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Gangwar T, Schillinger D. Thermodynamically consistent concurrent material and structure optimization of elastoplastic multiphase hierarchical systems. STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION : JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION 2023; 66:195. [PMID: 37600469 PMCID: PMC10439103 DOI: 10.1007/s00158-023-03648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The concept of concurrent material and structure optimization aims at alleviating the computational discovery of optimum microstructure configurations in multiphase hierarchical systems, whose macroscale behavior is governed by their microstructure composition that can evolve over multiple length scales from a few micrometers to centimeters. It is based on the split of the multiscale optimization problem into two nested sub-problems, one at the macroscale (structure) and the other at the microscales (material). In this paper, we establish a novel formulation of concurrent material and structure optimization for multiphase hierarchical systems with elastoplastic constituents at the material scales. Exploiting the thermomechanical foundations of elastoplasticity, we reformulate the material optimization problem based on the maximum plastic dissipation principle such that it assumes the format of an elastoplastic constitutive law and can be efficiently solved via modified return mapping algorithms. We integrate continuum micromechanics based estimates of the stiffness and the yield criterion into the formulation, which opens the door to a computationally feasible treatment of the material optimization problem. To demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of our framework, we define new benchmark tests with several material scales that, for the first time, become computationally feasible. We argue that our formulation naturally extends to multiscale optimization under further path-dependent effects such as viscoplasticity or multiscale fracture and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangwar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Institute for Mechanics, Computational Mechanics Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominik Schillinger
- Institute for Mechanics, Computational Mechanics Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Königsberger M, Lukacevic M, Füssl J. Multiscale micromechanics modeling of plant fibers: upscaling of stiffness and elastic limits from cellulose nanofibrils to technical fibers. MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 2023; 56:13. [PMID: 36647368 PMCID: PMC9837021 DOI: 10.1617/s11527-022-02097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of natural fibers, as used to produce sustainable biocomposites, vary significantly-both among different plant species and also within a single species. All plants, however, share a common microstructural fingerprint. They are built up by only a handful of constituents, most importantly cellulose. Through continuum micromechanics multiscale modeling, the mechanical behavior of cellulose nanofibrils is herein upscaled to the technical fiber level, considering 26 different commonly used plants. Model-predicted stiffness and elastic limit bounds, respectively, frame published experimental ones. This validates the model and corroborates that plant-specific physicochemical properties, such as microfibril angle and cellulose content, govern the mechanical fiber performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Königsberger
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/202, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- BATiR Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP194/04, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Markus Lukacevic
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/202, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Füssl
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/202, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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Gangwar T, Susko AQ, Baranova S, Guala M, Smith KP, Heuschele DJ. Multi-scale modelling predicts plant stem bending behaviour in response to wind to inform lodging resistance. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221410. [PMID: 36636313 PMCID: PMC9810429 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lodging impedes the successful cultivation of cereal crops. Complex anatomy, morphology and environmental interactions make identifying reliable and measurable traits for breeding challenging. Therefore, we present a unique collaboration among disciplines for plant science, modelling and simulations, and experimental fluid dynamics in a broader context of breeding lodging resilient wheat and oat. We ran comprehensive wind tunnel experiments to quantify the stem bending behaviour of both cereals under controlled aerodynamic conditions. Measured phenotypes from experiments concluded that the wheat stems response is stiffer than the oat. However, these observations did not in themselves establish causal relationships of this observed behaviour with the physical traits of the plants. To further investigate we created an independent finite-element simulation framework integrating our recently developed multi-scale material modelling approach to predict the mechanical response of wheat and oat stems. All the input parameters including chemical composition, tissue characteristics and plant morphology have a strong physiological meaning in the hierarchical organization of plants, and the framework is free from empirical parameter tuning. This feature of our simulation framework reveals the multi-scale origin of the observed wide differences in the stem strength of both cereals that would not have been possible with purely experimental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangwar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Q. Susko
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Svetlana Baranova
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Michele Guala
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Kevin P. Smith
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - D. Jo Heuschele
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA – Agricultural Research Services, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Heuschele DJ, Furuta D, Smith KP, Marchetto P. Capturing High Resolution Plant Movement in the Field. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1076-1084. [PMID: 35679083 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lodging of small grains due to environmental stresses results in yield loss, quality reduction, and difficulties with mechanical harvesting, which lead to economic consequences. New technological discoveries allow for faster and in situ measurements for determining the mechanics of loading stress and plant movement. The overall measurement of plant movement can be a very sophisticated method to mechanically test and predict the behavior of stems when exposed to wind. We investigated the inertial measurement of plants during different magnitude wind events. This type of analysis captures real time quantitative stem behavior during wind events. Using a 1.5 cm2 inertial measurement sensor attached to the upper panicle of a plant, we recorded the ranges and extremes of instantaneous linear acceleration and rotational velocity. When this technology was applied to historically known varieties of different lodging classification, the measurements were able to distinguish between cereal species and differences between movement of lodging susceptible and resistant plants without physical lodging. This type of technology could be used to improve field based lodging models and quantify movement resulting from micro changes in structural and composition of the stem, and to analyze plant movement in natural conditions with a resolution and specificity that has so far been prohibitively expensive and technologically challenging to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Heuschele
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN, 55108.,University of Minnesota, Agronomy and Plant Genetics, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - D Furuta
- University of Minnesota, Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - K P Smith
- University of Minnesota, Agronomy and Plant Genetics, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - P Marchetto
- Sensing, LLC, Roseville, MN 55113.,Conservify, Los Angeles, CA 90007
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Gangwar T, Schillinger D. Concurrent material and structure optimization of multiphase hierarchical systems within a continuum micromechanics framework. STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION : JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION 2021; 64:1175-1197. [PMID: 34720791 PMCID: PMC8550188 DOI: 10.1007/s00158-021-02907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a concurrent material and structure optimization framework for multiphase hierarchical systems that relies on homogenization estimates based on continuum micromechanics to account for material behavior across many different length scales. We show that the analytical nature of these estimates enables material optimization via a series of inexpensive "discretization-free" constraint optimization problems whose computational cost is independent of the number of hierarchical scales involved. To illustrate the strength of this unique property, we define new benchmark tests with several material scales that for the first time become computationally feasible via our framework. We also outline its potential in engineering applications by reproducing self-optimizing mechanisms in the natural hierarchical system of bamboo culm tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangwar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
- Institute of Mechanics and Computational Mechanics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dominik Schillinger
- Institute of Mechanics and Computational Mechanics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Jo Heuschele D, Smith KP, Annor GA. Variation in Lignin, Cell Wall-Bound p-Coumaric, and Ferulic Acid in the Nodes and Internodes of Cereals and Their Impact on Lodging. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12569-12576. [PMID: 33126793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of stem cell wall components to lodging is important in developing breeding programs aimed at reducing lodging in cereal crops. This study is one of the first to investigate the correlation between the amounts of cell wall-bound ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and lignin in the nodes and internodes of cereals (oat, wheat, and barley) and their lodging susceptibility during grain fill. All samples, except two-row barley, were susceptible to lodging and expressed a significantly lower stalk strength. Lignin and phenolic contents between nodes and internodes of all samples were significantly different, with internodes having higher amounts (5.5-7.0 and 10.9-16.2 μg/g p-coumaric acid, and 2.5-3.2 and 3.9-7.1 μg/g ferulic acid in nodes and internodes, respectively). The acid-soluble lignin content was different between nodes and internodes but not between crops. This data set did not correlate with lodging classification, possibly due to sample size and type.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jo Heuschele
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Kevin P Smith
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - George A Annor
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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