapy with or without ezetimibe in the treatment of patients with clinically evident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with levels of LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. Method: A theoretical cohort of patients was forecast by a Markov model that includes 11 health states for a lifetime horizon. In the base-case, the standard therapy was characterized by statins with or without ezetimibe. Two sub-populations have been considered, Recent MI (Myocardial Infarction in the last year) and Multiple events (population with multiple MI). The results were also presented for a subset of the Multiple events populations consisting of patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) in the last year. Results: For the Recent MI and Multiple events populations, ICER values of € 39,547 and € 35,744 respectively were estimated. The value of ICER was lower for the Multiple events with MI < 1 year population (€ 29,949). Considering statins with ezetimibe as standard therapy, ICER values were found to be equal to € 39,781, € 35,986 and € 30,190 respectively for the populations Recent MI, Multiple events and Multiple events with MI < 1 year. Conclusions: The estimated ICER values for the Recent MI, Multiple events and Multiple events populations with MI < 1 year were below the cost-effectiveness threshold of € 40,000, suggesting therefore how the treatment with evolocumab in addition to the standard therapy can be a cost-effective treatment both compared to standard therapy with statins and standard therapy with statins + ezetimibe.
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8
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Chen Y, Ji M, Wu Y, Deng Y, Wu F, Lu Y. Individualized mobile health interventions for cardiovascular event prevention in patients with coronary heart disease: study protocol for the iCARE randomized controlled trial. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:340. [PMID: 34256698 PMCID: PMC8278759 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile health-based individualized interventions have shown potential effects in managing cardiovascular risk factors. This study aims to assess whether or not mHealth based individualized interventions delivered by an Individualized Cardiovascular Application system for Risk Elimination (iCARE) could reduce the incidence of major cardiovascular events in individuals with coronary heart disease. Methods This study is a large-scale, multi-center, parallel-group, open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial. This study will be conducted from September 2019 to December 2025. A total of 2820 patients with coronary heart disease will be recruited from two clinical sites and equally randomized into three groups: the intervention group and two control groups. All participants will be informed of six-time points (at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after discharge) for follow-up visits. Over a course of 36 months, patients who are randomized to the intervention arm will receive individualized interventions delivered by a fully functional iCARE that using various visualization methods such as comics, videos, pictures, text to provide individualized interventions in addition to standard care. Patients randomized to control group 1 will receive interventions delivered by a modified iCARE that only presented in text in addition to routine care. Control group 2 will only receive routine care. The primary outcome is the incidence of major cardiovascular events within 3 years of discharge. Main secondary outcomes include changes in health behaviors, medication adherence, and cardiovascular health score. Discussion If the iCARE trial indeed demonstrates positive effects on patients with coronary heart disease, it will provide empirical evidence for supporting secondary preventive care in this population. Results will inform the design of future research focused on mHealth-based, theory-driven, intelligent, and individualized interventions for cardiovascular risk management. Trial registration Trial registered 24th December 2016 with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-INR-16010242). URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=17398. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-021-02153-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Chen
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, 10 You-an-men Wai Xi-tou-tiao, Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100069, China.,The fourth Ward of Coronary Heart Disease Center, Emergency Coronary Ward, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,Cardiac Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongti South Road, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Meihua Ji
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, 10 You-an-men Wai Xi-tou-tiao, Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100069, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Feng-Tai District, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, 10 You-an-men Wai Xi-tou-tiao, Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Ying Deng
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, 10 You-an-men Wai Xi-tou-tiao, Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fangqin Wu
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, 10 You-an-men Wai Xi-tou-tiao, Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yating Lu
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, 10 You-an-men Wai Xi-tou-tiao, Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100069, China
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9
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Annemans L, Azuri J, Al-Rasadi K, Al-Zakwani I, Daclin V, Mercier F, Danchin N. Healthcare resource utilization in patients on lipid-lowering therapies outside Western Europe and North America: findings of the cross-sectional observational International ChoLesterol management Practice Study (ICLPS). Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:64. [PMID: 32264883 PMCID: PMC7140553 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few recent large-scale studies have examined healthcare consumption associated with dyslipidemia in countries outside Western Europe and North America. Methods This analysis, from a cross-sectional observational study conducted in 18 countries in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America, evaluated avoidable healthcare consumption (defined as ≥1 hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons or ≥1 visit to the emergency room for any reason in the previous 12 months) in patients receiving stable lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). A total of 9049 patients (aged ≥18 years) receiving LLT for ≥3 months and who had had their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) value measured on stable LLT in the previous 12 months were enrolled between August 2015 and August 2016. Patients who had received a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor in the previous 6 months were excluded. Patients were stratified by cardiovascular risk level using the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation chart for high-risk countries. Results The proportion of patients at their LDL-C goal was 32.1% for very-high risk patients compared with 55.7 and 51.9% for patients at moderate and high cardiovascular risk, respectively. Overall, 20.1% of patients had ≥1 reported hospitalization in the previous 12 months (7.9% for cardiovascular reasons), 35.2% had ≥1 intensive care unit stay and 13.8% visited the emergency room. Avoidable healthcare resource consumption was reported for 18.7% patients overall, and in 27.8, 7.7, 7.7 and 13.2% of patients at very-high, high, moderate and low risk, respectively. Across all risk groups 22.4% of patients not at LDL-C goal and 16.6% of patients at LDL-C goal had avoidable healthcare resource consumption. Being at very-high cardiovascular risk, having cardiovascular risk factors (including hypertension and smoking), and having factors indicating that the patient may be difficult to treat (including statin intolerance, comorbidities and chronic medication), were independent risk factors for avoidable healthcare resource consumption (all p <0.05). Conclusions Healthcare resource consumption associated with adverse clinical outcomes was observed in patients on stable LLT in countries outside Western Europe and North America, particularly those at very-high cardiovascular risk and those who were difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Annemans
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Joseph Azuri
- Maccabi Healthcare Services and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Khalid Al-Rasadi
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ibrahim Al-Zakwani
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | | | - Nicolas Danchin
- Department of Cardiology, European Hospital Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
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10
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Rabier H, Serrier H, Schott AM, Mewton N, Ovize M, Nighoghossian N, Duclos A, Colin C. Economic valuation of informal care provided to people after a myocardial infarction in France. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:763. [PMID: 31660961 PMCID: PMC6819474 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to estimate the mean cost per caregiver of informal care during the first year after myocardial infarction event in France. METHODS We used the Handicap-Santé French survey carried out in 2008 to obtain data about MI survivors and their caregivers. After obtaining the total number of informal care hours provided by caregiver during the first year after MI event, we estimated the value of informal care using the proxy good method and the contingent valuation method. RESULTS For MI people receiving informal care, an annual mean cost was estimated at €12,404 (SD = 13,012) with the proxy good method and €12,798 (SD = 13,425) with the contingent valuation method per caregiver during the first year after myocardial infarction event. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that informal care should be included more widely in economic evaluations in order not to underestimate the cost of diseases which induce disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Rabier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Evaluation Economique en Santé, 162, avenue Lacassagne - Bâtiment A, 69424, Cedex 03, Lyon, France. .,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , Université Saint-Etienne, HESPER EA 7425 F-69008 Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France.
| | - Hassan Serrier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Evaluation Economique en Santé, 162, avenue Lacassagne - Bâtiment A, 69424, Cedex 03, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Cellule Innovation, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schott
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Evaluation Economique en Santé, 162, avenue Lacassagne - Bâtiment A, 69424, Cedex 03, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , Université Saint-Etienne, HESPER EA 7425 F-69008 Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
| | - Nathan Mewton
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 1407, Bron, France
| | - Michel Ovize
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 1407, Bron, France
| | - Norbert Nighoghossian
- Department of Neurology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Department of Stroke Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Duclos
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Evaluation Economique en Santé, 162, avenue Lacassagne - Bâtiment A, 69424, Cedex 03, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , Université Saint-Etienne, HESPER EA 7425 F-69008 Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Colin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Evaluation Economique en Santé, 162, avenue Lacassagne - Bâtiment A, 69424, Cedex 03, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , Université Saint-Etienne, HESPER EA 7425 F-69008 Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
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11
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Urriza Rodriguez D, Howard DP. Saving lives, saving limbs: tackling the global pandemic of peripheral arterial disease. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4777.19.01418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Ryder S, Fox K, Rane P, Armstrong N, Wei CY, Deshpande S, Stirk L, Qian Y, Kleijnen J. A Systematic Review of Direct Cardiovascular Event Costs: An International Perspective. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2019; 37:895-919. [PMID: 30949988 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-019-00795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a lack of comprehensive cost information for cardiovascular events since 2013. OBJECTIVE A systematic review on the contemporary cost of cardiovascular events was therefore undertaken. METHODS Methods complied with those recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration and the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Studies were unrestricted by language, were from 2013 to 23 December 2017, and included cost-of-illness data in adults with the following cardiovascular conditions: myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), heart failure (HF), unstable angina (UA), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or peripheral artery disease (PAD). Seven electronic databases were searched, namely Embase (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE In-Process Citations and Daily Update (Ovid), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), Health Technology Assessment (HTA) database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and PubMed. The included studies reported data from a variety of years (sometimes prior to 2013), so costs were inflated and converted to $US, year 2018 values, for standardization. RESULTS After de-duplication, 29,945 titles and abstracts and then 403 full papers were screened; 82 studies (88 papers) were extracted. Year 1 average cost ranges were as follows: MI ($11,970 in Sweden to $61,864 in the USA), stroke ($10,162 in Spain to $46,162 in the USA), TIA ($6049 in Sweden to $25,306 in the USA), HF ($4456 in China to $49,427 in the USA), UA ($11,237 in Sweden to $31,860 in the USA), PCI ($17,923 in Italy to $45,533 in the USA), CABG ($17,972 in the UK to $76,279 in the USA). One Swedish study reported PAD costs in a format convertible to $US, 2018 values, with a mean annual cost of $15,565. CONCLUSIONS There was considerable unexplained variation in contemporary costs for all major cardiovascular events. One emerging theme was that average costs in the USA were considerably higher than anywhere else.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ryder
- Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Unit 6, Escrick Business Park, Riccall Road, Escrick, York, YO19 6FD, UK.
| | - Kathleen Fox
- Strategic Healthcare Solutions LLC, 133 Cottonwood Creek Lane, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA
| | - Pratik Rane
- Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1799, USA
| | - Nigel Armstrong
- Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Unit 6, Escrick Business Park, Riccall Road, Escrick, York, YO19 6FD, UK
| | - Ching-Yun Wei
- Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Unit 6, Escrick Business Park, Riccall Road, Escrick, York, YO19 6FD, UK
| | - Sohan Deshpande
- Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Unit 6, Escrick Business Park, Riccall Road, Escrick, York, YO19 6FD, UK
| | - Lisa Stirk
- Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Unit 6, Escrick Business Park, Riccall Road, Escrick, York, YO19 6FD, UK
| | - Yi Qian
- Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1799, USA
| | - Jos Kleijnen
- School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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Fonarow GC, Keech AC, Pedersen TR, Giugliano RP, Sever PS, Lindgren P, van Hout B, Villa G, Qian Y, Somaratne R, Sabatine MS. Cost-effectiveness of Evolocumab Therapy for Reducing Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 2:1069-1078. [PMID: 28832867 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor evolocumab has been demonstrated to reduce the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. To our knowledge, long-term cost-effectiveness of this therapy has not been evaluated using clinical trial efficacy data. Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of evolocumab in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease when added to standard background therapy. Design, Setting, and Participants A Markov cohort state-transition model was used, integrating US population-specific demographics, risk factors, background therapy, and event rates along with trial-based event risk reduction. Costs, including price of drug, utilities, and transitional probabilities, were included from published sources. Exposures Addition of evolocumab to standard background therapy including statins. Main Outcomes and Measures Cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and cardiovascular death, quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), and net value-based price. Results In the base case, using US clinical practice patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of at least 70 mg/dL (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259) and an annual events rate of 6.4 per 100 patient-years, evolocumab was associated with increased cost and improved QALY: incremental cost, $105 398; incremental QALY, 0.39, with an ICER of $268 637 per QALY gained ($165 689 with discounted price of $10 311 based on mean rebate of 29% for branded pharmaceuticals). Sensitivity and scenario analyses demonstrated ICERs ranging from $100 193 to $488 642 per QALY, with ICER of $413 579 per QALY for trial patient characteristics and event rate of 4.2 per 100 patient-years ($270 192 with discounted price of $10 311) and $483 800 if no cardiovascular mortality reduction emerges. Evolocumab treatment exceeded $150 000 per QALY in most scenarios but would meet this threshold at an annual net price of $9669 ($6780 for the trial participants) or with the discounted net price of $10 311 in patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of at least 80 mg/dL. Conclusions and Relevance At its current list price of $14 523, the addition of evolocumab to standard background therapy in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease exceeds generally accepted cost-effectiveness thresholds. To achieve an ICER of $150 000 per QALY, the annual net price would need to be substantially lower ($9669 for US clinical practice and $6780 for trial participants), or a higher-risk population would need to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg C Fonarow
- Division of Cardiology, Ronald Reagan University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center.,Associate Editor
| | - Anthony C Keech
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Terje R Pedersen
- Center for Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert P Giugliano
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Lindgren
- The Swedish Institute for Health Economics, Lund and Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben van Hout
- ScHARR School for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
| | - Guillermo Villa
- Economic Modeling CoE, Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Yi Qian
- Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | - Marc S Sabatine
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Deputy Editor
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14
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Kontsevaya AV, Balanova YA, Imaeva AE, Khudyakov MB, Karpov OI, Drapkina OM. ECONOMIC BURDEN OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-3-393-401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (HCE) is quite high in the Russian Federation (RF), and it is associated with clinical consequences and with potential economic impact. Impact includes not only cost of its correction, but also the cost of treatment of diseases and complications, as well as the deficiency of the gross domestic product (GDP).Aim. Evaluation of economic impact due to HCE in the Russian population, including direct expenditures of the Health Care System as well as nondirect impact in common economy.Material and methods. Prevalence of HCE in the RF was identified based on local published studies. Local statistical data (2016) on cardio-vascular diseases (CVDs), including Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), Myocardial Infarction and cerebral-vascular disease were included in the analysis. Population Attributive Risk (PAR) of HCE in CVDs has been extrapolated on all Russian population. Official statistics, parameters of Govern Guarantees Program of Free Medical Aid were used for modelling of direct and non-direct components of economic impact. Total amount of premature deaths with calculation of years of potential life lost until life expectation at 72 years was calculated. Economic impact due to premature CVDs mortality in economic activity age with consideration on ratio of employment have included GDP lost. Calculation of GDP lost also included monetary impact based on number of disability CVDs patients multiplied on GDP per capita in disability group.Results.Visits to policlinics of patients with CVDs and HCE had a first place among all calls for medical aid. In the same time, hospitalization required in higher expenditures (outpatients cost treatment expenditures were 2.43 billion RUR, in-patients treatment – 18.21 billion RUR). IHD with HCE was most expensive for direct expenditures in comparison with other CVD groups: more than 28.9 billion RUR per year, and with direct non-medical expenditures of 29.3 billion RUR in total. Years of potential life lost in economic active age were one million in total, 1.29 trillion RUR per year mostly due to indirect expenditures due to premature deaths in economy activity age (99% of impact). Total Economic impact due to HCE in the Russian population for all HCE are estimated as 1.295 trillion RUR.Conclusion. Total economic impact due to HCE in the RF is 1.5% of GDP (2016), 1.295 trillion RUR. Direct expenditures included Health Care System expenses; disability covering had 2.3% only. Main part of impact is economic lost due to premature mortality and decrease of labor productivity. HCE patients control at target levels with help of healthy lifestyle and adequate pharmaceutical therapy can decrease economic impact.
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15
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Luengo-Fernandez R, Howard DPJ, Nichol KG, Dobell E, Rothwell PM. Hospital and Institutionalisation Care Costs after Limb and Visceral Ischaemia Benchmarked Against Stroke: Long-Term Results of a Population Based Cohort Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 56:271-281. [PMID: 29653901 PMCID: PMC6105571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND There are few published data on the acute care or long-term costs after acute/critical limb or visceral ischaemia (ACLVI) events. Using data from patients with acute events in a population based incidence study (Oxford Vascular Study), the present study aimed to determine the long-term costs after an ACLVI event. METHODS All patients with first ever incident ACLVI from 2002 to 2012 were included. Analysis was based on follow up until January 2017, with all patients having full 5 year follow up. Multivariate regressions were used to assess baseline and subsequent predictors of total 5 year hospital care costs. Overall costs after an ACLVI event were benchmarked against those after stroke in the same population, during the same period. RESULTS Among 351 patients with an ACLVI event, mean 5 year total care costs were €35,211 (SD 50,500), of which €6443 (18%) were due to long-term institutionalisation. Costs differed by type of event (acute visceral ischaemia €16,476; acute limb ischaemia €24,437; critical limb ischaemia €46,281; p < 0.001). Results of the multivariate analyses showed that patients with diabetes and those undergoing above knee amputations incurred additional costs of €11,804 (p = 0.014) and €25,692 (p < 0.001), respectively. Five year hospital care costs after an ACLVI event were significantly higher than after stroke (€28,768 vs. €22,623; p = 0.004), but similar after including long-term costs of institutionalisation (€35,211 vs. €35,391; p = 0.957). CONCLUSION Long-term care costs after an ACLVI event are considerable, especially after critical limb ischaemia. Hospital care costs were significantly higher than for stroke over the long term, and were similar after inclusion of costs of institutionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Luengo-Fernandez
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic P J Howard
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Department of Vascular Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Kathleen G Nichol
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Emily Dobell
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford School of Public Health, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
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16
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Högberg D, Mani K, Wanhainen A, Svensjö S. Clinical Effect and Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Markov Model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 55:819-827. [PMID: 29636252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND The cost-effectiveness of screening depends on the cost of screening, prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (ACAS), and the potential effect of medical intervention in reducing the risk of stroke. The aim of the study was to determine the threshold values for these parameters in order for screening for ACAS to be cost-effective. METHODS The clinical effect and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound screening for ACAS with subsequent initiation of preventive therapy versus not screening was assessed in a Markov model with a lifetime perspective. Key parameters, including stroke risk, all cause mortality, and costs, were based on contemporary published data, population statistics, and data from an ongoing screening program in Uppsala county (population 300,000), Sweden. Prevalence of ACAS (2%) and the rate of best medical treatment (BMT; 40%) were based on data from a male Swedish population recently screened for ACAS. The required stroke risk reduction from BMT, incremental cost-efficiency ratio (ICER), absolute risk reduction for stroke (ARR), and number needed to screen (NNS) were calculated. RESULTS Screening was cost-effective at an ICER of €5744 per incremental quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained. ARR was 135 per 100,000 screened, NNS was 741, and QALYs gained were 6700 per 100,000 invited. At a willingness to pay (WTP) threshold of €50,000 per QALY the minimum required stroke risk reduction from BMT was 22%. The assumed degree of stroke risk reduction was the most important determinant of cost-efficiency. CONCLUSION A moderate (22%) reduction in the risk of stroke was required for an ACAS screening strategy to be cost-effective at a WTP of €50,000/QALY. Targeting populations with a higher prevalence of ACAS could further improve cost-efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Högberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department Hybrid and Interventional Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kevin Mani
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Wanhainen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sverker Svensjö
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Falun County Hospital, Falun, Sweden; Centre for Clinical Research, Falun, Sweden
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Journath G, Hambraeus K, Hagström E, Pettersson B, Löthgren M. Predicted impact of lipid lowering therapy on cardiovascular and economic outcomes of Swedish atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease guideline. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:224. [PMID: 28814290 PMCID: PMC5559790 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) by treatment recommendations on prevention of atherosclerotic CVD remain to be evaluated. The objectives were to assess treatment gap for low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) according to guidelines, potential impact on CVD outcomes, and possible avoided economic costs, in post myocardial infarction (MI) patients, if target LDL-C levels of ≤1.8 mmol/L would be achieved. Methods All patients registered in the Swedish Secondary Prevention after Heart Intensive care Admission register, with one-year post-MI follow-up during 2013 were selected. The REACH risk prediction and a calibrated model for recurrent cardiovascular events and death were used to estimate unadjusted risk prediction based on the REACH equation henceforth called base case, and calibrated CVD outcomes based on gender-specific risk factors. The predicted impact of the LDL-C reduction on the risk of CVD was based on the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists´ Collaboration findings. Results A sample of n = 5904 patients (74% men) with a mean age of 64 years were included. Around 70% did not reach LDL-C target ≤1.8 mmol/L. Over a 10-year period, 820–2262 events were predicted to occur in those who did not reach target corresponding to 20% – 55% risk of CVD events. To achieve LDL-C target, the mean LDL-C had to be reduced by 0.73 mmol/L (29%). If this LDL-C reduction was achieved, 195–544 life years, 132–343 CVD events, and 7.9–20.9 million Swedish crowns (MSEK) of direct costs, and 19.3−51.0 MSEK of total costs would be avoided. Conclusion Lowering of LDL cholesterol to achieve target levels according to guidelines for post-MI patients may lead to fewer cardiovascular events and avoidance of event costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Journath
- Cardiology unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Emil Hagström
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, and Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Toth PP, Danese M, Villa G, Qian Y, Beaubrun A, Lira A, Jansen JP. Estimated burden of cardiovascular disease and value-based price range for evolocumab in a high-risk, secondary-prevention population in the US payer context. J Med Econ 2017; 20:555-564. [PMID: 28097904 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2017.1284078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To estimate real-world cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden and value-based price range of evolocumab for a US-context, high-risk, secondary-prevention population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Burden of CVD was assessed using the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) in order to capture complete CV burden including CV mortality. Patients on standard of care (SOC; high-intensity statins) in CPRD were selected based on eligibility criteria of FOURIER, a phase 3 CV outcomes trial of evolocumab, and categorized into four cohorts: high-risk prevalent atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) cohort (n = 1448), acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n = 602), ischemic stroke (IS) (n = 151), and heart failure (HF) (n = 291) incident cohorts. The value-based price range for evolocumab was assessed using a previously published economic model. The model incorporated CPRD CV event rates and considered CV event reduction rate ratios per 1 mmol/L reduction in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) from a meta-analysis of statin trials by the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration (CTTC), i.e. CTTC relationship. RESULTS Multiple-event rates of composite CV events (ACS, IS, or coronary revascularization) per 100 patient-years were 12.3 for the high-risk prevalent ASCVD cohort, and 25.7, 13.3, and 23.3, respectively, for incident ACS, IS, and HF cohorts. Approximately one-half (42%) of the high-risk ASCVD patients with a new CV event during follow-up had a subsequent CV event. Combining these real-world event rates and the CTTC relationship in the economic model, the value-based price range (credible interval) under a willingness-to-pay threshold of $150,000/quality-adjusted life-year gained for evolocumab was $11,990 ($9,341-$14,833) to $16,856 ($12,903-$20,678) in ASCVD patients with baseline LDL-C levels ≥70 mg/dL and ≥100 mg/dL, respectively. CONCLUSION Real-world CVD burden is substantial. Using the observed CVD burden in CPRD and the CTTC relationship, the cost-effectiveness analysis showed that, accounting for uncertainties, the expected value-based price for evolocumab is higher than its current annual cost, as long as the payer discount off list price is greater than 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Toth
- a CGH Medical Center , Sterling , IL , USA
- b Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Lutherville , MD , USA
| | - Mark Danese
- c Outcomes Insights, Inc , Westlake Village , CA , USA
| | | | - Yi Qian
- e Amgen Inc. , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), affecting 73.5 million American adults. Information about health care expenditures associated with hyperlipidemia by CVD status is needed to evaluate the economic benefit of primary and secondary prevention programs for CVD. METHODS The study sample includes 48,050 men and nonpregnant women ≥18 from 2010 to 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. A 2-part econometric model was used to estimate annual hyperlipidemia-associated medical expenditures by CVD status. The estimation results from the 2-part model were used to calculate per-capita and national medical expenditures associated with hyperlipidemia. We adjusted the medical expenditures into 2012 dollars. RESULTS Among those with CVD, per person hyperlipidemia-associated expenditures were $1105 [95% confidence interval (CI), $877-$1661] per year, leading to an annual national expenditure of $15.47 billion (95% CI, $5.23-$27.75 billion). Among people without CVD, per person hyperlipidemia-associated expenditures were $856 (95% CI, $596-$1211) per year, resulting in an annual national expenditure of $23.11 billion (95% CI, $16.09-$32.71 billion). Hyperlipidemia-associated expenditures were attributable mostly to the costs of prescription medication (59%-90%). Among people without CVD, medication expenditures associated with hyperlipidemia were $13.72 billion (95% CI, $10.55-$15.74 billion), higher in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS Hyperlipidemia significantly increased medical expenditures and the increase was higher in people with CVD than without. The information on estimated expenditures could be used to evaluate and develop effective programs for CVD prevention.
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Philippe F, Blin P, Bouée S, Laurendeau C, Torreton E, Gourmelin J, Velkovski-Rouyer M, Levy-Bachelot L, Steg G. [Costs of healthcare resource consumption after a myocardial infarction in France: An estimate from a medicoadministrative database (GSB)]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2017; 66:74-80. [PMID: 28139200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the costs of healthcare resource consumption in the year preceding and the year following a myocardial infarction (MI). PATIENTS AND METHODS A historical cohort of patients experiencing an MI in France between 2007 and 2011 was extracted from the échantillon généraliste de bénéficiaires, a 1/97th sample of all beneficiaries of public health insurance in France. RESULTS A total of 1920 patients experiencing an MI were identified. Two-thirds were men and the mean age was 67 years; 20.6% had diabetes, 37.6% hypercholesterolaemia and 82.4% hypertension. From a societal perspective, the annual costs of medical consumption related to hospitalisations increased from € 4548 before the MI to € 6470 in the following year. Costs of community care rose from € 2932 to € 6208. This increase concerned all components of community healthcare: costs associated with medical transportation increased fourfold, those associated with consultations and laboratory tests tripled, medication costs doubled and costs of paramedical services also increased, but to a lesser extent. It should be noted that the cost of hospitalisation for the index MI (€ 5876) is not included in the above costs. CONCLUSION From a society perspective, the cost of healthcare resource consumption increased threefold in the year following an MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Philippe
- Département de pathologie cardiaque, institut mutualiste Montsouris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - P Blin
- Unité de pharmaco-épidémiologie, département de pharmacologie, université Victor-Segalen Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Bouée
- CEMKA-EVAL, 43, boulevard du Maréchal-Joffre, 92340 Bourg-la-Reine, France.
| | - C Laurendeau
- CEMKA-EVAL, 43, boulevard du Maréchal-Joffre, 92340 Bourg-la-Reine, France
| | - E Torreton
- CEMKA-EVAL, 43, boulevard du Maréchal-Joffre, 92340 Bourg-la-Reine, France
| | | | | | | | - G Steg
- Inserm U-698, université Paris-Diderot, 75013 Paris, France; Département de cardiologie, hôpital Bichat, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
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Asomaning K, Abramsky S, Liu Q, Zhou X, Sobel RE, Watt S. Re: Letter written in reaction to "Pregabalin prescriptions in the United Kingdom: a drug utilisation study of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care database", by Pottegård et al. - The authors (Asomaning et al.) respond. Int J Clin Pract 2016; 70:697-8. [PMID: 27466016 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Asomaning
- Department of Epidemiology, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA.
| | - S Abramsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - Q Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - R E Sobel
- Department of Epidemiology, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Watt
- Department of Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
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Hallberg S, Banefelt J, Fox KM, Mesterton J, Johansson G, Levin LÅ, Sobocki P, Gandra SR. Lipid-lowering treatment patterns in patients with new cardiovascular events - estimates from population-based register data in Sweden. Int J Clin Pract 2016; 70:222-8. [PMID: 26799539 PMCID: PMC4819716 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess treatment patterns of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in patients with hyperlipidaemia or prior cardiovascular (CV) events who experience new CV events. METHODS A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted using Swedish medical records and registers. Patients were included in the study based on a prescription of LLT or CV event history and followed up for up to 7 years for identification of new CV events and assessment of LLT treatment patterns. Patients were stratified into three cohorts based on CV risk level. All outcomes were assessed during the year following index (the date of first new CV event). Adherence was defined as medication possession ratio (MPR) > 0.80. Persistence was defined as no gaps > 60 days in supply of drug used at index. RESULTS Of patients with major cardiovascular disease (CVD) history (n = 6881), 49% were not on LLT at index. Corresponding data for CV risk equivalent and low/unknown CV risk patients were 37% (n = 3226) and 38% (n = 2497) respectively. MPR for patients on LLT at index was similar across cohorts (0.74-0.75). The proportions of adherent (60-63%) and persistent patients (56-57%) were also similar across cohorts. Dose escalation from dose at index was seen within all cohorts and 2-3% of patients switched to a different LLT after index while 5-6% of patients augmented treatment by adding another LLT. CONCLUSIONS Almost 50% of patients with major CVD history were not on any LLT, indicating a potential therapeutic gap. Medication adherence and persistence among patients on LLT were suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K M Fox
- Strategic Healthcare Solutions, LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Mesterton
- Quantify Research, Stockholm, Sweden
- LIME/Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L-Å Levin
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - P Sobocki
- LIME/Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- IMS Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S R Gandra
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
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