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Gao Q, Bi P, Mi Q, Guan Y, Jiang J, Li X, Yang B. Effect of nicotine on cholesterol gallstone formation in C57BL/6J mice fed on a lithogenic diet. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:84. [PMID: 36684657 PMCID: PMC9849855 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallstones are diseases of the biliary system caused by cholesterol supersaturation and/or deficiency in bile salts in bile. Early studies have shown that symptomatic gallstones are primarily a disease of non-smokers, raising the possibility that nicotine can prevent gallstone formation. The present study investigated the effect of nicotine on the formation of cholesterol gallstone in C57BL/6J mice. C57BL/6J mice (eight-weeks-old) were fed a normal or lithogenic diet (basic feed 82.45%, fat 15.8%, cholesterol 1.25% and sodium cholate 0.5%) and divided into five groups: normal diet (ND); ND + high dose nicotine (H); lithogenic diet (LD); LD + low dose nicotine (L) and LD + nicotine (H). They were treated with or without nicotine injection for 10 weeks. Nicotine treatment did not change the rate of cholesterol gallstone formation. There was no difference in TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 among the five groups. The LD group showed the highest cholesterol levels and there was significant suppression of the total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total bile acid levels in the serum of the nicotine-treated mice. Quantitative PCR showed nicotine altered few bile acid metabolism-related genes expression in liver tissue and significantly altered cholesterol-metabolism genes in gallbladder tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and western blotting showed that protein levels of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and megalin in the gallbladder increased in the lithogenic-diet mice, which was significantly suppressed in the nicotine-treated mice. In vitro studies using gallbladder epithelial cells showed that chenodeoxycholic acids increased megalin expression, which could be attenuated by nicotine. Nicotine could regulate bile acid metabolism via the FXR-megalin/cubilin pathways, which potentially contribute to cholesterol nucleation and subsequent gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650106, P.R. China
| | - Pinduan Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Qili Mi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650106, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650106, P.R. China
| | - Jiarui Jiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650106, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650106, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Bin Yang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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2
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Kozyraki R, Verroust P, Cases O. Cubilin, the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 119:65-119. [PMID: 35337634 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cubilin (CUBN), the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 receptor is a large endocytic protein involved in various physiological functions: vitamin B12 uptake in the gut; reabsorption of albumin and maturation of vitamin D in the kidney; nutrient delivery during embryonic development. Cubilin is an atypical receptor, peripherally associated to the plasma membrane. The transmembrane proteins amnionless (AMN) and Lrp2/Megalin are the currently known molecular partners contributing to plasma membrane transport and internalization of Cubilin. The role of Cubilin/Amn complex in the handling of vitamin B12 in health and disease has extensively been studied and so is the role of the Cubilin-Lrp2 tandem in renal pathophysiology. Accumulating evidence strongly supports a role of Cubilin in some developmental defects including impaired closure of the neural tube. Are these defects primarily caused by the dysfunction of a specific Cubilin ligand or are they secondary to impaired vitamin B12 or protein uptake? We will present the established Cubilin functions, discuss the developmental data and provide an overview of the emerging implications of Cubilin in the field of cardiovascular disease and cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kozyraki
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Verroust
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cases
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Liang J, Shao W, Liu Q, Lu Q, Gu A, Jiang Z. Single Cell RNA-Sequencing Reveals a Murine Gallbladder Cell Transcriptome Atlas During the Process of Cholesterol Gallstone Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714271. [PMID: 34650971 PMCID: PMC8505819 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallstone disease is a worldwide common disease. However, the knowledge concerning the gallbladder in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone formation remains limited. In this study, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to obtain the transcriptome of gallbladder cells, we showed cellular heterogeneity and transcriptomic dynamics in murine gallbladder cells during the process of lithogenesis. Our results indicated gallbladder walls were subjected to remodeling during the process of lithogenesis. The major molecular events that happened included proliferation of epithelial cells, infiltration of immune-cells, activation of angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix modulation. Furthermore, we observed partial reversal of gallbladder cell transcriptomes by ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. This work thus provides novel and integral knowledges on the cellular changes during lithogenesis, which is of great significance to the understanding of pathogenesis and treatment of cholesterol gallstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjia Liang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qifan Lu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Qi M, Lan X, Li J, Ge J, Shen L, Zhang R. Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies A Novel Pathogenic Bmpr2 Variant in Pulmonary Atresia. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2021. [DOI: 10.32604/chd.2021.015887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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5
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Cabezas F, Farfán P, Marzolo MP. Participation of the SMAD2/3 signalling pathway in the down regulation of megalin/LRP2 by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß1). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213127. [PMID: 31120873 PMCID: PMC6532859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Megalin/LRP2 is a receptor that plays important roles in the physiology of several organs, such as kidney, lung, intestine, and gallbladder and also in the physiology of the nervous system. Megalin expression is reduced in diseases associated with fibrosis, including diabetic nephropathy, hepatic fibrosis and cholelithiasis, as well as in some breast and prostate cancers. One of the hallmarks of these conditions is the presence of the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß). Although TGF-ß has been implicated in the reduction of megalin levels, the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation is not well understood. Here, we show that treatment of two epithelial cell lines (from kidney and gallbladder) with TGF-ß1 is associated with decreased megalin mRNA and protein levels, and that these effects are reversed by inhibiting the TGF-ß1 type I receptor (TGF-ßRI). Based on in silico analyses, the two SMAD-binding elements (SBEs) in the megalin promoter are located at positions -57 and -605. Site-directed mutagenesis of the SBEs and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments revealed that SMAD2/3 transcription factors interact with SBEs. Both the presence of SMAD2/3 and intact SBEs were associated with repression of the megalin promoter, in the absence as well in the presence of TGF-ß1. Also, reduced megalin expression and promoter activation triggered by high concentration of albumin are dependent on the expression of SMAD2/3. Interestingly, the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA), which induces megalin expression, reduced the effects of TGF-ß1 on megalin mRNA levels. These data show the significance of TGF-ß and the SMAD2/3 signalling pathway in the regulation of megalin and explain the decreased megalin levels observed under conditions in which TGF-ß is upregulated, including fibrosis-associated diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cabezas
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Farfán
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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6
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Kozyraki R, Cases O. Cubilin, the Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12 Receptor in Development and Disease. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:3123-3150. [PMID: 30295181 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181008143945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gp280/Intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 receptor/Cubilin (CUBN) is a large endocytic receptor serving multiple functions in vitamin B12 homeostasis, renal reabsorption of protein or toxic substances including albumin, vitamin D-binding protein or cadmium. Cubilin is a peripheral membrane protein consisting of 8 Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like repeats and 27 CUB (defined as Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, BMP1) domains. This structurally unique protein interacts with at least two molecular partners, Amnionless (AMN) and Lrp2/Megalin. AMN is involved in appropriate plasma membrane transport of Cubilin whereas Lrp2 is essential for efficient internalization of Cubilin and its ligands. Observations gleaned from animal models with Cubn deficiency or human diseases demonstrate the importance of this protein. In this review addressed to basic research and medical scientists, we summarize currently available data on Cubilin and its implication in renal and intestinal biology. We also discuss the role of Cubilin as a modulator of Fgf8 signaling during embryonic development and propose that the Cubilin-Fgf8 interaction may be relevant in human pathology, including in cancer progression, heart or neural tube defects. We finally provide experimental elements suggesting that some aspects of Cubilin physiology might be relevant in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kozyraki
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cases
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
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7
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Figueira MF, Castiglione RC, de Lemos Barbosa CM, Ornellas FM, da Silva Feltran G, Morales MM, da Fonseca RN, de Souza-Menezes J. Diabetic rats present higher urinary loss of proteins and lower renal expression of megalin, cubilin, ClC-5, and CFTR. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/13/e13335. [PMID: 28676554 PMCID: PMC5506523 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) occurs in around 40% of those with diabetes. Proteinuria is the main characteristic of DN and develops as a result of increased permeability of the glomerulus capillary wall and/or decreased proximal tubule endocytosis. The goal of this work was to evaluate renal function and the expression of megalin, cubilin, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), and ClC-5 in the proximal tubule and renal cortex of rats with type 1 diabetes. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control (CTRL) and diabetic (DM) groups for 4 weeks. Renal function was assessed in 24-h urine sample by calculating clearance and fractional excretion of solutes. The RNA and protein contents of ClC-5, CFTR, megalin, and cubilin were determined in the renal proximal tubule and cortex using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting techniques, respectively. The results showed higher creatinine clearance and higher urinary excretion of proteins, albumin, and transferrin in the DM group than in the CTRL group. Furthermore, the renal cortex and proximal tubule of diabetic animals showed downregulation of megalin, cubilin, ClC-5, and CFTR, critical components of the endocytic apparatus. These data suggest dysfunction in proximal tubule low-molecular-weight endocytosis and protein glomerulus filtration in the kidney of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam F Figueira
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Fisiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel C Castiglione
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina M de Lemos Barbosa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Ornellas
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geórgia da Silva Feltran
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Morales
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo N da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jackson de Souza-Menezes
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors may be similar in certain CHD. It has been widely accepted that it is the cumulative effect of these risk factors that results in disease. Pulmonary atresia is a rare type of complex cyanotic CHD with a poor prognosis. Understanding the molecular mechanism of pulmonary atresia is essential for future diagnosis, prevention, and therapeutic approaches. In this article, we reviewed several related copy number variants and related genetic mutations, which were identified in patients with pulmonary atresia, including pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
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Chen Y, Wu S, Tian Y, Kong J. Phosphorylation and subcellular localization of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) are associated with altered gallbladder absorptive function after formation of cholesterol gallstones. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:133-139. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Lybbert J, Gullingsrud J, Chesnokov O, Turyakira E, Dhorda M, Guerin PJ, Piola P, Muehlenbachs A, Oleinikov AV. Abundance of megalin and Dab2 is reduced in syncytiotrophoblast during placental malaria, which may contribute to low birth weight. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24508. [PMID: 27072056 PMCID: PMC4829923 DOI: 10.1038/srep24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum contributes to ~200,000 child deaths annually, mainly due to low birth weight (LBW). Parasitized erythrocyte sequestration and consequent inflammation in the placenta are common attributes of placental malaria. The precise molecular details of placental changes leading to LBW are still poorly understood. We hypothesized that placental malaria may disturb maternofetal exchange of vitamins, lipids, and hormones mediated by the multi-ligand (n ~ 50) scavenging/signaling receptor megalin, which is abundantly expressed in placenta but was not previously analyzed in pregnancy outcomes. We studied abundance of megalin and its intracellular adaptor protein Dab2 by immunofluorescence microscopy in placental biopsies from Ugandan women with (n = 8) and without (n = 20) active placental malaria. We found that: (a) abundances of both megalin (p = 0.01) and Dab2 (p = 0.006) were significantly reduced in brush border of syncytiotrophoblast of infected placentas; (b) amounts of megalin and Dab2 were strongly correlated (Spearman's r = 0.53, p = 0.003); (c) abundances of megalin and Dab2 (p = 0.046) were reduced in infected placentas from women with LBW deliveries. This study provides first evidence that placental malaria infection is associated with reduced abundance of megalin transport/signaling system and indicate that these changes may contribute to the pathology of LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Lybbert
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Olga Chesnokov
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Mehul Dhorda
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Philippe J Guerin
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | - Andrew V Oleinikov
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.,Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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The role of albumin receptors in regulation of albumin homeostasis: Implications for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 211:144-62. [PMID: 26055641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood and acts as a molecular taxi for a plethora of small insoluble substances such as nutrients, hormones, metals and toxins. In addition, it binds a range of medical drugs. It has an unusually long serum half-life of almost 3weeks, and although the structure and function of albumin has been studied for decades, a biological explanation for the long half-life has been lacking. Now, recent research has unravelled that albumin-binding cellular receptors play key roles in the homeostatic regulation of albumin. Here, we review our current understanding of albumin homeostasis with a particular focus on the impact of the cellular receptors, namely the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and the cubilin-megalin complex, and we discuss their importance on uses of albumin in drug delivery.
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12
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Chen Y, Kong J, Wu S. Cholesterol gallstone disease: focusing on the role of gallbladder. J Transl Med 2015; 95:124-31. [PMID: 25502177 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallstone disease (GSD) is one of the most common biliary tract diseases worldwide in which both genetic and environmental factors have roles in its pathogenesis. Biliary cholesterol supersaturation from metabolic defects in the liver is traditionally seen as the main pathogenic factor. Recently, there have been renewed investigative interests in the downstream events that occur in gallbladder lithogenesis. This article focuses on the role of the gallbladder in the pathogenesis of cholesterol GSD (CGD). Various conditions affecting the crystallization process are discussed, such as gallbladder motility, concentrating function, lipid transport, and an imbalance between pro-nucleating and nucleation inhibiting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Cho E, Montgomery RB, Mostaghel EA. Minireview: SLCO and ABC transporters: a role for steroid transport in prostate cancer progression. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4124-32. [PMID: 25147980 PMCID: PMC4298565 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Androgens play a critical role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), and androgen deprivation therapy via surgical or medical castration is front-line therapy for patients with advanced PCa. However, intratumoral testosterone levels are elevated in metastases from patients with castration-resistant disease, and residual intratumoral androgens have been implicated in mediating ligand-dependent mechanisms of androgen receptor activation. The source of residual tissue androgens present despite castration has not been fully elucidated, but proposed mechanisms include uptake and conversion of adrenal androgens, such as dehdroepiandrosterone to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, or de novo androgen synthesis from cholesterol or progesterone precursors. In this minireview, we discuss the emerging evidence that suggests a role for specific transporters in mediating transport of steroids into or out of prostate cells, thereby influencing intratumoral androgen levels and PCa development and progression. We focus on the solute carrier and ATP binding cassette gene families, which have the most published data for a role in PCa-related steroid transport, and review the potential impact of genetic variation on steroid transport activity and PCa outcomes. Continued assessment of transport activity in PCa models and human tumor tissue is needed to better delineate the different roles these transporters play in physiologic and neoplastic settings, and in order to determine whether targeting the uptake of steroid substrates by specific transporters may be a clinically feasible therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunpi Cho
- School of Medicine (E.C., R.B.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; and Division of Clinical Research (E.A.M.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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14
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Xie L, Chen JL, Zhang WZ, Wang SZ, Zhao TL, Huang C, Wang J, Yang JF, Yang YF, Tan ZP. Rare de novo copy number variants in patients with congenital pulmonary atresia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96471. [PMID: 24826987 PMCID: PMC4020819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ongoing studies using genomic microarrays and next-generation sequencing have demonstrated that the genetic contributions to cardiovascular diseases have been significantly ignored in the past. The aim of this study was to identify rare copy number variants in individuals with congenital pulmonary atresia (PA). Methods and Results Based on the hypothesis that rare structural variants encompassing key genes play an important role in heart development in PA patients, we performed high-resolution genome-wide microarrays for copy number variations (CNVs) in 82 PA patient-parent trios and 189 controls with an Illumina SNP array platform. CNVs were identified in 17/82 patients (20.7%), and eight of these CNVs (9.8%) are considered potentially pathogenic. Five de novo CNVs occurred at two known congenital heart disease (CHD) loci (16p13.1 and 22q11.2). Two de novo CNVs that may affect folate and vitamin B12 metabolism were identified for the first time. A de novo 1-Mb deletion at 17p13.2 may represent a rare genomic disorder that involves mild intellectual disability and associated facial features. Conclusions Rare CNVs contribute to the pathogenesis of PA (9.8%), suggesting that the causes of PA are heterogeneous and pleiotropic. Together with previous data from animal models, our results might help identify a link between CHD and folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM). With the accumulation of high-resolution SNP array data, these previously undescribed rare CNVs may help reveal critical gene(s) in CHD and may provide novel insights about CHD pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Female
- Folic Acid/metabolism
- Genetic Loci
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pulmonary Atresia/diagnostic imaging
- Pulmonary Atresia/genetics
- Pulmonary Atresia/pathology
- Pulmonary Atresia/surgery
- Ultrasonography
- Vitamin B 12/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jin-Lan Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shou-Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tian-Li Zhao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- The Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy of the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jin-Fu Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- The Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy of the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Feng Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- The Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy of the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- * E-mail: (ZPT); (YFY)
| | - Zhi-Ping Tan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- The Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy of the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- * E-mail: (ZPT); (YFY)
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Novel aspects of the apolipoprotein-E receptor family: regulation and functional role of their proteolytic processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Paschos KA, Charsou C, Constantinidis TC, Anagnostoulis S, Lambropoulou M, Papachristou F, Simopoulos K, Chatzaki E. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors mediate opposing effects in cholestasis-induced liver cell apoptosis. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1704-12. [PMID: 20189999 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CRH receptors are expressed in human and rat liver. The current study investigated the biological role of the CRH system in the hepatocellular apoptotic process and aimed to reveal the responsible molecular mechanisms. Using a rat experimental model of common bile duct surgical ligation leading to obstructive jaundice and cholestasis, liver apoptosis was induced in the hepatic parenchyma as confirmed by the elevated expression of the early apoptotic neoepitope M30. This effect was reversed by administration of the nonselective CRH antagonist astressin but not by the selective CRH(2) antagonist astressin2B, suggesting that antagonism of the endogenous CRH(1) blocked the cholestasis-induced apoptotic mechanism. No effect was observed in the noncholestasis controls. In our experimental model, early and late apoptosis-preventing markers were induced in parallel to apoptosis; elevated gene transcript levels of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 were found by real-time PCR in the first postoperative day and increased serum hepatocyte growth factor levels were measured by ELISA in the third postoperative day. Selective CRH(2) antagonism reversed the elevated expression of bcl-2 and hepatocyte growth factor, suggesting that this receptor type mediated antiapoptotic actions of the endogenous CRH system, opposing the preapoptotic ones mediated by CRH(1). In conclusion, the present study indicated that the CRH neuroendocrine system regulates cholestasis-induced apoptosis in the hepatic parenchyma via receptor-specific pathways. These data may contribute to better understanding of the CRH biology and its pathophysiological significance in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Paschos
- Department of Pharmacology, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Thrace, Greece
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