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Wang J, Ouyang F, An S, Wang L, Xu N, Ma J, Wang J, Zhang H, Kong L. Variation, coordination, and trade-offs between needle structures and photosynthetic-related traits across five Picea species: consequences on plant growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:242. [PMID: 35581540 PMCID: PMC9112436 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picea species are distributed and planted world-wide due to their great ecological and economic values. It has been reported that Picea species vary widely in growth traits in a given environment, which reflects genetic and phenotypic differences among species. However, key physiological processes underlying tree growth and the influencing factors on them are still unknown. RESULTS Here, we examined needle structures, needle chemical components, physiological characteristics and growth traits across five Picea species in a common garden in Tianshui, Gansu province in China: Picea glauca, P. mariana, P. likiangensis, P. koraiensis, and P. crassifolia, among which P. glauca and P. mariana were introduced from North America, P. likiangensis was from Lijiang, Yunan province in China, P. koraiensis was from Yichun, Heilongjiang province in China, and P. crassifolia was native to the experimental site. It was found that nearly all traits varied significantly among species. Tissue-level anatomical characteristics and leaf mass per area (LMA) were affected by needle size, but the variations of them were not associated with the variations in photosynthetic and biochemical capacity among species. Variations in area-based maximum photosynthesis (Pnmax) were affected by stomatal conductance (gs), mesophyll conductance (gm) and biochemical parameters including maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax), and maximum electron transport rate (Jmax). The fraction of N allocated to different photosynthetic apparatus displayed contrasting values among species, which contributed to the species variations in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and Pnmax. Additionally, all growth traits were positively correlated with Pnmax and PNUE. CONCLUSION Needle structures are less important than needle biochemical parameters in determining the variations in photosynthetic capacity across the five Picea species. Pnmax and PNUE are closedly associated with the fraction of N allocated to photosynthetic apparatus (Pphoto) compared with leaf N content per area (Narea). The tremendous growth differences among the five Picea species were substantially related to the interspecies variation in Pnmax and PNUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqun Ouyang
- Beijing Floriculture Engineering Technology Research Centre, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Sanping An
- Research Institute of Forestry of Xiaolong Mountain, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Secondary Forest Cultivation, Tianshui, 741022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Research Institute of Forestry of Xiaolong Mountain, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Secondary Forest Cultivation, Tianshui, 741022, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Xu
- Research Institute of Forestry of Xiaolong Mountain, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Secondary Forest Cultivation, Tianshui, 741022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Ma
- Research Institute of Forestry of Xiaolong Mountain, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Secondary Forest Cultivation, Tianshui, 741022, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisheng Kong
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Zumajo-Cardona C, Ambrose BA. Fleshy or dry: transcriptome analyses reveal the genetic mechanisms underlying bract development in Ephedra. EvoDevo 2022; 13:10. [PMID: 35477429 PMCID: PMC9047513 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-022-00195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gnetales have a key phylogenetic position in the evolution of seed plants. Among the Gnetales, there is an extraordinary morphological diversity of seeds, the genus Ephedra, in particular, exhibits fleshy, coriaceous or winged (dry) seeds. Despite this striking diversity, its underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly understood due to the limited studies in gymnosperms. Expanding the genomic and developmental data from gymnosperms contributes to a better understanding of seed evolution and development. RESULTS We performed transcriptome analyses on different plant tissues of two Ephedra species with different seed morphologies. Anatomical observations in early developing ovules, show that differences in the seed morphologies are established early in their development. The transcriptomic analyses in dry-seeded Ephedra californica and fleshy-seeded Ephedra antisyphilitica, allowed us to identify the major differences between the differentially expressed genes in these species. We detected several genes known to be involved in fruit ripening as upregulated in the fleshy seed of Ephedra antisyphilitica. CONCLUSIONS This study allowed us to determine the differentially expressed genes involved in seed development of two Ephedra species. Furthermore, the results of this study of seeds with the enigmatic morphology in Ephedra californica and Ephedra antisyphilitica, allowed us to corroborate the hypothesis which suggest that the extra envelopes covering the seeds of Gnetales are not genetically similar to integument. Our results highlight the importance of carrying out studies on less explored species such as gymnosperms, to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary history of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara A Ambrose
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, USA. .,The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Fueyo GMD, Gnaedinger SC, Diaz MAL, Carrizo MA. Permineralized conifer-like leaves from the Jurassic of Patagonia (Argentina) and its paleoenvironmental implications. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91Suppl. 2:e20180363. [PMID: 31090798 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomically preserved conifer-like leaves from the Middle Jurassic La Matilde Formation at the Barda Blanca locality in the Gran Bajo de San Julián area, southern Patagonia are described here. Leaves are assigned to conifers based on the following foliar features: thick-walled epidermal cells, a sclerenchymatic hypodermis, resin canals and transfusion tracheids associated with the vascular bundle. General mesophyll anatomy and inferred foliar morphology suggest a similarity to large, broad, linear-lanceolate, multi-veined conifer-like leaves. The general foliar habit indicates an affinity with the large, multi-veined leaves of the Araucariaceae; especially with those exhibited by the species of the Araucaria sections, Araucaria and Bunya. Anatomically, the permineralized leaves exhibit xeromorphic foliar features, including thick-walled epidermal cells, an isobilateral mesophyll with well-developed palisade cells and mechanical tissue. The general leaf anatomy shown by the Patagonian specimens along with sedimentological data may suggest that during the deposition of the La Matilde Formation at the Barda Blanca locality, the parent plant was well adapted to the environmental conditions, which probably consisted of a high light intensity with an adequate quantity of water in the soil, which increased the maximum leaf conductance of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina M Del Fueyo
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", CONICET, División Paleobotánica, Av. Ángel Gallardo, 470, C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia C Gnaedinger
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral, Área de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Ruta 5, Km 2,5, Casilla Correo 291, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Maiten A Lafuente Diaz
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", CONICET, División Paleobotánica, Av. Ángel Gallardo, 470, C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín A Carrizo
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", CONICET, División Paleobotánica, Av. Ángel Gallardo, 470, C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Dörken VM, Nimsch H, Rudall PJ. Origin of the Taxaceae aril: evolutionary implications of seed-cone teratologies in Pseudotaxus chienii. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:133-143. [PMID: 30137225 PMCID: PMC6344100 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fleshy structures that promote biotic dispersal by ingestion have evolved many times in seed plants. Within the yew family Taxaceae sensu lato (six genera, including Cephalotaxus), it remains controversial whether the characteristic fleshy structure surrounding the seed is interpreted as a novel outgrowth of the base of the ovule (i.e. an aril) or a fleshy seed coat that is entirely derived from the integument (i.e. a sarcotesta). This paper presents a detailed study of both wild-type and teratological seed cones of Pseudotaxus chienii, including morphology, anatomy and ontogeny. METHODS Wild-type and teratological seed cones were investigated with the classical paraffin technique and subsequent astrablue/safranin staining and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS The wild-type seed cone of Pseudotaxus possesses a fleshy white aril that is cup-like and not entirely fused to the seed. In the teratological seed cones investigated, the aril was bilobed and consisted of two free halves. In both wild-type and teratological cones, the aril was initiated as two lateral primordia in a transverse plane, but in wild-type cones the two primordia became extended into a ring primordium, which grew apically, leading to the cup-like shape. The teratological seed cones lacked a ring primordium and the two lateral aril lobes remained free throughout their entire ontogeny, alternating with the scale-like leaves inserted below them on the same branch; in some cases, these leaves also became fleshy. CONCLUSIONS Based on the ontogeny and arrangement of the two fleshy aril lobes in the teratological seed cones of Pseudotaxus, we suggest that the typical aril of Taxaceae could be readily interpreted as a fused pair of strongly swollen leaves rather than a modified integument. Our investigations of the cup-like aril of Pseudotaxus demonstrate a similarity not only with other Taxaceae but also with relatively distantly related conifers such as Phyllocladus (Podocarpaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Martin Dörken
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Hubertus Nimsch
- Forestry Arboretum Freiburg-Günterstal, Bollschweil, Germany
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Majeed A, Singh A, Choudhary S, Bhardwaj P. RNAseq‐based phylogenetic reconstruction of Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae. Cladistics 2018; 35:461-468. [PMID: 34633712 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aasim Majeed
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory Department of Plant Sciences Central University of Punjab Mansa Road Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Amandeep Singh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory Department of Plant Sciences Central University of Punjab Mansa Road Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Shruti Choudhary
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory Department of Plant Sciences Central University of Punjab Mansa Road Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory Department of Plant Sciences Central University of Punjab Mansa Road Bathinda 151001 India
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Elpe C, Knopf P, Stützel T, Schulz C. Diversity and evolution of leaf anatomical characters in Taxaceae s.l.-fluorescence microscopy reveals new delimitating characters. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:125-141. [PMID: 28819805 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Taxaceae s.l. comprise six genera (including Cephalotaxus) and about 35 species; The present study aims to give new insights into the evolution of this family, especially into the phylogenetic position of Cephalotaxus. Moreover, only little is known about comparative leaf anatomy of this family and this study aims to expose and interpret the diversity and evolution of leaf anatomical characters and to assess their applicability to identify taxa at the generic and species level. A detailed phylogeny was reconstructed, using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, with a combined dataset of four molecular markers from the plastid and nuclear genomes. Leaf sections from 132 specimens, representing 32 species and four varieties (fresh and herbarium material) were inspected, using fluorescence microscopy. Ancestral characters were reconstructed using Mesquite. The phylogenetic analyses provided full support for Cephalotaxus as sister group to Taxaceae s.str. Within the latter, two monophyletic tribes Taxeae (comprising Austrotaxus, Pseudotaxus, and Taxus) and Torreyeae (comprising Amentotaxus and Torreya) were fully supported. Fluorescence microscopy was shown to be very useful for identifying leaf tissues and their constitution. We were able to show that particularly sclerified tissues have highest potential for the discrimination of both freshly collected samples and rehydrated herbarium specimens at the generic and species level. A correlation between the presence of different sclereid types could be shown and sclereids were hypothesized to pose a primitive trait in the evolution of Taxaceae s.l. New identification keys were generated on the basis of leaf anatomical characters. The microscopic method presented here is applicable for further studies within gymnosperms and probably in angiosperms, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Elpe
- Department for Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, NDEF 05/770, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Patrick Knopf
- Botanischer Garten Rombergpark, Am Rombergpark 49b, 44225, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Stützel
- Department for Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, NDEF 05/770, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department for Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, NDEF 05/770, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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Tao K, Gao L, Li J, Chen S, Su Y, Wang T. The complete chloroplast genome of Torreya fargesii (Taxaceae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:3512-3. [PMID: 27158868 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1074195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Torreya fargesii (Taxaceae), a relic plant endemic to China, is presented in this study. The genome is 137 075 bp in length, with 35.47% average GC content. One copy of the large inverted repeats is lost from this genome. The T. fargesii chloroplast genome encodes 118 unique genes, in which trnI-CAU, trnQ-UUG, trnN-GUU are duplicated. Protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes represent 54.7%, 1.9% and 3.4% of the genome, respectively. There are 17 intron-containing genes, of which 6 are tRNA genes. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong sister relationship between Torreya and Amentotaxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tao
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei , China .,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lei Gao
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Jia Li
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei , China .,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei , China .,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yingjuan Su
- c State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China .,d Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai , Guangdong , China , and
| | - Ting Wang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei , China .,e College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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