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Lasota M, Šidlof P, Maurerlehner P, Kaltenbacher M, Schoder S. Anisotropic minimum dissipation subgrid-scale model in hybrid aeroacoustic simulations of human phonation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:1052. [PMID: 36859151 DOI: 10.1121/10.0017202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This article deals with large-eddy simulations of three-dimensional incompressible laryngeal flow followed by acoustic simulations of human phonation of five cardinal English vowels, /ɑ, æ, i, o, u/. The flow and aeroacoustic simulations were performed in OpenFOAM and in-house code openCFS, respectively. Given the large variety of scales in the flow and acoustics, the simulation is separated into two steps: (1) computing the flow in the larynx using the finite volume method on a fine moving grid with 2.2 million elements, followed by (2) computing the sound sources separately and wave propagation to the radiation zone around the mouth using the finite element method on a coarse static grid with 33 000 elements. The numerical results showed that the anisotropic minimum dissipation model, which is not well known since it is not available in common CFD software, predicted stronger sound pressure levels at higher harmonics, and especially at first two formants, than the wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity model. The model on turbulent flow in the larynx was employed and a positive impact on the quality of simulated vowels was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lasota
- Institute of New Technologies and Applied Informatics, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 460 01 Liberec, Czechia
| | - Petr Šidlof
- Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 5, 182 00 Prague, Czechia
| | - Paul Maurerlehner
- Institute of Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 18, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 18, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Schoder
- Institute of Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 18, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Lodermeyer A, Bagheri E, Kniesburges S, Näger C, Probst J, Döllinger M, Becker S. The mechanisms of harmonic sound generation during phonation: A multi-modal measurement-based approach. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:3485. [PMID: 34852620 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sound generation during voiced speech remains an open research topic because the underlying process within the human larynx is hardly accessible for direct measurements. In the present study, harmonic sound generation during phonation was investigated with a model that replicates the fully coupled fluid-structure-acoustic interaction (FSAI). The FSAI was captured using a multi-modal approach by measuring the flow and acoustic source fields based on particle image velocimetry, as well as the surface velocity of the vocal folds based on laser vibrometry and high-speed imaging. Strong harmonic sources were localized near the glottis, as well as further downstream, during the presence of the supraglottal jet. The strongest harmonic content of the vocal fold surface motion was verified for the area near the glottis, which directly interacts with the glottal jet flow. Also, the acoustic back-coupling of the formant frequencies onto the harmonic oscillation of the vocal folds was verified. These findings verify that harmonic sound generation is the result of a strong interrelation between the vocal fold motion, modulated flow field, and vocal tract geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lodermeyer
- Department of Process Machinery and Systems Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Eman Bagheri
- Department of Process Machinery and Systems Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Stefan Kniesburges
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Christoph Näger
- Department of Process Machinery and Systems Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Judith Probst
- Department of Process Machinery and Systems Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Michael Döllinger
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of Process Machinery and Systems Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
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Švec JG, Schutte HK, Chen CJ, Titze IR. Integrative Insights into the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory and Acoustics of Phonation. Scientific Tribute to Donald G. Miller. J Voice 2021; 37:305-313. [PMID: 33744068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this tribute article to D.G. Miller, we review some historical and recent contributions to understanding the myoelastic-aerodynamic (MEAD) theory of phonation and the related acoustic phenomena in subglottal and vocal tract. At the time of the formulation of MEAD by van den Berg in late 1950s, it was assumed that vocal fold oscillations are self-sustained thanks to increased subglottal pressure pushing the glottis to open and decreased subglottal pressure allowing the glottis to close. In vivo measurements of subglottal pressures during phonation invalidated these assumptions, however, and showed that at low fundamental frequencies subglottal pressure rather tends to reach a maximum value at the beginning of glottal closure and then exhibits damped oscillations. These events can be interpreted as transient acoustic resonance phenomena in the subglottal tract that are triggered by glottal closure. They are analogous to the transient acoustic phenomena seen in the vocal tract. Rather than subglottal pressure oscillations, a more efficient mechanism of transfer of aerodynamic energy to the vocal fold vibrations has been identified in the vertical phase differences (mucosal waves) making the glottal shape more convergent during glottis opening than during glottis closing. Along with other discoveries, these findings form the basis of our current understanding of MEAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Švec
- Voice Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia.
| | - Harm K Schutte
- Groningen Voice Research Lab, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Julian Chen
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ingo R Titze
- National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Calvache C, Solaque L, Velasco A, Peñuela L. Biomechanical Models to Represent Vocal Physiology: A Systematic Review. J Voice 2021; 37:465.e1-465.e18. [PMID: 33678534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical modeling allows obtaining information on physical phenomena that cannot be directly observed. This study aims to review models that represent voice production. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, and IEEE Xplore databases. To select the papers, we used the protocol PRISMA Statement. A total of 53 publications were included in this review. This article considers a taxonomic classification of models found in the literature. We propose four categories in the taxonomy: (1) Models representing the Source (Vocal folds); (2) Models representing the Filter (Vocal Tract); (3) Models representing the Source - Filter Interaction; and (4) Models representing the Airflow - Source Interaction. We include a bibliographic analysis with the evolution of the publications per category. We provide an analysis of the number as well of publications in journals per year. Moreover, we present an analysis of the term occurrence and its frequency of usage, as found in the literature. In each category, different types of vocal production models are mentioned and analyzed. The models account for the analysis of evidence about aerodynamic, biomechanical, and acoustic phenomena and their correlation with the physiological processes involved in the production of the human voice. This review gives an insight into the state of the art related to the mathematical modeling of voice production, analyzed from the viewpoint of vocal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calvache
- Vocology Center, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Leonardo Solaque
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Velasco
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina Peñuela
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
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Hu S, Wan J, Duan L, Chen J. Influence of pontic design on speech with an anterior fixed dental prosthesis: A clinical study and finite element analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 126:204.e1-204.e9. [PMID: 33280825 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Patients may experience disturbed articulation after treatment with a fixed dental prosthesis. However, studies that assess the relationship between fixed dental prosthesis design and the accuracy of speech sound production are lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical and finite element analysis (FEA) study was to examine the influence of pontic design on speech with anterior fixed dental prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS First, an articulation test was carried out in which a partially edentulous participant was required to pronounce 4 Chinese words containing the voiceless fricative/s/while wearing fixed dental prostheses with 2 types of pontic designs. The oral morphology was obtained by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning while the participant, wearing the 2 fixed dental prosthesis designs, was pronouncing the voiceless fricative/s/sound. The geometry of the oral cavity was then reconstructed by an image processing software program. Finally, a finite element model for sound wave propagation inside the oral cavity was developed within the framework of the finite element analysis software program. By using this model, the sound pressure level of the 2 types of pontic design was characterized and quantified under different fundamental frequencies (F0). The data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA (α=.05). RESULTS The experimental articulation test reported that the pontic design of fixed dental prostheses affected the speech production of the/s/sound (P<.001). The numerical study reported that the sound pressure level values were different under various fundamental frequencies. In addition, the pontic design of fixed dental prostheses affected the sound pressure level values, and the differences varied significantly from 420 to 1300 Hz (P<.05); however, the differences were not significant between 120 and 420 Hz (P>.05). Moreover, further comparisons of low F0 (120 to 500 Hz), medium F0 (520 to 900 Hz), and high F0 (920 to 1300 Hz) reported that the differences in the medium F0 area were most obvious (P<.001 for maximum sound pressure level value and P=.001 for sound pressure level value at Point Q). CONCLUSIONS Both the fixed dental prosthesis pontic design and the fundamental frequency could affect the sound field distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jia Wan
- PhD student, Phonetics Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lunliang Duan
- PhD student, Department of Bridge Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Associate research fellow, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Oren L, Khosla S, Farbos de Luzan C, Gutmark E. Effects of False Vocal Folds on Intraglottal Velocity Fields. J Voice 2020; 35:695-702. [PMID: 32147314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous models have theorized that, during phonation, skewing of the glottal waveform (which is correlated with acoustic intensity) occurred because of inertance of the vocal tract. Later, we reported that skewing of the flow rate waveform can occur without the presence of a vocal tract in an excised canine larynx. We hypothesized that in the absence of a vocal tract, the skewing formed when dynamic pressures acted on the glottal wall during the closing phase; such pressures were greatly affected by formation of intraglottal vortices. In this study, we aim to identify how changes in false vocal folds constriction can affect the acoustics and intraglottal flow dynamics. The intraglottal flow measurements were made using particle image velocimetry in an excised canine larynx where a vocal tract model was placed above the larynx and the constriction between the false vocal folds was varied. Our results show that for similar values of subglottal pressures, the skewing of the glottal waveform, strength of the intraglottal vortices, and acoustic energy increased as the constriction between the false vocal folds was increased. These preliminary findings suggest that acoustic intensity during phonation can be increased by the addition of a vocal tract with false fold constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Oren
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Sid Khosla
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charles Farbos de Luzan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ephraim Gutmark
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Schoder S, Weitz M, Maurerlehner P, Hauser A, Falk S, Kniesburges S, Döllinger M, Kaltenbacher M. Hybrid aeroacoustic approach for the efficient numerical simulation of human phonation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:1179. [PMID: 32113301 DOI: 10.1121/10.0000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid aeroacoustic approach was developed for the efficient numerical computation of human phonation. In the first step, an incompressible flow simulation on a three-dimensional (3 D) computational grid, which is capable of resolving all relevant turbulent scales, is performed using STARCCM+ and finite volume method. In the second step, the acoustic source terms on the flow grid are computed and a conservative interpolation to the acoustic grid is performed. Finally, the perturbed convective wave equation is solved to obtain the acoustic field in 3 D with the finite element solver CFS++. Thereby, the conservative transformation of the acoustic sources from the flow grid to the acoustic grid is a key step to allow coarse acoustic grids without reducing accuracy. For this transformation, two different interpolation strategies are compared and grid convergence is assessed. Overall, 16 simulation setups are compared. The initial (267 000 degrees of freedom) and the optimized (21 265 degrees of freedom) simulation setup were validated by measurements of a synthetic larynx model. To conclude, the total computational time of the acoustic simulation is reduced by 95% compared to the initial simulation setup without a significant reduction of accuracy, being 7%, in the frequency range of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schoder
- Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Michael Weitz
- Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics, TU Wien, Austria
| | | | | | - Sebastian Falk
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kniesburges
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Michael Döllinger
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Schickhofer L, Mihaescu M. Analysis of the aerodynamic sound of speech through static vocal tract models of various glottal shapes. J Biomech 2019; 99:109484. [PMID: 31761432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The acoustic spectrum of our voice can be divided into harmonic and inharmonic sound components. While the harmonic components, generated by the oscillatory motion of the vocal folds, are well described by reduced-order speech models, the accurate computation of the inharmonic components requires high-order flow simulations, which predict the vortex shedding and turbulent structures present in the shear layers of the glottal jet. This study characterizes the dominant frequencies in the unsteady flow of the intra- and supraglottal region. A realistic vocal tract geometry obtained through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is applied for the numerical domain, which is locally modified to account for different convergent and divergent glottal angles. Both time-averaged and fluctuating values of the flow variables are computed and their distribution at various glottal shapes is compared. The impact of the registered modes in the unsteady flow on the acoustic far field is computed through direct compressible flow simulations. Furthermore, acoustic analogies are applied to localize the sources of the aerodynamically generated sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schickhofer
- Department of Mechanics, Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden.
| | - Mihai Mihaescu
- Department of Mechanics, Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden.
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Schickhofer L, Malinen J, Mihaescu M. Compressible flow simulations of voiced speech using rigid vocal tract geometries acquired by MRI. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:2049. [PMID: 31046346 DOI: 10.1121/1.5095250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Voiced speech consists mainly of the source signal that is frequency weighted by the acoustic filtering of the upper airways and vortex-induced sound through perturbation in the flow field. This study investigates the flow instabilities leading to vortex shedding and the importance of coherent structures in the supraglottal region downstream of the vocal folds for the far-field sound signal. Large eddy simulations of the compressible airflow through the glottal constriction are performed in realistic geometries obtained from three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging data. Intermittent flow separation through the glottis is shown to introduce unsteady surface pressure through impingement of vortices. Additionally, dominant flow instabilities develop in the shear layer associated with the glottal jet. The aerodynamic perturbations in the near field and the acoustic signal in the far field are examined by means of spatial and temporal Fourier analysis. Furthermore, the acoustic sources due to the unsteady supraglottal flow are identified with the aid of surface spectra, and critical regions of amplification of the dominant frequencies of the investigated vowel geometries are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schickhofer
- Department of Mechanics, Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Jarmo Malinen
- Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Mihai Mihaescu
- Department of Mechanics, Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-10044, Sweden
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Sadeghi H, Döllinger M, Kaltenbacher M, Kniesburges S. Aerodynamic impact of the ventricular folds in computational larynx models. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:2376. [PMID: 31046372 DOI: 10.1121/1.5098775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular folds (VeFs) act as passive, non-moving structures during normal phonation. According to the literature, VeFs potentially aid the flow-driven oscillations of the vocal folds (VFs) that produce the primary sound of human phonation. In this study, large eddy simulations were performed to analyze this influence in a numerical model with imposed VF motion as measured experimentally from a synthetic silicone vocal fold model. Model configurations with and without VeFs were considered. Furthermore, configurations with rectangular and elliptical glottis shapes were simulated to investigate the effects of three-dimensional glottal jet evolutions. Results showed that VeFs increased flow rate and transglottal pressure difference by a decrease in the pressure level in the ventricles immediately downstream of the VFs. This led to an increase in the glottal flow resistance, increased energy transfer rate between the flow and VFs, and a simultaneous decrease in the laryngeal flow resistance, which shows a higher amount of kinetic energy in the glottal flow. This enhancement was more pronounced in the rectangular glottis and varied with the subglottal pressure and VeF gap size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sadeghi
- Divison of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Döllinger
- Divison of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics, Technical University Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kniesburges
- Divison of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Computational Models of Laryngeal Aerodynamics: Potentials and Numerical Costs. J Voice 2018; 33:385-400. [PMID: 29428274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human phonation is based on the interaction between tracheal airflow and laryngeal dynamics. This fluid-structure interaction is based on the energy exchange between airflow and vocal folds. Major challenges in analyzing the phonatory process in-vivo are the small dimensions and the poor accessibility of the region of interest. For improved analysis of the phonatory process, numerical simulations of the airflow and the vocal fold dynamics have been suggested. Even though most of the models reproduced the phonatory process fairly well, development of comprehensive larynx models is still a subject of research. In the context of clinical application, physiological accuracy and computational model efficiency are of great interest. In this study, a simple numerical larynx model is introduced that incorporates the laryngeal fluid flow. It is based on a synthetic experimental model with silicone vocal folds. The degree of realism was successively increased in separate computational models and each model was simulated for 10 oscillation cycles. Results show that relevant features of the laryngeal flow field, such as glottal jet deflection, develop even when applying rather simple static models with oscillating flow rates. Including further phonatory components such as vocal fold motion, mucosal wave propagation, and ventricular folds, the simulations show phonatory key features like intraglottal flow separation and increased flow rate in presence of ventricular folds. The simulation time on 100 CPU cores ranged between 25 and 290 hours, currently restricting clinical application of these models. Nevertheless, results show high potential of numerical simulations for better understanding of phonatory process.
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Lasota M, Šidlof P. Large-Eddy Simulation of Internal Flow through Human Vocal Folds. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201818002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The phonatory process occurs when air is expelled from the lungs through the glottis and the pressure drop causes flow-induced oscillations of the vocal folds. The flow fields created in phonation are highly unsteady and the coherent vortex structures are also generated. For accuracy it is essential to compute on humanlike computational domain and appropriate mathematical model. The work deals with numerical simulation of air flow within the space between plicae vocales and plicae vestibulares. In addition to the dynamic width of the rima glottidis, where the sound is generated, there are lateral ventriculus laryngis and sacculus laryngis included in the computational domain as well. The paper presents the results from OpenFOAM which are obtained with a large-eddy simulation using second-order finite volume discretization of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Large-eddy simulations with different subgrid scale models are executed on structured mesh. In these cases are used only the subgrid scale models which model turbulence via turbulent viscosity and Boussinesq approximation in subglottal and supraglottal area in larynx.
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13
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Gómez P, Schützenberger A, Kniesburges S, Bohr C, Döllinger M. Physical parameter estimation from porcine ex vivo vocal fold dynamics in an inverse problem framework. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 17:777-792. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jiang W, Zheng X, Xue Q. Computational Modeling of Fluid-Structure-Acoustics Interaction during Voice Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:7. [PMID: 28243588 PMCID: PMC5304452 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presented a three-dimensional, first-principle based fluid-structure-acoustics interaction computer model of voice production, which employed a more realistic human laryngeal and vocal tract geometries. Self-sustained vibrations, important convergent-divergent vibration pattern of the vocal folds, and entrainment of the two dominant vibratory modes were captured. Voice quality-associated parameters including the frequency, open quotient, skewness quotient, and flow rate of the glottal flow waveform were found to be well within the normal physiological ranges. The analogy between the vocal tract and a quarter-wave resonator was demonstrated. The acoustic perturbed flux and pressure inside the glottis were found to be at the same order with their incompressible counterparts, suggesting strong source-filter interactions during voice production. Such high fidelity computational model will be useful for investigating a variety of pathological conditions that involve complex vibrations, such as vocal fold paralysis, vocal nodules, and vocal polyps. The model is also an important step toward a patient-specific surgical planning tool that can serve as a no-risk trial and error platform for different procedures, such as injection of biomaterials and thyroplastic medialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Jiang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Maine , Orono, ME , USA
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Maine , Orono, ME , USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Maine , Orono, ME , USA
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Granados A, Misztal MK, Brunskog J, Visseq V, Erleben K. A numerical strategy for finite element modeling of frictionless asymmetric vocal fold collision. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 33. [PMID: 27058999 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of voice pathologies may require vocal fold models that include relevant features such as vocal fold asymmetric collision. The present study numerically addresses the problem of frictionless asymmetric collision in a self-sustained three-dimensional continuum model of the vocal folds. Theoretical background and numerical analysis of the finite-element position-based contact model are presented, along with validation. A novel contact detection mechanism capable to detect collision in asymmetric oscillations is developed. The effect of inexact contact constraint enforcement on vocal fold dynamics is examined by different variational methods for inequality constrained minimization problems, namely, the Lagrange multiplier method and the penalty method. In contrast to the penalty solution, which is related to classical spring-like contact forces, numerical examples show that the parameter-independent Lagrange multiplier solution is more robust and accurate in the estimation of dynamical and mechanical features at vocal fold contact. Furthermore, special attention is paid to the temporal integration schemes in relation to the contact problem, the results suggesting an advantage of highly diffusive schemes. Finally, vocal fold contact enforcement is shown to affect asymmetric oscillations. The present model may be adapted to existing vocal fold models, which may contribute to a better understanding of the effect of the nonlinear contact phenomenon on phonation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Granados
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | | | - Jonas Brunskog
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Vincent Visseq
- Institut Supérieur de Mécanique de Paris, Saint-Ouen, F-93400, France
| | - Kenny Erleben
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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Jasikova D, Sidlof P, Kotek M, Kopecky V. An experimental study of the glottal jet. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611402147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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