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Sachetti CG, Barbosa A, de Carvalho ACC, Araujo DV, da Silva EN. Challenges and opportunities for access to Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in Brazil. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:939-947. [PMID: 38639672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.03.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The marketing authorization of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) in Brazil is recent. The features of these therapies impose specialized regulatory action and are consequently challenging for developers. The goal of this study was to identify the industry's experience in clinical development, marketing authorization and access to ATMPs through the Unified Health System (SUS, acronym in Portuguese), from a regulatory perspective. METHODS A survey containing structured questions was conducted among research participants who work at companies that commercialize ATMPs. A descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS We invited 15 foreign pharmaceutical companies, of which 10 agreed to participate. Overall, participants assessed that Brazil has a well-established regulatory system, especially the sanitary registration by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), which ensures the quality, safety, and efficacy of the products. The Agency's good interaction with the regulated sector, the harmonization of sanitary and ethical assessment systems with other countries, and the analysis time in the biosafety assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) stand out as positive in industry's evaluation. On the other hand, it is important to advance the pricing regulation for these products since Brazilian regulations do not establish specific criteria for ATMP. One of the biggest challenges is the difficulty for the SUS in reimbursing these very high-cost therapies, especially using current Health Technology Assessment (HTA) methods. CONCLUSIONS Considering the increasing number of approvals of cell and gene therapies in Brazil in the coming years, a close dialogue between the industry and the public sector is recommended to advance regulatory improvements (pricing and HTA). Additionally, the construction of policies to promote the national Health Economic-Industrial Complex, based on a mission-oriented vision that encourages innovative models of financing, especially those that consider risk-sharing and co-financing technologies, will help provide the population with universal, equitable and sustainable access to ATMP in the SUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile Giaretta Sachetti
- Graduate Program for Collective Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Barbosa
- Departament of Hemotherapy and Cell Therapy, Israelita Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Everton Nunes da Silva
- Graduate Program for Collective Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil; Collective Health School, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
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Yi L, Zeng X, Zhou Z, Liu Q. Comparison Between Sotorasib with Docetaxel for the Treatment of Chinese Patients with Previously Treated NSCLC with KRASG12C Mutation: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Inform Drug Pricing. Adv Ther 2024; 41:3159-3172. [PMID: 38888881 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-024-02908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to investigate the affordable price of sotorasib among patients with previously treated advanced KRASG12C-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through a cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspectives of both the Chinese healthcare system and the patients. METHODS We developed a Markov model spanning a 20-year time horizon with a cycle length of 21 days. Our data were derived from the CodeBreaK 200 clinical trial, supplemented with published literature, publicly available national databases, and local hospitals. The primary outcomes were the affordable prices of sotorasib which would result in the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of sotorasib relative to docetaxel below the preset willing-to-pay (WTP) threshold. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the model's robustness. RESULTS At the national level, from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system and patients, the price of sotorasib should be lower than US$0.04673 and $0.03231, respectively, to make it affordable, which is equivalent to $1346 and $931 per box (120 mg × 240 pieces). At the provincial level, the price ceiling of sotorasib/mg fluctuated between $0.04084 to $0.08061 from the Chinese healthcare system's perspective and between $0.02642 to $0.06620 from the patients' perspective. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses revealed that, as the price of sotorasib decreased, its likelihood of being cost-effective increased. CONCLUSION Sotorasib might be a cost-effective therapy in China. The pharmaco-economic evidence generated from this study has significant implications not only for guiding the drug pricing of the upcoming sotorasib but also for determining the reimbursement ratio for its potential inclusion in the National Reimbursement Drugs List in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaohui Zeng
- PET-CT Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
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Fox TA, Booth C. Improving access to gene therapy for rare diseases. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050623. [PMID: 38639083 PMCID: PMC11051979 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective gene therapy approaches have been developed for many rare diseases, including inborn errors of immunity and metabolism, haemoglobinopathies and inherited blindness. Despite successful pre-clinical and clinical results, these gene therapies are not widely available, primarily for non-medical reasons. Lack of commercial interest in therapies for ultra-rare diseases, costs of development and complex manufacturing processes required for advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are some of the main problems that are restricting access. The complexities and costs of navigating the regulatory environments in different jurisdictions for treatments that affect small numbers of patients is a problem unique to ATMPS for rare and ultra-rare diseases. In this Perspective, we outline some of the challenges and potential solutions that, we hope, will improve access to gene therapy for rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Fox
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Gladwell D, Ciani O, Parnaby A, Palmer S. Surrogacy and the Valuation of ATMPs: Taking Our Place in the Evidence Generation/Assessment Continuum. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2024; 42:137-144. [PMID: 37991631 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-023-01334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Medical technology is advancing rapidly, but established methods for health technology assessment are struggling to keep up. This challenge is particularly stark for the assessment of advanced therapy medicinal products-therapies often launched on the basis of single-arm studies powered to a surrogate primary endpoint. The most robust surrogacy methods investigate trial-level correlations between the treatment effect on the surrogate and the outcome of ultimate interest. However, these methods are often impossible with the evidence usually available for advanced therapy medicinal products at the time of the launch (randomized controlled trials are necessary for these advanced methods). Additionally, these surrogacy relationships are usually considered to be technology specific, adding uncertainty for any approach that primarily relies on historic data to estimate the surrogacy relationship for novel interventions such as advanced therapy medicinal products. The literature has already highlighted the need for early dialogue, staged assessment processes, and pricing arrangements that responsibly share the risk between the manufacturer and payer. However, it is our view that in addition to these critical developments, the modeling methods employed could also improve. Currently, health technology assessment practitioners typically either ignore the surrogate and simply extrapolate the endpoint of greatest patient relevance irrespective of the degree of maturity or assume historic surrogate relationships apply to the novel technology. In this opinion piece, we outline an additional avenue. By drawing on the understanding of the mechanism of action and insights generated earlier in the evidence generation/assessment continuum, cost-effectiveness modelers can make better use of the wider data available. These efforts are expected to reduce uncertainty at the time of the initial launch of pharmaceutical products and increase the value of subsequent data collection efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen Palmer
- Centre for Health Economics (CHE), University of York, York, UK
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Cavallo MC, Cavazza M, Bonifazi F, Casadei B, Cutini I, Tonietti B, Saccardi R, Zinzani P, Jommi C. Cost of implementing CAR-T activity and managing CAR-T patients: an exploratory study. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:121. [PMID: 38254079 PMCID: PMC10804568 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) represent an innovation but raise issues for healthcare payers because of the uncertainty on impact at market launch, high cost and important organisational impact. The literature has focused on their assessment, appraisal and market access solutions. No evidence on the costs sustained to implement CAR-T is available and a few studies reported the cost of the CAR-T clinical pathway, including the activities that are remunerated through inpatient or outpatient fee-for-service/episode. This paper aims at filling the information gap, assessing the cost of implementing CAR-T activity and the full cost of managing the CAR-T clinical pathway. METHODS Cost analysis relied on the Activity Based Costing approach, which was applied to two Italian healthcare organisations, both CAR-T Centres authorized by the regional governments with a minimum of 20 patients treated with the first two CAR-T therapies launched on the market. RESULTS The cost of implementing CAR-T was estimated at €1.31 million (calculated for one of the organizations with complete data). Most of these costs (77%) were generated by quality assurance activity. The mean cost per patient entering the CAR-T pathway (59 and 27) and surviving at follow-up (21 and 5) ranges from €48K to €57K and from €96K to €106K, respectively. Fees for hospitalization and infusion of gene therapy accounts for more than 70% of these costs. The actual hospitalisation cost varies greatly across patients and is in general lower than the fee-for-episode paid by the region to the hospital. CONCLUSIONS Despite its limitations (exploratory nature; the time spent by staff on activities which are not remunerated through fees was estimated through interviews with the CAR-T coordinators; cost items are not fully comparable), this research highlighted the relevant organisational and economic impact of CAR-T and provided important insights for policy makers and healthcare managers: the necessity to invest resources in CAR-T implementation; the need for assessing activities which are not remunerated through fees for service / episode; the opportunity to shift from fee-for-episode / service to bundled payments for CAR-T clinical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caterina Cavallo
- Cergas, Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management, SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Via Sarfatti, 10, Milano, 20136, Italy
| | - Marianna Cavazza
- Cergas, Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management, SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Via Sarfatti, 10, Milano, 20136, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonifazi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Beatrice Casadei
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cutini
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Barbara Tonietti
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Riccardo Saccardi
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - PierLuigi Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Claudio Jommi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani, 2, Novara, 28100, Italy.
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Rejon-Parrilla JC, Espin J, Garner S, Kniazkov S, Epstein D. Pricing and reimbursement mechanisms for advanced therapy medicinal products in 20 countries. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1199500. [PMID: 38089054 PMCID: PMC10715052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1199500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products are a type of therapies that, in some cases, hold great potential for patients without an effective current therapeutic approach but they also present multiple challenges to payers. While there are many theoretical papers on pricing and reimbursement (P&R) options, original empirical research is very scarce. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive international review of regulatory and P&R decisions taken for all ATMPs with centralized European marketing authorization in March 2022. Methods: A survey was distributed in July 2022 to representatives of 46 countries. Results: Responses were received from 20 countries out of 46 (43.5%). 14 countries reimbursed at least one ATMP. Six countries in this survey reimbursed no ATMPs. Conclusion: Access to ATMPs is uneven across the countries included in this study. This arises from regulatory differences, commercial decisions by marketing authorization holders, and the divergent assessment processes and criteria applied by payers. Moving towards greater equality of access will require cooperation between countries and stakeholders, for example, through the WHO Regional Office for Europe's Access to Novel Medicines Platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Rejon-Parrilla
- Health Technology Assessment Area (AETSA), Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health (FPS), Seville, Spain
| | - Jaime Espin
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cátedra de Economía de la Salud y Dirección de Organizaciones Sanitarias (Esalud2), Granada, Spain
| | - Sarah Garner
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislav Kniazkov
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Epstein
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Takami A, Kato M, Deguchi H, Igarashi A. Value elements and methods of value-based pricing for drugs in Japan: a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2023; 23:749-759. [PMID: 37339436 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2023.2223984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Value-based pricing (VBP) can be a promising tool for optimizing drug prices. However, there is no consensus on the specific value elements and pricing method that should be used for VBP. AREAS COVERED We performed a systematic review and narrative synthesis to investigate the value elements and pricing method for VBP. The main inclusion criterion was that value elements, VBP method, and estimated prices for actual drugs were reported. We performed a search in MEDLINE and ICHUSHI Web. Eight articles met the selection criteria. Four studies adopted the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) approach and the others used different approaches. The CEA approach included the value elements of productivity, value of hope, real option value, disease severity, insurance value in addition to costs and quality-adjusted life years. The other approaches used efficacy, toxicity, novelty, rarity, research and development costs, prognosis, population health burden, unmet needs, and effectiveness. Each study used individual methods to quantify these broader value elements. EXPERT OPINION Both conventional and broader value elements are used for VBP. To allow VBP to be widely applied to various diseases, a simple, versatile method is preferable. Further research is needed to establish VBP method which enables to incorporate broader values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Takami
- Market Access, Public Affairs & Patient Experience, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kato
- Market Access, Public Affairs & Patient Experience, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisato Deguchi
- Market Access, Public Affairs & Patient Experience, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ataru Igarashi
- Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Frederix GW, Ham RMT. Gene therapies, uncertainty, and decision-making: thinking about the last mile at the first step. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2023; 23:853-856. [PMID: 37539711 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2023.2245138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardus Wj Frederix
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology & Health Economics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Mt Ten Ham
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology & Health Economics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Iglesias-López C, Agustí A, Vallano A, Obach M. Financing and Reimbursement of Approved Advanced Therapies in Several European Countries. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2023; 26:841-853. [PMID: 36646280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The uncertainty in the cost-benefit of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) is a current challenge for their reimbursement in health systems. This study aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the National Health Authorities (NHAs) reimbursement recommendations issued in different European countries. METHODS The NHA reimbursement recommendations for the approved ATMPs were compared among 8 European Union (EU) Countries (EU8: Ireland, England/Wales, Scotland, The Netherlands, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy). The search was carried out until December 31, 2021. RESULTS A total of 19 approved ATMPs and 76 appraisal reports were analyzed. The majority of the ATMPs were reimbursed, although with uncertainty in added therapeutic value. No relationship between the type of the European Medicines Agency approval and reimbursement was found. Managed entry agreements, such as payment by results, were necessary to ensure market access. The main issue during the evaluation was to base the cost-effectiveness analyses on assumptions because of the limited long-term data. The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio among countries reveals high variability. Overall, the median time to NHA recommendation for the EU8 is in the range of 9 to 17 months. CONCLUSIONS Transparent, harmonized, and systematic assessments across the EU NHAs in terms of cost-effectiveness, added therapeutic value, and grade of innovativeness are needed. This could lead to a more aligned access, increasing the EU market attractiveness and raising public fairness in terms of patient access and pricing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Iglesias-López
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antònia Agustí
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Vallano
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Medicines Department, Catalan Healthcare Service, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercè Obach
- Healthcare Planning Department, Catalan Healthcare Service, Barcelona, Spain
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Lee S, Lee JH. Cell and gene therapy regulatory, pricing, and reimbursement framework: With a focus on South Korea and the EU. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1109873. [PMID: 36908458 PMCID: PMC9998493 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1109873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since relevant bioengineering technologies have sufficiently matured to the platformizable commercialization stage, a slew of money has flocked to the cell and gene therapy market over the last few years, resulting in an abundance of clinical studies in the field. Newer modalities have brought up a string of regulatory and legislative tasks, such as developing guidelines and legislative rules to systematically regulate newer pharmaceutical products. Accordingly, another layer of legislation and guidelines tailored for cell and gene therapies has been introduced and is expected to evolve on par with technological progress. Furthermore, authorities have shifted to pricing and reimbursement policies that can share risks for cost and outcome among stakeholders altogether, such as developers and the government, while expanding the accessibility of patients to innovative cell and gene therapies. This review attempts to capture the salient regulatory features of the cell and gene therapy market in the context of South Korea and the European Union and points out where two sovereign entities currently stand on each policy element and how each tackles regulatory challenges. We can observe the converging trend where regulatory, pricing and reimbursement rules of adjoining countries in the supranational union or member countries of a consortium are getting more aligned. Evidently, concerted efforts to share regulatory science knowledge and embrace reference pricing have played their parts. The authors argue that policy priorities should be placed on initiatives to harmonize with other medical authorities to better the rights of patients and clear out the uncertainties of developers, ultimately to share and advance regulatory science and layout forward-looking policies at opportune times.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungKyung Lee
- Center for Growth Engine Industries, Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade (KIET), Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Patient access to and ethical considerations of the application of the European Union hospital exemption rule for advanced therapy medicinal products. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:686-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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