1
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Kondiboyina V, Duerr TJ, Monaghan JR, Shefelbine SJ. Material properties in regenerating axolotl limbs using inverse finite element analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106341. [PMID: 38160643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular mechanical environment plays an important role in the skeletal development process. Characterization of the material properties of regenerating tissues that recapitulate development, provides insights into the mechanical environment experienced by the cells and the maturation of the matrix. In this study, we estimated the viscoelastic material properties of regenerating forelimbs in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) at three different regeneration stages: 27 days post-amputation (mid-late bud) and 41 days post-amputation (palette stage), and fully-grown time points. A stress-relaxation indentation test followed by two-term Prony series viscoelastic inverse finite element analysis was used to obtain material parameters. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was estimated using a 1,9- dimethyl methylene blue assay. RESULTS The instantaneous and equilibrium shear moduli significantly increased with regeneration while the short-term stress relaxation time significantly decreased with limb regeneration. The long-term stress relaxation time in the fully-grown time point was significantly lower than 27 and 41 DPA groups. The GAG content was not significantly different between 27 and 41 DPA but the GAG content of cartilage in the fully-grown group was significantly greater than in 27 and 41 DPA. CONCLUSIONS The mechanical environment of the proliferating cells changes drastically during limb regeneration. Understanding how the tissue's mechanical properties change during limb regeneration is critical for linking molecular-level matrix production of the cells to tissue-level behavior and mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra J Shefelbine
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Dept. Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Valluru PKR, Su A, Mehta S, Bajpayee A, Shefelbine S. Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Articular Cartilage Poro-Viscoelastic Material Properties Using Indentation. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:1151022. [PMID: 36416287 DOI: 10.1115/1.4056294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biphasic poro-viscoelastic constitutive material model (BPVE) captures both the fluid flow dependent and independent behavior of cartilage under stress relaxation type indentation. A finite element model based on BPVE formulation was developed to explore the sensitivity of the model to Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, permeability, and viscoelastic constitutive parameters expressed in terms of Prony series coefficients. Then we fit the numerical model to experimental force versus time curves from stress relaxation indents on bovine tibial plateaus to extract the material properties. Measurements were made over the period of two days to capture the material property changes that resulted from trypsin-induced degradation. We measured spatial and temporal changes in mechanical properties in the cartilage. The areas of degradation were characterized by an increase in both permeability and summation of Prony series shear relaxation amplitude constants. These findings suggest that cartilage degradation reduces the intrinsic viscoelastic properties of the solid phase of the tissue in addition to impairing its capacity to offer frictional drag to the interstitial fluid flow (permeability). The changes in material properties are measurable well before structural degradation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Su
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shikhar Mehta
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ambika Bajpayee
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sandra Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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3
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Belluzzi E, Todros S, Pozzuoli A, Ruggieri P, Carniel EL, Berardo A. Human Cartilage Biomechanics: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches towards the Identification of Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Conditions. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a complex connective tissue with the fundamental functions of load bearing, shock absorption and lubrication in joints. However, traumatic events, aging and degenerative pathologies may affect its structural integrity and function, causing pain and long-term disability. Osteoarthritis represents a health issue, which concerns an increasing number of people worldwide. Moreover, it has been observed that this pathology also affects the mechanical behavior of the articular cartilage. To better understand this correlation, the here proposed review analyzes the physiological aspects that influence cartilage microstructure and biomechanics, with a special focus on the pathological changes caused by osteoarthritis. Particularly, the experimental data on human articular cartilage are presented with reference to different techniques adopted for mechanical testing and the related theoretical mechanical models usually applied to articular cartilage are briefly discussed.
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4
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Masson AO, Besler B, Edwards WB, Krawetz RJ. High spatial resolution analysis using automated indentation mapping differentiates biomechanical properties of normal vs. degenerated articular cartilage in mice. eLife 2022; 11:74664. [PMID: 36444976 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage is crucial to understanding processes of tissue homeostasis vs. degeneration. In mouse models, however, limitations are imposed by their small joint size and thin cartilage surfaces. Here we present a three-dimensional (3D) automated surface mapping system and methodology that allows for mechanical characterization of mouse cartilage with high spatial resolution. We performed repeated indentation mappings, followed by cartilage thickness measurement via needle probing, at 31 predefined positions distributed over the medial and lateral femoral condyles of healthy mice. High-resolution 3D x-ray microscopy (XRM) imaging was used to validate tissue thickness measurements. The automated indentation mapping was reproducible, and needle probing yielded cartilage thicknesses comparable to XRM imaging. When comparing healthy vs. degenerated cartilage, topographical variations in biomechanics were identified, with altered thickness and stiffness (instantaneous modulus) across condyles and within anteroposterior sub-regions. This quantitative technique comprehensively characterized cartilage function in mice femoral condyle cartilage. Hence, it has the potential to improve our understanding of tissue structure-function interplay in mouse models of repair and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand O Masson
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Bryce Besler
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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5
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Subchondral Bone Alterations in a Novel Model of Intermediate Post Traumatic Osteoarthritis In Mice. J Biomech 2022; 142:111233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Sciorio R, Miranian D, Smith GD. Non-invasive oocyte quality assessment. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:274-290. [PMID: 35136962 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte quality is perhaps the most important limiting factor in female fertility; however, the current methods of determining oocyte competence are only marginally capable of predicting a successful pregnancy. We aim to review the predictive value of non-invasive techniques for the assessment of human oocytes and their related cells and biofluids that pertain to their developmental competence. Investigation of the proteome, transcriptome, and hormonal makeup of follicular fluid, as well as cumulus-oocyte complexes are currently underway; however, prospective randomized non-selection-controlled trials of the future are needed before determining their prognostic value. The biological significance of polar body morphology and genetics are still unknown and the subject of debate. The predictive utility of zygotic viscoelasticity for embryo development has been demonstrated, but similar studies performed on oocytes have yet to be conducted. Metabolic profiling of culture media using human oocytes are also limited and may require integration of automated, high-throughput targeted metabolomic assessments in real time with microfluidic platforms. Light exposure to oocytes can be detrimental to subsequent development and utilization of time-lapse imaging and morphometrics of oocytes is wanting. Polarized light, Raman microspectroscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering are a few novel imaging tools that may play a more important role in future oocyte assessment. Ultimately, the integration of chemistry, genomics, microfluidics, microscopy, physics, and other biomedical engineering technologies into the basic studies of oocyte biology, and in testing and perfecting practical solutions of oocyte evaluation, are the future for non-invasive assessment of oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Sciorio
- Edinburgh Assisted Conception Programme, EFREC, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel Miranian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary D Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Urology, and Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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7
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Kazemi M, Williams JL. Depth and strain rate-dependent mechanical response of chondrocytes in reserve zone cartilage subjected to compressive loading. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:1477-1493. [PMID: 33844092 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of the growth plate reserve zone is not well understood. It has been proposed to serve as a source of stem cells and to produce morphogens that control the alignment of clones in preparation for the transition into the proliferative zone. We hypothesized that if such a role exists, there are likely to be mechanoregulatory stimuli in cellular response through the depth of the reserve zone. A poroelastic multiscale finite element model of bone/growth-plate/bone was developed for examining the reserve zone cell transient response when compressed to 5% of the cartilage thickness at strain rates of 0.18%/s, 5%/s, 50%/s, and 200%/s. Chondrocyte maximum principal strains, height-, width-, and membrane-strains were found to be highly dependent on reserve zone tissue depth and strain rate. Cell-level strains and fluid transmembrane outflow from the cell were influenced by the permeability of the calcified cartilage between subchondral bone plate and reserve zone and by the applied strain rate. Cell strain levels in the lower reserve zone were less sensitive to epiphyseal permeability than in the upper reserve zone. In contrast, the intracellular fluid pressures were relatively uniform with reserve zone tissue depth and less sensitive to epiphyseal permeability. Fluid shear stress, induced by fluid flow over the cell surface, provided mechanoregulatory signals potentially sufficient to stimulate reserve zone chondrocytes near the subchondral bone plate interface. These results suggest that the strain rate and tissue depth dependence of cell-level strains and cell surface fluid shear stress may provide mechanoregulatory cues in the reserve zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Kazemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
| | - John L Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
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8
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The Biomechanics of Cartilage-An Overview. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040302. [PMID: 33915881 PMCID: PMC8065530 DOI: 10.3390/life11040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) sheathes joint surfaces and minimizes friction in diarthrosis. The resident cell population, chondrocytes, are surrounded by an extracellular matrix and a multitude of proteins, which bestow their unique characteristics. AC is characterized by a zonal composition (superficial (tangential) zone, middle (transitional) zone, deep zone, calcified zone) with different mechanical properties. An overview is given about different testing (load tests) methods as well as different modeling approaches. The widely accepted biomechanical test methods, e.g., the indentation analysis, are summarized and discussed. A description of the biphasic theory is also shown. This is required to understand how interstitial water contributes toward the viscoelastic behavior of AC. Furthermore, a short introduction to a more complex model is given.
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9
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Kumar R, Tiwari AK, Tripathi D, Main RP, Kumar N, Sihota P, Ambwani S, Sharma NN. Anatomical variations in cortical bone surface permeability: Tibia versus femur. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104122. [PMID: 33125957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone surfaces (periosteal and endosteal) exhibit differential (re)modelling response to mechanical loading. This poses a serious challenge in establishing an in silico model to predict site-specific new bone formation as a function of mechanical stimulus. In this regard, mechanical loading-induced fluid motion in lacunar-canalicular system (LCS) is assumed osteogenic. Micro-architectural properties, especially permeability regulate canalicular fluid motion within the bone. The knowledge of these properties is required to compute flow distribution. Along the same line, it is possible that cortical surfaces may experience differential fluid distribution due to anatomical variations in microarchitectural properties which may induce distinct new bone response at cortical surfaces. Nevertheless, these properties are not well reported for cortical surfaces in the literature. Accordingly, the present study aims to measure microarchitectural properties especially permeability at different anatomical locations (medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior) of periosteal and endosteal surfaces using nanoindentation. A standard poroelastic optimization technique was used to estimate permeability, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio. The properties are also compared for two weight-bearing bones i.e. tibia and femur. Endosteal surface was found more permeable as compared to the periosteal surface. Tibial endosteal surface had shown greater permeability values at most of the anatomical locations as compared to femoral endosteal surface. The outcomes may be used to precisely predict site-specific osteogenesis in cortical bone as a function of canalicular flow distribution. This work may ultimately be beneficial in designing the loading parameters to stimulate desired new bone response for the prevention and the cure of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Dharmendra Tripathi
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Russell P Main
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Roopnagar, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Praveer Sihota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Roopnagar, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Sonu Ambwani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Niti Nipun Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
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10
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Fayolle C, Labrune M, Berteau JP. Raman spectroscopy investigation shows that mineral maturity is greater in CD-1 than in C57BL/6 mice distal femurs after sexual maturity. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:409-419. [PMID: 30922120 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1601184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim of the study mice are the most often used pre-clinical lab models for studying the pathologies of bone mineralization. However, recent evidence suggests that two of the most often used mice strains (C57BL/6J and CD-1) might show differences in the bone mineralization process. This study sought to investigate the main compositional properties of bone tissue between nonpathological C57BL/6J and CD-1 murine knee joints. Materials and Methods : to this end, medial and lateral condylar subchondral bones and the adjacent diaphyseal cortical bone of 13 murine femurs (n = 7 C57BL/6J and n = 6 CD-1 at eight weeks old, just after sexual maturation) were analyzed with ex vivo Raman spectroscopy. Results : regardless of the bone tissue analyzed, our results showed that CD-1 laboratory mice present a more mature mineral phase than C57BL/6J laboratory mice, but present no difference in maturity of the collagen phase. For both strains, the subchondral bone of the medial condylar and cortical bone from the diaphysis have similar compositional properties, and CD-1 presents less variation than C57BL/6J. Furthermore, we depict a novel parametric relationship between the crystallinity and carbonate-to-amide-I ratio that might help in deciphering the mineral maturation process that occurs during bone's mineralization. Conclusions : Our results suggest that the timing of bone maturation might be different between non-pathological C57BL/6J and CD-1 murine knee femurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Fayolle
- Department of Physical Therapy, City University of New York, College of Staten Island , New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Compiegne, Sorbonne University, Universite Technologique de Compiegne , France
| | - Mélody Labrune
- Department of Physical Therapy, City University of New York, College of Staten Island , New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Compiegne, Sorbonne University, Universite Technologique de Compiegne , France
| | - Jean-Philippe Berteau
- Department of Physical Therapy, City University of New York, College of Staten Island , New York, NY, USA.,New York Center for Biomedical Engineering, City University of New York, City College , New York, NY, USA.,Nanoscience Initiatives, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, City College , New York, NY, USA
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11
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Dusfour G, Maumus M, Cañadas P, Ambard D, Jorgensen C, Noël D, Le Floc'h S. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived cartilage micropellets: A relevant in vitro model for biomechanical and mechanobiological studies of cartilage growth. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110808. [PMID: 32409025 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diseases that affect the articular cartilage is increasing due to population ageing, but the current treatments are only palliative. One innovative approach to repair cartilage defects is tissue engineering and the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Although the combination of MSCs with biocompatible scaffolds has been extensively investigated, no product is commercially available yet. This could be explained by the lack of mechanical stimulation during in vitro culture and the absence of proper and stable cartilage matrix formation, leading to poor integration after implantation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the biomechanical behaviour of MSC differentiation in micropellets, a well-defined 3D in vitro model of cartilage differentiation and growth, in view of tissue engineering applications. MSC micropellet chondrogenic differentiation was induced by exposure to TGFβ3. At different time points during differentiation (35 days of culture), their global mechanical properties were assessed using a very sensitive compression device coupled to an identification procedure based on a finite element parametric model. Micropellets displayed both a non-linear strain-induced stiffening behaviour and a dissipative behaviour that increased from day 14 to day 29, with a maximum instantaneous Young's modulus of 179.9 ± 18.8 kPa. Moreover, chondrocyte gene expression levels were strongly correlated with the observed mechanical properties. This study indicates that cartilage micropellets display the biochemical and biomechanical characteristics required for investigating and recapitulating the different stages of cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dusfour
- LMGC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - M Maumus
- IRMB, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Hopital Lapeyronie, Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Diseases Therapeutic Unit, Montpellier, France
| | - P Cañadas
- LMGC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - D Ambard
- LMGC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - C Jorgensen
- IRMB, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Hopital Lapeyronie, Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Diseases Therapeutic Unit, Montpellier, France
| | - D Noël
- IRMB, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Hopital Lapeyronie, Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Diseases Therapeutic Unit, Montpellier, France
| | - S Le Floc'h
- LMGC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Marshall L, Tarakanova A, Szarek P, Pierce DM. Cartilage and collagen mechanics under large-strain shear within in vivo and at supraphysiogical temperatures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103595. [PMID: 32090923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human joints, particularly those of extremities, experience a significant range of temperatures in vivo. Joint temperature influences the mechanics of both joint and cartilage, and the mechanics of cartilage can affect the temperature of both joint and cartilage. Thermal treatments and tissue repairs, such as thermal chondroplasty, and ex vivo tissue engineering may also expose cartilage to supraphysiological temperatures. Furthermore, although cartilage undergoes principally compressive loads in vivo, shear strain plays a significant role at larger compressive strains. Thus, we aimed to determine whether and how the bulk mechanical responses of cartilage undergoing large-strain shear change (1) within the range of temperatures relevant in vivo, and (2) both during and after supraphysiological thermal treatments. We completed large-strain shear tests (10 and 15%) at four thermal conditions: 24∘C and 40∘C to span the in vivo range, and 70∘C and 24∘C repeated after 70∘C to explore mechanics during and after potential treatments. We calculated the bulk mechanical responses (strain-energy dissipation densities, peak-to-peak shear stresses, and peak-effective shear moduli) as of function of temperature and used statistical methods to probe significant differences. To probe the mechanisms underlying differences we assessed specimens, principally the type II collagen, with imaging (second harmonic generation and transmission electron microscopies, and histology) and assessed the temperature-dependent mechanics of type II collagen molecules within cartilage using steered molecular dynamics simulations. Our results suggest that the bulk mechanical responses of cartilage depend significantly on temperature both within the in vivo range and at supraphysiological temperatures, showing significant reductions in all mechanical measures with increasing temperature. Using imaging and simulations we determined that one underlying mechanism explaining our results may be changes in the molecular deformation profiles of collagen molecules versus temperature, likely compounded at larger length scales. These new insights into the mechanics of cartilage and collagen may suggest new treatment targets for damaged or osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Marshall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Phoebe Szarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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13
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Mechanical alterations of the bone-cartilage unit in a rabbit model of early osteoarthrosis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Kotelsky A, Woo CW, Delgadillo LF, Richards MS, Buckley MR. An Alternative Method to Characterize the Quasi-Static, Nonlinear Material Properties of Murine Articular Cartilage. J Biomech Eng 2018; 140:2657496. [PMID: 29049670 DOI: 10.1115/1.4038147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the onset and progression of osteoarthritis (OA), articular cartilage (AC) mechanical properties are altered. These alterations can serve as an objective measure of tissue degradation. Although the mouse is a common and useful animal model for studying OA, it is extremely challenging to measure the mechanical properties of murine AC due to its small size (thickness < 50 μm). In this study, we developed novel and direct approach to independently quantify two quasi-static mechanical properties of mouse AC: the load-dependent (nonlinear) solid matrix Young's modulus (E) and drained Poisson's ratio (ν). The technique involves confocal microscope-based multiaxial strain mapping of compressed, intact murine AC followed by inverse finite element analysis (iFEA) to determine E and ν. Importantly, this approach yields estimates of E and ν that are independent of the initial guesses used for iterative optimization. As a proof of concept, mechanical properties of AC on the medial femoral condyles of wild-type mice were obtained for both trypsin-treated and control specimens. After proteolytic tissue degradation induced through trypsin treatment, a dramatic decrease in E was observed (compared to controls) at each of the three tested loading conditions. A significant decrease in ν due to trypsin digestion was also detected. These data indicate that the method developed in this study may serve as a valuable tool for comparative studies evaluating factors involved in OA pathogenesis using experimentally induced mouse OA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kotelsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 207 Goergen Hall, Box 270168, Rochester, NY 14627 e-mail:
| | - Chandler W Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 207 Goergen Hall, Box 270168, Rochester, NY 14627 e-mail:
| | - Luis F Delgadillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 207 Goergen Hall, Box 270168, Rochester, NY 14627 e-mail:
| | - Michael S Richards
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rm 2.4153, Rochester, NY 14627 e-mail:
| | - Mark R Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 207 Goergen Hall, Box 270168, Rochester, NY 14627 e-mail:
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15
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Han G, Eriten M. Effect of relaxation-dependent adhesion on pre-sliding response of cartilage. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172051. [PMID: 29892390 PMCID: PMC5990745 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Possible links between adhesive properties and the pre-sliding (static) friction response of cartilage are not fully understood in the literature. The aims of this study are to investigate the relation between adhesion and relaxation time in articular cartilage, and the effect of relaxation-dependent adhesion on the pre-sliding response of cartilage. Adhesion tests were performed to evaluate the work of adhesion of cartilage at different relaxation times. Friction tests were conducted to identify the pre-sliding friction response of cartilage at relaxation times corresponding to adhesion tests. The pre-sliding friction response of cartilage was systematically linked to the work of adhesion and contact conditions by a slip-based failure model. It was found that the work of adhesion increases with relaxation time. Also, the work of adhesion is linearly correlated to the resistance to slip-based failure. In addition, as the work of adhesion increases, the adhered (stick) area at the moment of failure increases, and the propagation rate of the annular slip (crack) area towards its centre increases. These findings offer a mechanistic explanation of the pre-sliding friction behaviour and stick-slip response of soft hydrated interfaces such as articular cartilage and hydrogels. In addition, the linear correlation between adhesion and threshold to slip-based failure enables estimation of the adhesive strength of such interfaces directly from the pre-sliding friction response (e.g. shear wave elastography).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guebum Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Comparison of Regenerative Tissue Quality following Matrix-Associated Cell Implantation Using Amplified Chondrocytes Compared to Synovium-Derived Stem Cells in a Rabbit Model for Cartilage Lesions. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4142031. [PMID: 29765410 PMCID: PMC5933044 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Known problems of the autologous chondrocyte implantation motivate the search for cellular alternatives. The aim of the study was to test the potential of synovium-derived stem cells (SMSC) to regenerate cartilage using a matrix-associated implantation. In an osteochondral defect model of the medial femoral condyle in a rabbit, a collagen membrane was seeded with either culture-expanded allogenic chondrocytes or SMSC and then transplanted into the lesion. A tailored piece synovium served as a control. Rabbit SMSC formed typical cartilage in vitro. Macroscopic evaluation of defect healing and the thickness of the regenerated tissue did not reveal a significant difference between the intervention groups. However, instantaneous and shear modulus, reflecting the biomechanical strength of the repair tissue, was superior in the implantation group using allogenic chondrocytes (p < 0.05). This correlated with a more chondrogenic structure and higher proteoglycan expression, resulting in a lower OARSI score (p < 0.05). The repair tissue of all groups expressed comparable amounts of the collagen types I, II, and X. Cartilage regeneration following matrix-associated implantation using allogenic undifferentiated synovium-derived stem cells in a defect model in rabbits showed similar macroscopic results and collagen composition compared to amplified chondrocytes; however, biomechanical characteristics and histological scoring were inferior.
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Mashiatulla M, Moran MM, Chan D, Li J, Freedman JD, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW, Plaas A, Sumner DR. Murine articular cartilage morphology and compositional quantification with high resolution cationic contrast-enhanced μCT. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2740-2748. [PMID: 28471533 PMCID: PMC5671366 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage lines the load-bearing surfaces of long bones and undergoes compositional and structural degeneration during osteoarthritis progression. Contrast enhanced microcomputed tomography (μCT) is being applied to a variety of preclinical models, including the mouse, to map structural and compositional properties in 3-D. The thinness (∼30-50 μm) and high cellularity of mouse articular cartilage presents a significant imaging challenge. Our group previously showed that mouse articular cartilage and proteoglycan (PG) content can be assessed by μCT with the ioxagalate-based contrast agent Hexabrix, but the voxel size used (6 μm) was deemed to be barely adequate. The objective of the present study is to assess the utility of a novel contrast agent, CA4+, to quantify mouse articular cartilage morphology and composition with high resolution μCT imaging (3 μm voxels) and to compare the sensitivity of CA4+ and Hexabrix to detect between-group differences. While both contrast agents are iodine-based, Hexabrix is anionic and CA4+ is cationic so they interact differently with negatively charged PGs. With CA4+, a strong correlation was found between non-calcified articular cartilage thickness measurements made with histology and μCT (R2 = 0.72, p < 0.001). Cartilage degeneration-as assessed by loss in volume, thickness, and PG content-was observed in 34-week-old mice when compared to both 7- and 12-week-old mice. High measurement precision was observed with CA4+, with the coefficient of variation after repositioning and re-imaging samples equaling 2.8%, 4.5%, 7.4% and 5.9% for attenuation, thickness, volume, and PG content, respectively. Use of CA4+ allowed increased sensitivity for assessing PG content compared to Hexabrix, but had no advantage for measurement of cartilage thickness or volume. This improvement in imaging should prove useful in preclinical studies of cartilage degeneration and regeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2740-2748, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleeha Mashiatulla
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meghan M. Moran
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deva Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Freedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian D. Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Address for correspondence: D. Rick Sumner, Ph.D., Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 600 South Paulina, Suite 507, Chicago, IL 60612, Phone: 312-942-5501, ; Anna Plaas, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W. Harrison Street, Suite 1413, Chicago, IL 60612, Phone: 312-942-7194,
| | - D. Rick Sumner
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Address for correspondence: D. Rick Sumner, Ph.D., Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 600 South Paulina, Suite 507, Chicago, IL 60612, Phone: 312-942-5501, ; Anna Plaas, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W. Harrison Street, Suite 1413, Chicago, IL 60612, Phone: 312-942-7194,
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Zhu X, Cirovic S, Shaheen A, Xu W. Investigation of fullerenol-induced changes in poroelasticity of human hepatocellular carcinoma by AFM-based creep tests. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 17:665-674. [PMID: 29196829 PMCID: PMC5948309 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to investigate the alterations of the poroelastic properties of hepatocellular carcinoma (SMMC-7721) cells treated with fullerenol. The SMMC-7721 cells were subject to AFM-based creep tests, and a corresponding poroelastic indentation model was used to determine the poroelastic parameters by curve fitting. Comparative analyses indicated that the both permeability and diffusion of fullerenol-treated cells increased significantly while their elastic modulus decreased by a small amount. From the change in the trend of the determined parameter, we verified the corresponding alternations of cytoskeleton (mainly filaments actin), which was reported by the previous study using confocal imaging method. Our investigation on SMMC-7721 cell reveals that the poroelastic properties could provide a better understanding how the cancer cells are affected by fullerenol or potentially other drugs which could find possible applications in drug efficacy test, cancer diagnosis and secure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Zhu
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Srdjan Cirovic
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Aliah Shaheen
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Wei Xu
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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Kort J, Behr B. Biomechanics and developmental potential of oocytes and embryos. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:738-741. [PMID: 28987788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of multiple embryo transfers is evidence of the need for better methods of embryo selection. Additionally, methods to determine the reproductive competence of unfertilized oocytes are critically needed to inform the growing population of patients undergoing fertility preservation. The ideal method of oocyte and embryo selection would be noninvasive, inexpensive, and able to be incorporated into embryology workflow with minimal disruption. Methods to assess the biomechanical properties of cells offer many of these traits, and there is a growing body of evidence in multiple cell types demonstrating the biomechanical properties of cells are reflective of a cell's intrinsic health. The associations with these properties are not mere coincidence, as many of the biomechanical properties are critical to cellular function. The biomechanical properties of oocytes and embryos undergo a dynamic, characteristic transformation from oocyte maturation through blastocyst formation, lending itself to biomechanical assessment. Many of the assessments made by embryologists, from ease of microinjection during intracytoplasmic sperm injection to degree of blastocyst expansion, are direct proxies for cellular biomechanics. Newer, objective and quantitative methods of biomechanical assessment are being applied to oocyte and embryo selection, with early use supporting their application in assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kort
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Barry Behr
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Santos S, Maier F, Pierce DM. Anisotropy and inter-condyle heterogeneity of cartilage under large-strain shear. J Biomech 2017; 52:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Moshtagh PR, Pouran B, Korthagen NM, Zadpoor AA, Weinans H. Guidelines for an optimized indentation protocol for measurement of cartilage stiffness: The effects of spatial variation and indentation parameters. J Biomech 2016; 49:3602-3607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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