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Imran KM, Tintera B, Morrison HA, Tupik JD, Nagai-Singer MA, Ivester H, Council-Troche M, Edwards M, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Byron C, Clark-Deener S, Uh K, Lee K, Boulos P, Rowe C, Coviello C, Allen IC. Improved Therapeutic Delivery Targeting Clinically Relevant Orthotopic Human Pancreatic Tumors Engrafted in Immunocompromised Pigs Using Ultrasound-Induced Cavitation: A Pilot Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1585. [PMID: 37376034 PMCID: PMC10302458 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors can be resistant to drug penetration due to high interstitial fluid pressure, dense stroma, and disarrayed vasculature. Ultrasound-induced cavitation is an emerging technology that may overcome many of these limitations. Low-intensity ultrasound, coupled with co-administered cavitation nuclei consisting of gas-stabilizing sub-micron scale SonoTran Particles, is effective at increasing therapeutic antibody delivery to xenograft flank tumors in mouse models. Here, we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in situ using a large animal model that mimics human pancreatic cancer patients. Immunocompromised pigs were surgically engrafted with human Panc-1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors in targeted regions of the pancreas. These tumors were found to recapitulate many features of human PDAC tumors. Animals were intravenously injected with the common cancer therapeutics Cetuximab, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel, followed by infusion with SonoTran Particles. Select tumors in each animal were targeted with focused ultrasound to induce cavitation. Cavitation increased the intra-tumor concentrations of Cetuximab, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel by 477%, 148%, and 193%, respectively, compared to tumors that were not targeted with ultrasound in the same animals. Together, these data show that ultrasound-mediated cavitation, when delivered in combination with gas-entrapping particles, improves therapeutic delivery in pancreatic tumors under clinically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Mohammad Imran
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Benjamin Tintera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Holly A. Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Juselyn D. Tupik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Margaret A. Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hannah Ivester
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24061, USA
| | - McAlister Council-Troche
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michael Edwards
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christopher Byron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Paul Boulos
- OxSonics Therapeutics, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Cliff Rowe
- OxSonics Therapeutics, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, UK
| | | | - Irving C. Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Liermann J, Munter M, Naumann P, Abdollahi A, Krempien R, Debus J. Cetuximab, gemcitabine and radiotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer: Long-term results of the randomized controlled phase II PARC trial. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2022; 34:15-22. [PMID: 35300246 PMCID: PMC8921472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Final results of a randomized controlled phase II trial. OS and PFS data of neoadjuvant chemoradiation in pancreatic cancer. Combination of cetuximab, gemcitabine and IMRT is safe and feasible. Improvement of local tumor control and secondary resection rate by combined maintenance therapy with cetuximab and gemcitabine.
Purpose Addressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-pathway by the competitive receptor ligand cetuximab is a promising strategy in pancreatic cancer. In the prospective randomized controlled phase II PARC-study (PARC: Pancreatic cancer treatment with radiotherapy (RT) and cetuximab), we evaluated safety and efficacy of a trimodal treatment scheme consisting of cetuximab, gemcitabine and RT in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Methods Between January 2005 and April 2007, 68 patients with inoperable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were randomized in either trimodal therapy followed by gemcitabine maintenance (Arm A) or in trimodal therapy followed by gemcitabine plus cetuximab maintenance (Arm B). Intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) was performed with a total dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions and with a simultaneous integrated boost to the gross tumor (54 Gy). Within the trimodal therapy, gemcitabine and cetuximab were administered weekly. Maintenance therapy consisted of gemcitabine only or gemcitabine plus cetuximab. Toxicity, overall survival (OS), secondary resection rate, local control and progression free survival (PFS) were evaluated. Results With a median followup time of 13 months (range: 2 – 184 months), one patient is still alive and one patient is lost to follow-up. Nausea and gastrointestinal hemorrhage were the most important higher-graded (>°II) acute and late non-hematological toxicity (13% and 7%). Median OS was 13.1 months without significant difference between both treatment arms (Arm A: 11.9 months; Arm B: 14.2 months). Compared to historical data, cetuximab did not improve OS. One- and two-year local control rates were 76.6% and 68.9%. Local tumor control and secondary resection rate (Arm A: 4%; Arm B: 16%) were significantly improved in Arm B. Median PFS was 6.8 months with distant metastasis as main treatment failure. Conclusion Trimodal therapy consisting of IMRT, gemcitabine and cetuximab can be considered safe and feasible. Compared to historical data, cetuximab does not improve treatment efficacy in LAPC patients treated with chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Liermann
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marc Munter
- Klinikum Stuttgart, Department of Radiation Oncology, Kriegsbergstraße 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Naumann
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Krempien
- Helios Clinic Berlin-Buch, Department of Radiation Oncology, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juergen Debus
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg
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Optimization and Development of Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (MPT0B291)-Loaded Albumin Nanoparticles for Anticancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101728. [PMID: 34684020 PMCID: PMC8541575 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have emerged as a new class of antitumor agent for various types of tumors. MPT0B291, a novel selective inhibitor of HDAC6, demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity in various human cancer cell types. However, MPT0B291 has very low water solubility, which limits its clinical use for cancer therapy. In the current study, MPT0B291 was encapsulated in human serum albumin (HSA), and its anticancer activities were investigated. Nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using two-stage emulsification resulting in 100~200-nm NPs with a fine size distribution (polydispersity index of <0.3). The in vitro drug release profiles of MPT0B291-loaded HSA NPs presented sustained-release properties. The cytotoxic effect on MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic carcinoma cells was found to be similar to MPT0B291-loaded HSA NPs and the free-drug group. The albumin-based formulation provided a higher maximum tolerated dose than that of a drug solution with reduced toxicity toward normal cells. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated an effective increase (5~8-fold) in the bioavailability of NPs containing MPT0B291 loaded in HSA compared to the free-drug solution with an extended circulation time (t1/2) leading to significantly enhanced efficacy of anticancer treatment.
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Chen H, Huang S, Wang H, Chen X, Zhang H, Xu Y, Fan W, Pan Y, Wen Q, Lin Z, Wang X, Gu Y, Ding B, Chen J, Wu X. Preparation and characterization of paclitaxel palmitate albumin nanoparticles with high loading efficacy: an in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor study in mouse models. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1067-1079. [PMID: 34109887 PMCID: PMC8205042 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1921078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination of the prodrug technique with an albumin nano drug-loaded system is a novel promising approach for cancer treatment. However, the long-lasting and far-reaching challenge for the treatment of cancers lies in how to construct the albumin nanometer drug delivery system with lead compounds and their derivatives. METHODS In this study, we reported the preparation of injectable albumin nanoparticles (NPs) with a high and quantitative drug loading system based on the NabTM technology of paclitaxel palmitate (PTX-PA). RESULTS Our experimental study on drug tissue distribution in vivo demonstrated that the paclitaxel palmitate albumin nanoparticles (Nab-PTX-PA) remained in the tumor for a longer time post-injection. Compared with saline and paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles (Abraxane®), intravenous injection of Nab-PTX-PA not only reduced the toxicity of the drug in normal organs, and increased the body weight of the animals but maintained sustained release of paclitaxel (PTX) in the tumor, thereby displaying an excellent antitumor activity. Blood routine analysis showed that Nab-PTX-PA had fewer adverse effects or less toxicity to the normal organs, and it inhibited tumor cell proliferation more effectively as compared with commercial paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles. CONCLUSIONS This carrier strategy for small molecule drugs is based on naturally evolved interactions between long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and Human Serum Albumin (HSA), demonstrated here for PTX. Nab-PTX-PA shows higher antitumor efficacy in vivo in breast cancer models. On the whole, this novel injectable Nab-PTX-PA has great potential as an effective drug delivery system in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sifan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Heyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Xinmei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youfa Xu
- Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yun Pan
- Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyan Wen
- Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhe Lin
- Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuena Wang
- Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongwei Gu
- Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoyue Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiaxing College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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Forster T, Huettner F, Springfeld C, Loehr M, Kalkum E, Hackbusch M, Hackert T, Diener M, Probst P. Cetuximab in Pancreatic Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Oncology 2019; 98:53-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000502844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is among the three deadliest cancers worldwide with the lowest 5-year survival of all cancers. Despite all efforts, therapeutic improvements have barely been made over the last decade. Even recent highly promising targeted and immunotherapeutic approaches did not live up to their expectations. Therefore, other horizons have to be explored. Natural Killer (NK) cells are gaining more and more interest as a highly attractive target for cancer immunotherapies, both as pharmaceutical target and for cell therapies. In this systematic review we summarise the pathophysiological adaptions of NK cells in pancreatic cancer and highlight possible (future) therapeutic NK cell-related targets. Furthermore, an extensive overview of recent therapeutic approaches with an effect on NK cells is given, including cytokine-based, viro- and bacteriotherapy and cell therapy. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials that might influence NK cells. In conclusion, although several issues regarding NK cells in pancreatic cancer remain unsolved and need further investigation, extensive evidence is already provided that support NK cell oriented approaches in pancreatic cancer.
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The efficacy of lapatinib and nilotinib in combination with radiation therapy in a model of NF2 associated peripheral schwannoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 135:47-56. [PMID: 28735458 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), a neurogenetic condition manifest by peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) throughout the neuroaxis for which there are no approved therapies. In vitro and in vivo studies presented here examine agents targeting signaling pathways, angiogenesis, and DNA repair mechanisms. In vitro dose response assays demonstrated potent activity of lapatinib and nilotinib against the mouse schwannoma SC4 (Nf2 -/-) cell line. We then examined the efficacy of everolimus, nilotinib, lapatinib, bevacizumab and radiation (RT) as mono- and combination therapies in flank and sciatic nerve in vivo NF2-PNST models. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models, two sample T-tests and paired T-tests, and linear regression models. SC4(Nf2 -/-) cells implanted in the flank or sciatic nerve showed similar rates of growth (p = 0.9748). Lapatinib, nilotinib and RT significantly reduced tumor growth rate versus controls in the in vivo flank model (p = 0.0025, 0.0062, and 0.009, respectively) whereas bevacizumab and everolimus did not. The best performers were tested in the in vivo sciatic nerve model of NF2 associated PNST, where chemoradiation outperformed nilotinib or lapatinib as single agents (nilotinib vs. nilotinib + RT, p = 0.0001; lapatinib versus lapatinib + RT, p < 0.0001) with no observed toxicity. There was no re-growth of tumors even 14 days after treatment was stopped. The combination of either lapatinib or nilotinib with RT resulted in greater delays in tumor growth rate than any modality alone. This data suggest that concurrent low dose RT and targeted therapy may have a role in addressing progressive PNST in patients with NF2.
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Hall JC, Marlow LA, Mathias AC, Dawson LK, Durham WF, Meshaw KA, Mullin RJ, Synnott AJ, Small DL, Krishna M, von Hoff D, Schüler J, Hart SN, Couch FJ, Colon-Otero G, Copland JA. Novel patient-derived xenograft mouse model for pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma demonstrates single agent activity of oxaliplatin. J Transl Med 2016; 14:129. [PMID: 27165126 PMCID: PMC4862141 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PACC) is a rare malignancy, accounting for <1 % of all pancreatic neoplasms. Very few retrospective studies are available to help guide management. We previously reported the case of a patient with metastatic PACC who achieved prolonged survival following doxorubicin treatment. Personalized treatment was based on molecular and in vitro data collected from primary cells developed from their liver metastasis. We now report the characterization of a patient derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) mouse model that originated from this patient's PACC liver metastasis. METHODS Fragments of biopsy tissue (5 mm(3)) from PACC liver metastasis were implanted into athymic nude mice. Tumors were grown and passaged from the host mice into new mice to be tested for therapeutic response. Immuno-histochemical (IHC) biomarkers were used to confirm that the PDTX model represents human PACC. The antitumor activities of multiple drugs (5-FU, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, gemcitabine, bevacizumab, erlotinib, doxorubicin and imatinib) were tested. Tumor size was measured over 74 days or until they reached an endpoint volume of ~800 mm(3). Tests to measure serum lipase levels and histological analyses of tumor tissues were also conducted to assess PACC progression and re-differentiation. RESULTS The model presented here expresses the same IHC markers found in human PACC. In the chemotherapy study, oxaliplatin produced a prolonged durable growth response associated with increased apoptosis, decreased serum lipase levels and increased healthy acinar cells. Bevacizumab also produced a significant growth response, but the effect was not prolonged as demonstrated by oxaliplatin treatment. The other chemotherapies had moderate to little effect, particularly after treatment ceased. Mutations in DNA repair genes are common in PACC and increase tumor susceptibility to oxaliplatin. To explore this we performed IHC and found no nuclear expression of BRCA2 in our model, indicating a mutation affecting nuclear localization. Gene sequencing confirms BRCA2 has a homozygous gene deletion on Exon 10, which frequently causes a protein truncation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we report the development and characterization of the first and only preclinical PACC PDTX model. Here we show sustained anti-tumor activity of single agent oxaliplatin, a compound that is more effective in tumors that harbor mutations in DNA repair genes. Our data shows that BRCA2 is mutated in our PACC model, which could contribute to the oxaliplatin sensitivity observed. Further studies on this rare PACC model can serve to elucidate other novel therapies, biomarkers, and molecular mechanisms of signaling and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Hall
- />Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4500 San Pablo Road S., Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Laura A. Marlow
- />Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4500 San Pablo Road S., Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Adam C. Mathias
- />Charles River Discovery Services, 3300 Gateway Centre Blvd., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - Louis K. Dawson
- />Charles River Discovery Services, 3300 Gateway Centre Blvd., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - William F. Durham
- />Charles River Discovery Services, 3300 Gateway Centre Blvd., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - Kenneth A. Meshaw
- />Charles River Discovery Services, 3300 Gateway Centre Blvd., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - Robert J. Mullin
- />Charles River Discovery Services, 3300 Gateway Centre Blvd., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - Aidan J. Synnott
- />Charles River Discovery Services, 3300 Gateway Centre Blvd., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - Daniel L. Small
- />Charles River Discovery Services, 3300 Gateway Centre Blvd., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - Murli Krishna
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S., Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Daniel von Hoff
- />The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), 445 N 5th St., Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Julia Schüler
- />Charles River Discovery Services, 3300 Gateway Centre Blvd., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - Steven N. Hart
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Gerardo Colon-Otero
- />Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S., Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - John A. Copland
- />Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4500 San Pablo Road S., Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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