1
|
Reyaz E, Puri N, Selvapandiyan A. Global Remodeling of Host Proteome in Response to Leishmania Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:5-19. [PMID: 38084821 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses an intrinsic ability to modulate a multitude of pathways in the host, toward aiding its own proliferation. In response, the host reprograms its cellular, immunological, and metabolic machinery to evade the parasite's lethal impact. Besides inducing various antioxidant signaling pathways to counter the elevated stress response proteins like heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Leishmania also attempts to delay host cell apoptosis by promoting anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2. The downstream modulation of apoptotic proteins is regulated by effector pathways, including the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and STAT phosphorylation. In addition, Leishmania assists in its infection in a time-dependent manner by modulating the level of various proteins of autophagic machinery. Immune effector cells, such as mast cells and neutrophils, entrap and kill the pathogen by secreting various granular proteins. In contrast, the host macrophages exert their leishmanicidal effect by secreting various cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-12, etc. An interplay of various signaling pathways occurs in an organized network that is highly specific to both pathogen and host species. This Review analyzes the modulation of expression of proteins, including the cytokines, providing a realistic approach toward understanding the pathophysiology of disease and predicting some prominent markers for disease intervention and vaccine support strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enam Reyaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Aminizadeh N, Bodhale N, Sarkar A, Jafarzadeh S, Sharifi I, Saha B. Bidirectional cytokine-microRNA control: A novel immunoregulatory framework in leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010696. [PMID: 35925884 PMCID: PMC9351994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As effector innate immune cells and as a host to the protozoan parasite Leishmania, macrophages play a dual role in antileishmanial immunoregulation. The 2 key players in this immunoregulation are the macrophage-expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) and the macrophage-secreted cytokines. miRNAs, as small noncoding RNAs, play vital roles in macrophage functions including cytokines and chemokines production. In the reverse direction, Leishmania-regulated cytokines alter miRNAs expression to regulate the antileishmanial functions of macrophages. The miRNA patterns vary with the time and stage of infection. The cytokine-regulated macrophage miRNAs not only help parasite elimination or persistence but also regulate cytokine production from macrophages. Based on these observations, we propose a novel immunoregulatory framework as a scientific rationale for antileishmanial therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- * E-mail: (AJ); (BS)
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Aminizadeh
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman
| | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune, India
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (AJ); (BS)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Encephalitozoon intestinalis Infection Impacts the Expression of Apoptosis-Related Genes in U937 Macrophage Cells. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:397-405. [PMID: 33033999 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Encephalitozoon intestinalis affects many physiological processes of host cells to survive, proliferate, and spread to different regions within the body. In this study, the effects of the parasite on host cell apoptosis and proliferation were investigated. METHODS To determine the impact of the parasite on the host cell apoptosis, changes in the expression profile of genes were investigated with the qPCR array using the Human Apoptosis Panel in infected and non-infected macrophage cells. Also, the rate of apoptosis in the cells was determined by Giemsa staining method. Cell proliferation was determined by measuring the DNA concentration in infected and non-infected cells. RESULTS The thirty-six of apoptosis-related genes were down-regulated, while 20 of apoptosis-related genes were up-regulated in infected cells compared to uninfected cells. However, there were no significant changes detected in 32 analyzed genes between infected and control groups. E. intestinalis was determined to decrease cell proliferation in U937 macrophage cells. Unexpectedly, Giemsa staining showed an increase in the rate of apoptosis in infected cells. CONCLUSION Regulated genes after infection are involved in many different biological pathways and various components of the cell. This suggests that the parasite uses highly sophisticated ways to maintain the viability of the cell.
Collapse
|
4
|
Aghaei M, Khanahmad H, Aghaei S, Hosseini SM, Farahmand M, Hejazi SH. Evaluation of transgenic Leishmania infantum expressing mLLO-BAX-SMAC in the apoptosis of the infected macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12726. [PMID: 32367588 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is an important infectious disease that develops because of escaping parasite from the host immune system or preventing host macrophages apoptosis. Recently, the development of transgenic methods and the manipulation of the parasite genome has provided many advantages. So, in this study, the effect of the transgenic Leishmania infantum expressing mLLO-BAX-SMAC proteins was examined in accelerating host cell apoptosis. METHOD The entire coding sequence of designed codon-optimized mLLO-Bax-Smac was cloned in the pLexyNeo2 vector and integrated downstream of the 18srRNA locus of L infantum genome by homologous recombination. Next, the expression of mLLO-BAX-SMAC fusion protein was evaluated by the Western blotting technique and the pathogenesis of transgenic parasite was surveyed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The results of PCR and Western blot confirmed proper integration and expression of mLLO-Bax-Smac sequence into the 18srRNA locus of L infantum. Flow cytometry showed accelerating apoptosis of transgenic Leishmania-infected macrophages compared to wild-type parasite. Also, transgenic parasites were less virulent as a fewer parasitic burden was found in the spleen and liver of transgenic-infected mice compared to the control. CONCLUSION The data suggested that the transgenic L infantum expressing BAX-SMAC can be used as an experimental model for developing vaccination against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aghaei
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Aghaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohsen Hosseini
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Farahmand
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tang X, Tao F, Xiang W, Zhao Y, Jin L, Tao H. Anticancer effects and the mechanism underlying 2-methoxyestradiol in human osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:64. [PMID: 32863897 PMCID: PMC7436181 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) occurs in both children and adolescents and leads to a poor prognosis. 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has a strong antitumor effect and is effective against numerous types of tumor. However, 2-ME has a low level of antitumor effects in OS. The present study investigated the effects of 2-ME on the proliferation and apoptosis of human MG63 OS cells. The potential biological mechanisms by which 2-ME exerts its biological effects were also investigated in the present study. The results of the present study demonstrated that 2-ME inhibited the proliferation of OS cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and early apoptosis. The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were measured via western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. As the concentration of 2-ME increased, the RNA and protein expression levels of VEGF and Bcl-2 decreased gradually, whereas the expression of caspase-3 increased gradually. In addition, tumor growth in nude mice was suppressed by 2-ME with no toxic side effects observed in the liver or kidney. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression levels of Bcl-2 and VEGF were significantly lower, and those of caspase-3 were significantly higher in test mice compared with the control group. TUNEL staining of xenograft tumors revealed that with increased 2-ME concentration, the number of apoptotic cells also gradually increased. Thus, 2-ME effectively inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of MG63 OS cells in vitro and in vivo with no obvious side effects. The mechanism of the anticancer effect of 2-ME may be associated with the actions of Bcl-2, VEGF and caspase-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tang
- General Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Fenghua Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hai Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Generation and characterization of U937-TR: a platform cell line for inducible gene expression in human macrophages. Parasitology 2020; 147:1524-1531. [PMID: 32713391 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are involved in a wide range of biological processes and parasitic diseases. The characterization of the molecular mechanisms governing such processes usually requires precise control of the expression of genes of interest. We implemented a tetracycline-controlled gene expression system in the U937 cell line, one of the most used in vitro models for the research of human monocytes and macrophages. Here we characterized U937-derived cell lines in terms of phenotypic (morphology and marker expression) and functional (capacity for phagocytosis and for Leishmania parasite hosting) changes induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Finally, we provide evidence of tetracycline-inducible and reversible Lamin-A gene silencing of the PMA-differentiated U937-derived cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chain MDO, Paiva CADM, Maciel IO, Neto AN, Castro VFD, Oliveira CPD, Mendonça BDS, Nestal de Moraes G, Reis SAD, Carvalho MAD, De-Melo LDB. Galectin-3 mediates survival and apoptosis pathways during Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell interplay. Exp Parasitol 2020; 216:107932. [PMID: 32535113 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases, such as Chagas disease caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, affect millions of people worldwide but lack effective treatments that are accessible to the entire population, especially patients with the debilitating chronic phase. The recognition of host cells, invasion and its intracellular replicative success are essential stages for progression of the parasite life cycle and the development of Chagas disease. It is predicted that programmed cell death pathways (apoptosis) would be activated in infected cells, either via autocrine secretion or mediated by cytotoxic immune cells. This process should play a key role in resolving infections by hindering the evolutionary success of the parasite. In this research, we performed assays to investigate the role of the lectin galectin-3 (Gal3) in parasite-host signaling pathways. Using cells with endogenous levels of Gal3 compared to Gal3-deficient cells (induced by RNA interference), we demonstrated that T. cruzi mediated the survival pathways and the subverted apoptosis through Gal3 promoting a pro-survival state in infected cells. Infected Gal3-depleted cells showed increased activation of caspase 3 and pro-apoptotic targets, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and lower accumulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as c-IAP1, survivin and XIAP. During the early stages of infection, Gal3 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and must act in survival pathways. In a murine model of experimental infection, Gal3 knockout macrophages showed lower infectivity and viability. In vivo infection revealed a lower parasitemia and longer survival and an increased spleen cellularity in Gal3 knockout mice with consequences on the percentage of T lymphocytes (CD4+ CD11b+) and macrophages. In addition, cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α are increased in Gal3 knockout mice when compared to wild type genotype. These data demonstrate a Gal3-mediated complex interplay in the host cell, keeping infected cells alive long enough for infection and intracellular proliferation of new parasites. However, a continuous knowledge of these signaling pathways should contribute to a better understanding the mechanisms of cell death subversion that are promoted by protozoans in the pathophysiology of neglected diseases such as Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de Oliveira Chain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cefas Augusto de Medeiros Paiva
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor Oliveira Maciel
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nogueira Neto
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitória Fernandes de Castro
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Pacheco de Oliveira
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dos Santos Mendonça
- Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Nestal de Moraes
- Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sheila Albert Dos Reis
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alex de Carvalho
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Dione Barbosa De-Melo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aghaei M, KhanAhmad H, Aghaei S, Ali Nilforoushzadeh M, Mohaghegh MA, Hejazi SH. The role of Bax in the apoptosis of Leishmania-infected macrophages. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103892. [PMID: 31778755 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that nests in macrophages and is responsible for the Leishmaniasis disease. In spite of different defense pathways, last strategy of macrophage for killing parasite is apoptosis process. By permeableizing the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). As breaching MOM releases apoptogenic factors like cytochrome-c which activate caspases that result in the destruction of the cell. In this review, we summarized the appropriate manuscripts regarding the bax includes, its different types and the effect of bax on the apoptosis of Leishmania and parasite-infected macrophages. METHODS Information about the role of BAX in the apoptosis of parasite-infected macrophage of recent articles were surveyed by searching computerized bibliographic database PubMed and Google Scholar entering the keywords BAX and leishmaniasis. RESULTS The common studies revealed Leishmania use different survival strategies for inhibiting macrophage apoptosis. As Leishmania by preventing homooligomerization or upregulating the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 can prohibits proteins of host-cell apoptosis such as Bax that is required for mitochondrial permeabilisation during apoptosis. CONCLUSION With regard to the supportive role of bax in apoptosis and the preventive role of Leishmania in its function, it seems that expression of bax gene in parasite by technologies like transgenic or down regulating of anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 by miRNA could be prompted the apoptosis process of infected-macrophages and inhibited extensive spread of Leishmania and the resulting lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aghaei
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein KhanAhmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Aghaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Ali Mohaghegh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu H, Chen G, Wang J, Deng M, Yuan F, Gong J. TIM-4 interference in Kupffer cells against CCL4-induced liver fibrosis by mediating Akt1/Mitophagy signalling pathway. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12731. [PMID: 31755616 PMCID: PMC6985653 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-4 (TIM-4) is selectively expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and modulates various immune responses. However, the role of TIM-4 expressed by Kupffer cells (KCs) in liver fibrosis remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore whether and how TIM-4 expressed by KCs is involved in liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice chronic liver fibrosis models were established and divided into the olive-induced control group, CCL4-induced control group, olive-induced TIM-4 interference group and CCL4-induced TIM-4 interference group. Different techniques were used to monitor the fibrotic effects of TIM-4, including histopathological assays, Western blotting, ELISA and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, mice liver transplant models were established to determine the fibrotic effects of TIM-4 on fibrosis after liver transplantation (LT). RESULTS We found that the induction of liver fibrosis by CCL4 was associated with TIM-4 expression in KCs. TIM-4 interference essentially contributed to liver fibrosis resolution. KCs from the TIM-4 interference group had decreased levels of pro-fibrotic markers, reduced TGF-β1 secretion and inhibited hepatic stellate cell (HSC) differentiation into myofibroblast-like cells. In addition, we used GdCl3 to verify that KCs are the primary source of TGF-β1 during fibrosis progression. Moreover, KCs from CCL4-induced mice showed increased ROS production, mitophagy activation and TGF-β1 secretion. However, TIM-4 interference in the KCs inhibited Akt1-mediated ROS production, resulting in the suppression of PINK1, Parkin and LC3-II/I activation and the reduction of TGF-β1 secretion during liver fibrosis. Additionally, TIM-4 interference potentially attenuated development of fibrosis after LT. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed the underlying mechanisms of TIM-4 interference in KCs to mitigate liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoyong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghua Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangchao Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muxel SM, Acuña SM, Aoki JI, Zampieri RA, Floeter-Winter LM. Toll-Like Receptor and miRNA-let-7e Expression Alter the Inflammatory Response in Leishmania amazonensis-Infected Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2792. [PMID: 30555476 PMCID: PMC6283264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contributes to macrophage activation and subsequent control of Leishmania infection through the coordinated production of pro-inflammatory and microbicidal effector molecules. The modulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression by Leishmania infection potentially mediates the post-transcriptional regulation of the expression of genes involved in leishmanicidal activity. Here, the contribution of TLR signaling to the miRNA profile and gene expression was evaluated in Leishmania amazonensis-infected murine macrophages. The infectivity of L. amazonensis was higher in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice knockout for myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88−/−), TLR2 (TLR2−/−), or TLR4 (TLR4−/−) than wild type C57BL/6 (WT). L. amazonensis infection of WT macrophages modulated the expression of 32% of the miRNAs analyzed, while 50% were upregulated. The absence of MyD88, TLR2, and TLR4 altered the percentage of miRNAs modulated during L. amazonensis infection, including the downregulation of let-7e expression. Moreover, the absence of signals mediated by MyD88, TLR2, or TLR4 reduced nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) mRNA expression during infection. Indeed, the inhibition of let-7e increased levels of the Nos2 mRNA and NOS2 (or iNOS) protein and nitric oxide (NO) production in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages (4–24 h). The absence of TLR2 and inhibition of let-7e increased the expression of the arginase 1 (Arg1) mRNA but did not alter the protein level during infection. However, higher levels of the L-arginine transporters Cat2B and Cat1 were detected in the absence of Myd88 signaling during infection but were not altered following let-7e inhibition. The inhibition of let-7e impacted the global expression of genes in the TLR pathway by upregulating the expression of recognition and adaptors molecules, such as Tlr6, Tlr9, Ly96, Tirap, Traf 6, Ticam1, Tollip, Casp8, Map3k1, Mapk8, Nfkbib, Nfkbil1, Ppara, Mapk8ip3, Hspd1, and Ube2n, as well as immunomodulators, such as Ptgs2/Cox2, Csf 2, Csf 3, Ifnb1, Il6ra, and Ilr1, impacting NOS2 expression, NO production and parasite infectiveness. In conclusion, L. amazonensis infection alters the TLR signaling pathways by modulating the expression of miRNAs in macrophages to subvert the host immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Maia Acuña
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ide Aoki
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Zampieri
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|