1
|
Yu Z, Shea K, Stankovic T. The Application of a Multi-Material Flexible Chain Mail for the Design of an Artificial Spinal Disc to Reproduce Natural Nonlinear and Anisotropic Rotational Behavior. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1238-1250. [PMID: 38143713 PMCID: PMC10734901 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the potential of architected materials for achieving biomimicking functionalities and the advancement of multi-material additive manufacturing to fabricate parts with complex structures and heterogeneous material distributions, this study investigates the feasibility of using a multi-material, flexible chain mail sheet for the design of an additively manufactured artificial spinal disc for reproducing patient-specific anisotropic and nonlinear rotational behaviors. The application of a chain mail-based structure is motivated by its similarities in behaviors compared with a natural disc's fiber network that likewise has negligible bending stiffness and shape-changing ability. The proposed approach for the chain mail sheet design includes an initial characterization of the uniaxial tensile responses of the chain mail unit cell defined as the basic building block of the chain mail sheet, modeling and response calculation, and material optimization. Results show that the additively manufactured chain mail sheet is not only able to exhibit a natural strain-stiffening rotational response but also is able to reproduce natural anisotropy of three natural disc specimens in the six most common rotational scenarios in daily life. This study shows the potential of additively manufactured mechanical-metamaterials-inspired structures for implant design to restore natural mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Yu
- Engineering Design and Computing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Shea
- Engineering Design and Computing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tino Stankovic
- Engineering Design and Computing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Torun YM, Delen E, Doğanlar O, Doğanlar ZB, Delen Ö, Orakdöğen M. Effects of Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Discoidin Domain Receptors in Ligamentum Flavum Fibrosis in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Canal Stenosis. Asian Spine J 2023; 17:194-202. [PMID: 36163678 PMCID: PMC9977973 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2021.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study. PURPOSE This study aimed to clarify the role of crosstalk between discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the ligamentum flavum (LF) fibrosis obtained from patients with degenerative lumbar canal stenosis (DLCS). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE The DDRs, DDR1 and DDR2, are cell surface receptors and have an essential role in collagen fiber accumulation in several fibrotic diseases. MMPs are one of the critical factors in extracellular matrix remodeling and elastic fiber degradation in LF tissues. However, the crosstalk between DDRs and MMPs and the role of this molecular signal in LF fibrosis remain unclear. METHODS A total of 35 patients were divided into two groups in this study. Spinal surgery was performed in 23 of these patients with the diagnosis of DLCS. Twelve patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) were included in the control group. On axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, LF thickness was measured bilaterally at the level of the facet joint. Histology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot analyses were performed on LF tissue samples. LF tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In addition, the grade of fibrosis was histologically assessed using Masson trichrome triple staining. DDR1 and DDR2 Western blot analyses were performed. DDR1, DDR2, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13 expression levels were measured using qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS The grade of fibrosis and LF thickness were significantly higher in the DLCS patients than in the LDH patients. DDR1 and DDR2 gene expression and protein levels in LF tissues are significantly greater in DLCS samples than in control samples, according to both qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. In addition, we detected a significant expression of the MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13, which are known to have important roles in extracellular matrix remodeling in DLCS. Furthermore, we discovered a link between DDR protein levels and LF thickness, fibrosis, and MMP3/MMP9. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that DDR1, DDR2, and MMP3 and MMP9 signals can be correlated with each other in LF tissues and be promoted LF fibrosis leading to spinal canal narrowing in patients with DLCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Mansur Torun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Emre Delen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Doğanlar
- Department of Medical Biology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Zeynep Banu Doğanlar
- Department of Medical Biology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Özlem Delen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Metin Orakdöğen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schuiringa GH, Pastrama M, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Towards a load bearing hydrogel: A proof of principle in the use of osmotic pressure for biomimetic cartilage constructs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105552. [PMID: 36371992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage defects occur frequently and can lead to osteoarthritis. Hydrogels are a promising regenerative strategy for treating such defects, using their ability of mimicking the native extracellular matrix. However, commonly used hydrogels for tissue regeneration are too soft to resist load-bearing in the joint. To overcome this, an implant is being developed in which the mechanical loadbearing function originates from the osmotic pressure generated by the swelling potential of a charged hydrogel, which is restricted from swelling by a textile spacer fabric. This study aims to quantify the relationship between the swelling potential of the hydrogel and the compressive stiffness of the implant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerke H Schuiringa
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Pastrama
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
López-Marcial GR, Elango K, O’Connell GD. Addition of collagen type I in agarose created a dose-dependent effect on matrix production in engineered cartilage. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac048. [PMID: 35991580 PMCID: PMC9390219 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Extracellular-matrix composition impacts mechanical performance in native and engineered tissues. Previous studies showed collagen type I-agarose blends increased cell-matrix interactions and extra-cellular matrix production. However, long-term impacts on protein production and mechanical properties of engineered cartilage are unknown. Our objective was to characterize the effect of collagen type I on matrix production of chondrocytes embedded in agarose hydrogels. We hypothesized that the addition of collagen would improve long-term mechanical properties and matrix production (e.g., collagen and glycosaminoglycans) through increased bioactivity. Agarose hydrogels (2% w/v) were mixed with varying concentrations of collagen type I (0, 2, 5 mg/mL). Juvenile bovine chondrocytes were added to the hydrogels to assess matrix production over 4 weeks through biochemical assays, and mechanical properties were assessed through unconfined compression. We observed a dose-dependent effect on cell bioactivity, where 2 mg/mL of collagen improved bioactivity, but 5 mg/mL had a negative impact on bioactivity. This resulted in higher modulus for scaffolds supplemented with lower collagen concentration as compared to the higher collagen concentration, but not when compared to the control. In conclusion, the addition of collagen to agarose constructs provided a dose-dependent impact on improving glycosaminoglycan production but did not improve collagen production or compressive mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keerthana Elango
- University of California Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Berkeley
| | - Grace D O’Connell
- University of California Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Berkeley
- University of California Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, , San Francisco
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang T, Yang T, Bao Q, Sun W, Yang M, Mao C. Construction of tissue-customized hydrogels from cross-linkable materials for effective tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:4741-4758. [PMID: 34812829 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01935j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are prevalent scaffolds for tissue regeneration because of their hierarchical architectures along with outstanding biocompatibility and unique rheological and mechanical properties. For decades, researchers have found that many materials (natural, synthetic, or hybrid) can form hydrogels using different cross-linking strategies. Traditional strategies for fabricating hydrogels include physical, chemical, and enzymatical cross-linking methods. However, due to the diverse characteristics of different tissues/organs to be regenerated, tissue-customized hydrogels need to be developed through precisely controlled processes, making the manufacture of hydrogels reliant on novel cross-linking strategies. Thus, hybrid cross-linkable materials are proposed to tackle this challenge through hybrid cross-linking strategies. Here, different cross-linkable materials and their associated cross-linking strategies are summarized. From the perspective of the major characteristics of the target tissues/organs, we critically analyze how different cross-linking strategies are tailored to fit the regeneration of such tissues and organs. To further advance this field, more appropriate cross-linkable materials and cross-linking strategies should be investigated. In addition, some innovative technologies, such as 3D bioprinting, the internet of medical things (IoMT), and artificial intelligence (AI), are also proposed to improve the development of hydrogels for more efficient tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongmeng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Weilian Sun
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P. R. China.
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McMorran JG, Gregory DE. The Influence of Axial Compression on the Cellular and Mechanical Function of Spinal Tissues; Emphasis on the Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus: A Review. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:050802. [PMID: 33454730 DOI: 10.1115/1.4049749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In light of the correlation between chronic back pain and intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, this literature review seeks to illustrate the importance of the hydraulic response across the nucleus pulposus (NP)-annulus fibrosus (AF) interface, by synthesizing current information regarding injurious biomechanics of the spine, stemming from axial compression. Damage to vertebrae, endplates (EPs), the NP, and the AF, can all arise from axial compression, depending on the segment's posture, the manner in which it is loaded, and the physiological state of tissue. Therefore, this movement pattern was selected to illustrate the importance of the bracing effect of a pressurized NP on the AF, and how injuries interrupting support to the AF may contribute to IVD degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G McMorran
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5
| | - Diane E Gregory
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5; Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wurm F, Pinggera GM, Pham T, Bechtold T. Investigation on the Behavior of κ -Carrageenan Hydrogels for Compressive Intra-Vessel Disintegration. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000348. [PMID: 33274844 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gel disintegration via compression is a possible approach for the reversal of the occlusion of male vasa deferentia (VD) by hydrogels. κ -carrageenan (KC) hydrogels can be used for such an application. To determine the required forces for in-vessel compressive disintegration, a gel-tube model, preparing KC gels in different tubes, is studied. These gels are of alternating biopolymer (1-3% by mass) and potassium (100-300 mM) concentration. Gel-filled tubes are uniaxially compressed at two different compression speeds (1 and 0.3 mm s-1 ). Breakage compression strains are cross studied by shear breaking gel measurements using dynamic mechanical analysis. The measurements showed good agreement. Gel structure disintegration occurred below (62 ± 8) % strain. During compression, three stages of gel disintegration are present. Gel-tube wall detachment, gel rupture, and gel expulsion. The force required for gel disintegration and tube deformation can be added arithmetically. From the modulus of a human aortae model, it is estimated that average human pinch forces are insufficient to disintegrate 2% and 3% by mass KC hydrogels in VD by massage. The compressive disintegration would require a compression device while evading tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wurm
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry/Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, Dornbirn, 6850, Austria
| | - Germar-Michael Pinggera
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35 A, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Tung Pham
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry/Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, Dornbirn, 6850, Austria
| | - Thomas Bechtold
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry/Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, Dornbirn, 6850, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen JH, Chan S, Zhang Y, Li S, Chang RF, Su MY. Evaluation of breast stiffness measured by ultrasound and breast density measured by MRI using a prone-supine deformation model. Biomark Res 2019; 7:20. [PMID: 31528346 PMCID: PMC6737679 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated breast tissue stiffness measured by ultrasound elastography and the percent breast density measured by magnetic resonance imaging to understand their relationship. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging and whole breast ultrasound were performed in 20 patients with suspicious lesions. Only the contralateral normal breasts were analyzed. Breast tissue stiffness was measured from the echogenic homogeneous fibroglandular tissues in the central breast area underneath the nipple. An automatic, computer algorithm-based, segmentation method was used to segment the whole breast and fibroglandular tissues on three dimensional magnetic resonanceimaging. A finite element model was applied to deform the prone magnetic resonance imaging to match the supine ultrasound images, by using the inversed gravity loaded transformation. After deformation, the tissue level used in ultrasound elastography measurement could be estimated on the deformed supine magnetic resonance imaging to measure the breast density in the corresponding tissue region. Results The mean breast tissue stiffness was 2.3 ± 0.8 m/s. The stiffness was not correlated with age (r = 0.29). Overall, there was no positive correlation between breast stiffness and breast volume (r = - 0.14), or the whole breast percent density (r = - 0.09). There was also no correlation between breast stiffness and the local percent density measured from the corresponding region (r = - 0.12). Conclusions The lack of correlation between breast stiffness measured by ultrasound and the whole breast or local percent density measured by magnetic resonance imaging suggests that breast stiffness is not solely related to the amount of fibroglandular tissue. Further studies are needed to investigate whether they are dependent or independent cancer risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeon-Hor Chen
- 1John Tu and Thomas Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-5020 USA.,2Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Siwa Chan
- 3Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,4Department of Radiology, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang Zhang
- 1John Tu and Thomas Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-5020 USA
| | - Shunshan Li
- 1John Tu and Thomas Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-5020 USA
| | - Ruey-Feng Chang
- 3Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Ying Su
- 1John Tu and Thomas Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-5020 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Durney K, Sharifi Kia D, Wang T, Singh A, Karbowski L, Koo HJ, Ateshian GA, Albro M. Physiologic Medium Maintains the Homeostasis of Immature Bovine Articular Cartilage Explants in Long-Term Culture. J Biomech Eng 2018; 141:2712943. [PMID: 30383167 DOI: 10.1115/1.4041901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to maintain living articular cartilage tissue in long-term culture can serve as a valuable analytical research tool, allowing for direct examination of mechanical or chemical perturbations on tissue behavior. A fundamental challenge for this technique is the recreation of the salient environmental conditions of the synovial joint in culture that are required to maintain native cartilage homeostasis. Interestingly, conventional media formulations used in explanted cartilage tissue culture investigations often consist of levels of metabolic mediators that deviate greatly from their concentrations in synovial fluid. Here, we hypothesize that the utilization of a culture medium consisting of near-physiologic levels of several highly influential metabolic mediators (glucose, amino acids, cortisol, insulin, and ascorbic acid) will maintain the homeostasis of cartilage explants as assessed by their mechanical properties and extracellular matrix contents. Results demonstrate that the aforementioned mediators have a strong effect on the mechanical and biochemical stability of skeletally immature bovine cartilage explants. Most notably, 1) in the absence of cortisol, explants exhibit extensive swelling and tissue softening and 2) in the presence of supraphysiologic levels of anabolic mediators (glucose, amino acids, insulin), explants exhibit increased matrix accumulation and tissue stiffening. In contrast, the administration of physiologic levels of these mediators (as present in native synovial fluid) greatly improves the stability of live cartilage explants over one month of culture. These results may have broad applicability for articular cartilage and other musculoskeletal tissue research, setting the foundation for important culture formulations required for examinations into tissue behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Durney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Danial Sharifi Kia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Tianbai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Akaljot Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Lucie Karbowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Hyeon Jin Koo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Michael Albro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wells HC, Sizeland KH, Kelly SJ, Kirby N, Hawley A, Mudie S, Haverkamp RG. Collagen Fibril Intermolecular Spacing Changes with 2-Propanol: A Mechanism for Tissue Stiffness. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2524-2532. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Wells
- School
of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag
11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Katie H. Sizeland
- School
of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag
11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Susyn J.R. Kelly
- School
of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag
11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stephen Mudie
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Richard G. Haverkamp
- School
of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag
11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lawson LY, Harfe BD. Developmental mechanisms of intervertebral disc and vertebral column formation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y. Lawson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Genetics Institute University of Florida, College of Medicine; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Brian D. Harfe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Genetics Institute University of Florida, College of Medicine; Gainesville FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Quiroga JMP, Wilson W, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Relative contribution of articular cartilage's constitutive components to load support depending on strain rate. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:151-158. [PMID: 27416853 PMCID: PMC5285416 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage is considered a biphasic material in which the solid is composed of proteoglycans and collagen. In biphasic tissue, the hydraulic pressure is believed to bear most of the load under higher strain rates and its dissipation due to fluid flow determines creep and relaxation behavior. In equilibrium, hydraulic pressure is zero and load bearing is transferred to the solid matrix. The viscoelasticity of the collagen network also contributes to its time-dependent behavior, and the osmotic pressure to load bearing in equilibrium. The aim of the present study was to determine the relative contributions of hydraulic pressure, viscoelastic collagen stress, solid matrix stiffness and osmotic pressure to load carriage in cartilage under transient and equilibrium conditions. Unconfined compression experiments were simulated using a fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic model of articular cartilage, including water, fibrillar viscoelastic collagen and non-fibrillar charged glycosaminoglycans. The relative contributions of hydraulic and osmotic pressures and stresses in the fibrillar and non-fibrillar network were evaluated in the superficial, middle and deep zone of cartilage under five different strain rates and after relaxation. Initially upon loading, the hydraulic pressure carried most of the load in all three zones. The osmotic swelling pressure carried most of the equilibrium load. In the surface zone, where the fibers were loaded in tension, the collagen network carried 20 % of the load for all strain rates. The importance of these fibers was illustrated by artificially modifying the fiber architecture, which reduced the overall stiffness of cartilage in all conditions. In conclusion, although hydraulic pressure dominates the transient behavior during cartilage loading, due to its viscoelastic nature the superficial zone collagen fibers carry a substantial part of the load under transient conditions. This becomes increasingly important with higher strain rates. The interesting and striking new insight from this study suggests that under equilibrium conditions, the swelling pressure generated by the combination of proteoglycans and collagen reinforcement accounts cartilage stiffness for more than 90 % of the loads carried by articular cartilage. This finding is different from the common thought that load is transferred from fluid to solid and is carried by the aggregate modulus of the solid. Rather, it is transformed from hydraulic to osmotic swelling pressure. These results show the importance of considering both (viscoelastic) collagen fibers as well as swelling pressure in studies of the (transient) mechanical behavior of cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Párraga Quiroga
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - W Wilson
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Castro APG, Laity P, Shariatzadeh M, Wittkowske C, Holland C, Lacroix D. Combined numerical and experimental biomechanical characterization of soft collagen hydrogel substrate. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:79. [PMID: 26914710 PMCID: PMC4767858 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a combined experimental-numerical framework for the biomechanical characterization of highly hydrated collagen hydrogels, namely with 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40% (by weight) of collagen concentration. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the extracellular matrix of animals and humans. Its intrinsic biocompatibility makes collagen a promising substrate for embedding cells within a highly hydrated environment mimicking natural soft tissues. Cell behaviour is greatly influenced by the mechanical properties of the surrounding matrix, but the biomechanical characterization of collagen hydrogels has been challenging up to now, since they present non-linear poro-viscoelastic properties. Combining the stiffness outcomes from rheological experiments with relevant literature data on collagen permeability, poroelastic finite element (FE) models were developed. Comparison between experimental confined compression tests available in the literature and analogous FE stress relaxation curves showed a close agreement throughout the tests. This framework allowed establishing that the dynamic shear modulus of the collagen hydrogels is between 0.0097 ± 0.018 kPa for the 0.20% concentration and 0.0601 ± 0.044 kPa for the 0.40% concentration. The Poisson's ratio values for such conditions lie within the range of 0.495-0.485 for 0.20% and 0.480-0.470 for 0.40%, respectively, showing that rheology is sensitive enough to detect these small changes in collagen concentration and thus allowing to link rheology results with the confined compression tests. In conclusion, this integrated approach allows for accurate constitutive modelling of collagen hydrogels. This framework sets the grounds for the characterization of related hydrogels and to the use of this collagen parameterization in more complex multiscale models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P G Castro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building - Room F32, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - P Laity
- Natural Materials Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Shariatzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building - Room F32, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - C Wittkowske
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building - Room F32, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - C Holland
- Natural Materials Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - D Lacroix
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building - Room F32, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Detiger SEL, de Bakker JY, Emanuel KS, Schmitz M, Vergroesen PPA, van der Veen AJ, Mazel C, Smit TH. Translational challenges for the development of a novel nucleus pulposus substitute: Experimental results from biomechanical and in vivo studies. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:983-94. [PMID: 26494611 DOI: 10.1177/0885328215611946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus replacement therapy could offer a less invasive alternative to restore the function of moderately degenerated intervertebral discs than current potentially destructive surgical procedures. Numerous nucleus pulposus substitutes have already been investigated, to assess their applicability for intradiscal use. Still, the current choice of testing methods often does not lead to efficient translation into clinical application. In this paper, we present the evaluation of a novel nucleus pulposus substitute, consisting of a hydromed core and an electrospun envelope. We performed three mechanical evaluations and an in vivo pilot experiment. Initially, the swelling pressure of the implant was assessed in confined compression. Next, we incorporated the implant into mechanically damaged caprine lumbar intervertebral discs to determine biomechanical segment behaviour in bending and torsion. Subsequently, segments were serially tested in native, damaged and repaired conditions under dynamic axial compressive loading regimes in a loaded disc culture system. Finally, nucleus pulposus substitutes were implanted in a live goat spine using a transpedicular approach. In confined compression, nucleus pulposus samples as well as implants showed some load-bearing capacity, but the implant exhibited a much lower absolute pressure. In bending and torsion, we found that the nucleus pulposus substitute could partly restore the mechanical response of the disc. During dynamic axial compression in the loaded disc culture system, on the other hand, the implant was not able to recover axial compressive behaviour towards the healthy situation. Moreover, the nucleus pulposus substitutes did not remain in place in the in vivo situation but migrated out of the disc area. From these results, we conclude that implants may mimic native disc behaviour in simple mechanical tests, yet fail in other, more realistic set-ups. Therefore, we recommend that biomaterials for nucleus pulposus replacement be tested in testing modalities of increasing complexity and in their relevant anatomical surroundings, for a more reliable prediction of clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E L Detiger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (CTRM) and MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Y de Bakker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (CTRM) and MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K S Emanuel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (CTRM) and MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (CTRM) and MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P P A Vergroesen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (CTRM) and MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J van der Veen
- Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Mazel
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - T H Smit
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (CTRM) and MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li W, Lucioni T, Guo X, Smelser A, Guthold M. Highly Stretchable, Biocompatible, Striated Substrate Made from Fugitive Glue. MATERIALS 2015. [PMCID: PMC5455748 DOI: 10.3390/ma8063508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel substrate made from fugitive glue (styrenic block copolymer) that can be used to analyze the effects of large strains on biological samples. The substrate has the following attributes: (1) It is easy to make from inexpensive components; (2) It is transparent and can be used in optical microscopy; (3) It is extremely stretchable as it can be stretched up to 700% strain; (4) It can be micro-molded, for example we created micro-ridges that are 6 μm high and 13 μm wide; (5) It is adhesive to biological fibers (we tested fibrin fibers), and can be used to uniformly stretch those fibers; (6) It is non-toxic to cells (we tested human mammary epithelial cells); (7) It can tolerate various salt concentrations up to 5 M NaCl and low (pH 0) and high (pH 14) pH values. Stretching of this extraordinary stretchable substrate is relatively uniform and thus, can be used to test multiple cells or fibers in parallel under the same conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, 7507 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; E-Mails: (W.L.); (T.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Tomas Lucioni
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, 7507 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; E-Mails: (W.L.); (T.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, 7507 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; E-Mails: (W.L.); (T.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Amanda Smelser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Martin Guthold
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, 7507 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; E-Mails: (W.L.); (T.L.); (X.G.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-336-758-4977; Fax: +1-336-758-6142
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Labus KM, Han SK, Hsieh AH, Puttlitz CM. A computational model to describe the regional interlamellar shear of the annulus fibrosus. J Biomech Eng 2015; 136:051009. [PMID: 24599055 DOI: 10.1115/1.4027061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interlamellar shear may play an important role in the homeostasis and degeneration of the intervertebral disk. Accurately modeling the shear behavior of the interlamellar compartment would enhance the study of its mechanobiology. In this study, physical experiments were utilized to describe interlamellar shear and define a constitutive model, which was implemented into a finite element analysis. Ovine annulus fibrosus (AF) specimens from three locations within the intervertebral disk (lateral, outer anterior, and inner anterior) were subjected to in vitro mechanical shear testing. The local shear stress-stretch relationship was described for the lamellae and across the interlamellar layer of the AF. A hyperelastic constitutive model was defined for interlamellar and lamellar materials at each location tested. The constitutive models were incorporated into a finite element model of a block of AF, which modeled the interlamellar and lamellar layers using a continuum description. The global shear behavior of the AF was compared between the finite element model and physical experiments. The shear moduli at the initial and final regions of the stress-strain curve were greater within the lamellae than across the interlamellar layer. The difference between interlamellar and lamellar shear was greater at the outer anterior AF than at the inner anterior region. The finite element model was shown to accurately predict the global shear behavior or the AF. Future studies incorporating finite element analysis of the interlamellar compartment may be useful for predicting its physiological mechanical behavior to inform the study of its mechanobiology.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hosseini SM, Wu Y, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. The importance of superficial collagen fibrils for the function of articular cartilage. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2013; 13:41-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-013-0485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|