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Marx O, Mankarious M, Yochum G. Molecular genetics of early-onset colorectal cancer. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:13-27. [PMID: 37034132 PMCID: PMC10080548 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) has been rising in global prevalence and incidence over the past several decades. Environmental influences, including generational lifestyle changes and rising obesity, contribute to these increased rates. While the rise in EOCRC is best documented in western countries, it is seen throughout the world, although EOCRC may have distinct genetic mutations in patients of different ethnic backgrounds. Pathological and molecular characterizations show that EOCRC has a distinct presentation compared with later-onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC). Recent studies have identified DNA, RNA, and protein-level alterations unique to EOCRC, revealing much-needed biomarkers and potential novel therapeutic targets. Many molecular EOCRC studies have been performed with Caucasian and Asian EOCRC cohorts, however, studies of other ethnic backgrounds are limited. In addition, certain molecular characterizations that have been conducted for LOCRC have not yet been repeated in EOCRC, including high-throughput analyses of histone modifications, mRNA splicing, and proteomics on large cohorts. We propose that the complex relationship between cancer and aging should be considered when studying the molecular underpinnings of EOCRC. In this review, we summarize current EOCRC literature, focusing on sporadic molecular alterations in tumors, and their clinical implications. We conclude by discussing current challenges and future directions of EOCRC research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Marx
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Marc Mankarious
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology & Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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2
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Jiang M, Jia Y, Han J, Shi J, Su C, Zhang R, Xing M, Jin S, Zong H. Distinct clinical pattern of colorectal cancer patients with POLE mutations: A retrospective study on real-world data. Front Genet 2022; 13:963964. [PMID: 36479248 PMCID: PMC9719917 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.963964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Studies have demonstrated an association between somatic POLE exonuclease domain mutations (EDMs) and the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the prognostic value of POLE non-EDMs remains unclear. This retrospective study aimed to explore the possible relationships between POLE mutation subtypes and CRC prognosis. Methods: The 272 CRC patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (ZZ cohort) and 499 CRC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA cohort) were retrospectively collected. The cases were divided into subgroups based on POLE mutation sites and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. The continuous variables were compared among three subgroups with Kruskal-Wallis tests. Pairwise comparisons between three groups were performed by Bonferroni correction method, and adjusted p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The categorical variables were compared with Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were conducted to evaluate prognostic values of POLE mutations. Results: In the ZZ cohort, POLE EDMs (2.6%) were significantly associated with younger age (p = 0.018) and localized in the left colon (p = 0.001). POLE non-EDMs were significantly associated with MSI-high status (p < 0.001) and localization in the right colon (p = 0.001). In the TCGA cohort, the tumor mutation burden (TMB) of both POLE EDM tumors (p < 0.001) and POLE non-EDM tumors (p < 0.001) was significantly higher than that of POLE wild-type (WT) tumors. A similar trend was observed in the ZZ cohort, although there were no significant differences. In the ZZ cohort, the POLE EDM group had higher progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.002) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.042) than the POLE non-EDM group and POLE WT group. We also report one CRC patient harboring a germline POLE mutation who received camrelizumab and exhibited long-term stable disease. Conclusion: Both POLE-EDMs and POLE non-EDMs were associated with significantly increased TMB in CRC and may be biomarkers for CRC treatment and prognosis. Current evidence does not support an effect of POLE non-EDMs on PFS and OS. A significant association between POLE EDMs and improved PFS and OS may exist, but future studies with larger sample sizes are needed. Entire coding region of the POLE gene should be screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongliang Jia
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Precision Medicine Center, Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Menglu Xing
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuiling Jin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong Zong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ren J, Feng J, Song W, Wang C, Ge Y, Fu T. Development and validation of a metabolic gene signature for predicting overall survival in patients with colon cancer. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:535-544. [PMID: 32772211 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of tumorigenesis. However, the prognostic value of metabolism-related genes in colon cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to identify a metabolic gene signature to categorize colon cancer patients into high- and low-risk groups and predict prognosis. Samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used as the training cohort, while samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were used as the validation cohort. A metabolic gene signature was established to investigate a robust risk stratification for colon cancer. Subsequently, a prognostic nomogram was established combining the metabolism-related risk score and clinicopathological characteristics of patients. A total of 351 differentially expressed metabolism-related genes were identified in colon cancer. After univariate analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-penalized regression analysis, an eight-gene metabolic signature (MTR, NANS, HADH, IMPA2, AGPAT1, GGT5, CYP2J2, and ASL) was identified to classify patients into high- and low-risk groups. High-risk patients had significantly shorter overall survival than low-risk patients in both the training and validation cohorts. A high-risk score was positively correlated with proximal colon cancer (P = 0.012), BRAF mutation (P = 0.049), and advanced stage (P = 0.027). We established a prognostic nomogram based on metabolism-related gene risk score and clinicopathologic factors. The areas under the curve and calibration curves indicated that the established nomogram showed a good accuracy of prediction. We have established a novel metabolic gene signature that could predict overall survival in colon cancer patients and serve as a biomarker for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Chuntao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhang Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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Genomic profile and immune contexture in colorectal cancer-relevance for prognosis and immunotherapy. Clin Exp Med 2020; 21:195-204. [PMID: 32720224 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancers in both genders. TNM staging system is still the most commonly used tumor classification and prognostic system. The disadvantage of TNM is that the prognostic information it provides is incomplete, and patients with the same histological tumor stages may differ significantly in the clinical outcome. Therefore, the identification of new prognostic parameters is crucial. The carcinogenic process that gives rise to an individual tumor is unique and tumor microenviroment should be taken into consideration. In CRC, T-cell infiltration is not homogenous, and recent studies are mostly focusing on memory T-cells and CD8 cells in predicting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). It seems that DFS and OS are not only dependent on microsatellite instable or stable status but mostly on the levels of expression of the immune signatures. Also, patients with high infiltration of cytotoxic and memory cells have significantly better outcome. This review consolidates current knowledge and recent research about importance of immune-cell-associated proteins, specific gene profiles of immune cells and immunotherapy in CRC. We also discussed cell-specific signatures in cancer treatment.
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Wu B, Chen S, Zhuang L, Zeng J. The expression level of COX7C associates with venous thromboembolism in colon cancer patients. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:527-533. [PMID: 32653968 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication of colon cancer. In the present study, we aimed to explore the association of the oncogene COX7C to VTE in colon cancer patients. Samples from 580 patients were examined histologically for VTE and pathological characteristic of cancer. Gene mutation and expression analysis were performed using polymerase chain reaction-based assays to evaluate genes related to VTE, including COX7C. Univariate analysis between clinical pathological factors and VTE was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was performed for the prediction of VTE by pathological factors and gene expressions. Among patients investigated, a total of 56 patients had VTE. COX7C had a significant correlation with VTE (p < 0.001). Despite a correlation between tumor size, invasion depth of tumor, lymph node metastasis, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, histologic type and pathology type, Ki-67, and some other genes, to VTE (p > 0.05), only COX7C expression demonstrated significance in its ability to predict VTE. Here, we show that COX7C upregulation strongly correlates with VTE in colon cancer, which implicates its role as a biomarker and therapeutic target of VTE in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyu Wu
- Department of Nursing, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated To Fujian Medical University, No.250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Shurong Chen
- Department of Geriatric, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated To Fujian Medical University, No.250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Lihong Zhuang
- Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated To Fujian Medical University, No.250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Jingyang Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated To Fujian Medical University, No.250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China.
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Yu J, Xu L, Yan J, Yu J, Wu X, Dai J, Guo J, Kong Y. MUC4 isoforms expression profiling and prognosis value in Chinese melanoma patients. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:299-311. [PMID: 32172429 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucin 4 (MUC4), a type I membrane-bound mucin, blocks apoptosis, promotes invasion, proliferation and migration and causes chemo-resistance in epithelial cancers. However, the expression profiling and clinical implications of MUC4 alternative splicing during cancer pathogenesis, including melanoma, remain obscure. We examined the mRNA expression profiling of MUC4 isoforms in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, melanoma cell lines, human epidermal melanocyte cells, as well as 138 cases of human melanoma tissues by RT-qPCR. Then we analyzed the relationship of mRNA expression of MUC4 isoforms to clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients. The dynamic mRNA expression profiling of MUC4 isoforms was found in melanoma. We identified MUC4 isoform f was highly expressed in melanoma cell lines but negative in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Clinical analysis based on 138 cases of human melanomas showed that MUC4 isoform d was related with melanoma subtypes (p = 0.028) and TNM stage (p = 0.036). MUC4 isoform e was related with tumor thickness (p = 0.004) and T stage (p = 0.036). The Kaplan-Meier assay showed that the median overall survival (OS) for patients with MUC4 isoform f high expression was significantly shorter than that of patients with low expression (p = 0.024). And the median PFS of the patients with high expression of MUC4 isoform d or e was significantly shorter than that of with low expression (p = 0.012 and 0.035, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that high level of MUC4 isoform f was an independent prognostic factor for OS, and MUC4 isoform d was an independent prognostic factor for PFS of patients treated with chemotherapy. In conclusion, our results indicate that the dynamic MUC4 isoforms expressed in melanoma, and MUC4 isoform d and f might be served as a novel prognostic indicator of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junya Yan
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Xie J, Lin Y. Patient-derived xenograft models for personalized medicine in colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:167-172. [PMID: 32100151 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Establishing superior preclinical models is critical for translational cancer research owing to the high failure rates of novel therapeutics in clinical studies. Even though cell line-derived xenograft models are easy to create, they have numerous limitations since these models do not represent the distinctive features of each cancer patient adequately. To circumvent the discrepancies between xenograft models and tumors, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been developed. These models are established through the engraftment of tissue from a patient's tumor into an immune-deficient mouse, which preserves cell-cell interactions and tumor microenvironment. Since PDXs precisely replicate intratumoral heterogeneity, a range of chemotherapeutic agents can be tested on individual tumors. Colorectal cancer represents a unique case to demonstrate clinical perspectives revealed by PDX models since they surmount limitations of conventional ex vivo models. Even though PDX models have been associated with drawbacks with respect to prediction of clinical outcomes, they are currently the model of choice for preclinical investigations in colorectal cancer. In the current review, we provide an overview of the methodology and applications of PDX for colorectal cancer and discuss critical issues for the advancement of these models for preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Li W, Xiao D, Wu H, Xu L. The epithelial cadherin -160C/A polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:73-78. [PMID: 31625007 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial cadherin (CDH1) is an important determinant of tumor progression. Previous studies have indicated that the CDH1 -160C/A polymorphism was associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, they yielded conflicting results. Thus, we conducted this case-control study to evaluate the association between the CDH1 -160C/A polymorphism and susceptibility to CRC in a Chinese population. We recruited 351 cases and 411 controls in this case-control study. The genotype of the CDH1 -160C/A polymorphism was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). This study found that the CDH1 -160C/A polymorphism was associated with decreased risk of CRC in this Chinese Han population. Subgroup analyses showed that the CDH1 -160C/A polymorphism decreased the risk of CRC among the males and non-drinkers. In addition, a significantly decreased risk was observed in CRC patients with tumor size ≤ 5 cm, and AA genotype showed a protective role in the CRC patients with no lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, this study shows that CDH1 -160C/A polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of CRC in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, Taizhou, China
| | - Deshuang Xiao
- Department of Liver and Gallbladder Surgery, The Affliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, Taizhou, China
| | - Huawen Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, Taizhou, China
| | - Lewei Xu
- Department of Surgery, The Affliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, Taizhou, China.
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Snahnicanova Z, Kasubova I, Kalman M, Grendar M, Mikolajcik P, Gabonova E, Laca L, Caprnda M, Rodrigo L, Ciccocioppo R, Kruzliak P, Plank L, Lasabova Z. Genetic and epigenetic analysis of the beta-2-microglobulin gene in microsatellite instable colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:87-95. [PMID: 31853669 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common mechanisms of immune evasion in MSI colorectal cancers (CRCs) is loss of HLA class I expression due to mutations in B2M gene which can become a negative predictor for checkpoint blockade therapy. The aim of this study was the determination of prevalence of B2M somatic mutations in MSI CRC patients and relationship between B2M mutations and lymphocytes infiltration and other clinicopathological features as well as detection of methylation changes in B2M promoter region which can be another mechanism of immune escape. In our study, 37 MSI-H and 5 MSI-L patients were selected for screening of B2M mutational and methylation status. The characterization of patients was based on standard histopathological diagnosis and TNM classification; BRAF, KRAS mutations, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peritumoral lymphoid reaction were also determined. MSI analysis was performed using fragment analysis. B2M mutations were identified by Sanger sequencing, and methylation of CpG islands in promoter region was detected by methylation-specific PCR. Heterozygous mutations in the B2M gene were detected in five MSI-H patients (13.5%), while the mutation c.45_48delTTCT was determined in four patients and mutation c.276delC was found in two patients. One of these five patients was compound heterozygote harboring both mutations. Methylation of the promoter region of the B2M gene was observed in one patient with MSI-H colorectal cancer. Detection of genetic and epigenetic changes in B2M gene could be important in personalized therapy for CRC patients as these changes may be one of the mechanisms of secondary resistance of MSI positive tumors to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Snahnicanova
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Kasubova
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Michal Kalman
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marian Grendar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikolajcik
- Clinic of Surgery and Transplant Center, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Gabonova
- Clinic of Surgery and Transplant Center, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Laca
- Clinic of Surgery and Transplant Center, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martin Caprnda
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Integrata Policlinico GB Rossi, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brothers of Mercy Hospital, Polní 553/3, 63900, Brno, Czech Republic.
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Plank
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zora Lasabova
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
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