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Łabuz J, Sztatelman O, Hermanowicz P. Molecular insights into the phototropin control of chloroplast movements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6034-6051. [PMID: 35781490 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast movements are controlled by ultraviolet/blue light through phototropins. In Arabidopsis thaliana, chloroplast accumulation at low light intensities and chloroplast avoidance at high light intensities are observed. These responses are controlled by two homologous photoreceptors, the phototropins phot1 and phot2. Whereas chloroplast accumulation is triggered by both phototropins in a partially redundant manner, sustained chloroplast avoidance is elicited only by phot2. Phot1 is able to trigger only a small, transient chloroplast avoidance, followed by the accumulation phase. The source of this functional difference is not fully understood at either the photoreceptor or the signalling pathway levels. In this article, we review current understanding of phototropin functioning and try to dissect the differences that result in signalling to elicit two distinct chloroplast responses. First, we focus on phototropin structure and photochemical and biochemical activity. Next, we analyse phototropin expression and localization patterns. We also summarize known photoreceptor systems controlling chloroplast movements. Finally, we focus on the role of environmental stimuli in controlling phototropin activity. All these aspects impact the signalling to trigger chloroplast movements and raise outstanding questions about the mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Łabuz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Sztatelman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Paweł Hermanowicz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
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Qin B, Lu T, Xu Y, Shen W, Liu F, Xie X, Li Y, Wang K, Li R. Identification and characterization of An-4, a potential quantitative trait locus for awn development in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:298. [PMID: 34187351 PMCID: PMC8240324 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03055-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Awn of rice is an important domestication trait closely associated with yield traits. Therefore, the identification of genes for awn development is of great significance for the elucidation of molecular mechanism of awn development and the genetic improvement of yield traits in rice. RESULTS In this study, using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from a long-awned Guangxi common wild rice (GXCWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and a short-awned indica cultivar 9311, we identified An-4, a potential quantitative trait locus (QTL) for awn development. Then, An-4 was fine mapped into a 56-kb region of chromosome 2, which contained four annotated genes. Among these four annotated genes, Os02g0594800 was concluded to be the potential candidate gene for An-4. An-4 exhibited pleiotropic effects on awn development and several yield traits. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that An-4 significantly promoted awn development at Sp7 and Sp8 stage of spikelet development. Transcriptome analysis suggested that An-4 might influence the development of awn by regulating the expression of genes related to growth, developmental process, channel regulation and extracellular region. By contrast to those of 9311, the expression level of OsRR5 in CSSL128 was significantly down-regulated, whereas the expression levels of OsCKX2 and OsGA2ox5 in CSSL128 were significantly up-regulated. In addition, our study showed that An-4 had additive effects with other genes for awn development, such as An-1, An-2/LABA1 and An-3/GAD1/RAE2. CONCLUSIONS The identification of An-4 lays a foundation for cloning of An-4 and further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of awn development. Moreover, the identification of favorable allelic variation of An-4 from 9311 will be useful to improve rice yield traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
| | - Taian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xuyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yunzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Rongbai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Light- and hormone-mediated development in non-flowering plants: An overview. PLANTA 2020; 253:1. [PMID: 33245411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light, hormones and their interaction regulate different aspects of development in non-flowering plants. They might have played a role in the evolution of different plant groups by conferring specific adaptive evolutionary changes. Plants are sessile organisms. Unlike animals, they lack the opportunity to abandon their habitat in unfavorable conditions. They respond to different environmental cues and adapt accordingly to control their growth and developmental pattern. While phytohormones are known to be internal regulators of plant development, light is a major environmental signal that shapes plant processes. It is plausible that light-hormone crosstalk might have played an important role in plant evolution. But how the crosstalk between light and phytohormone signaling pathways might have shaped the plant evolution is unclear. One of the possible reasons is that flowering plants have been studied extensively in context of plant development, which cannot serve the purpose of evolutionary comparisons. In order to elucidate the role of light, hormone and their crosstalk in the evolutionary adaptation in plant kingdom, one needs to understand various light- and hormone-mediated processes in diverse non-flowering plants. This review is an attempt to outline major light- and phytohormone-mediated responses in non-flowering plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Kihara M, Ushijima T, Yamagata Y, Tsuruda Y, Higa T, Abiko T, Kubo T, Wada M, Suetsugu N, Gotoh E. Light-induced chloroplast movements in Oryza species. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:525-535. [PMID: 32303870 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced chloroplast movements control efficient light utilization in leaves, and thus, are essential for leaf photosynthesis and biomass production under fluctuating light conditions. Chloroplast movements have been intensively analyzed using wild-type and mutant plants of Arabidopsis thaliana. The molecular mechanism and the contribution to biomass production were elucidated. However, the knowledge of chloroplast movements is very scarce in other plant species, especially grass species including crop plants. Because chloroplast movements are efficient strategy to optimize light capture in leaves and thus promote leaf photosynthesis and biomass, analysis of chloroplast movements in crops is required for biomass production. Here, we analyzed chloroplast movements in a wide range of cultivated and wild species of genus Oryza. All examined Oryza species showed the blue-light-induced chloroplast movements. However, O. sativa and its ancestral species O. rufipogon, both of which are AA-genome species and usually grown in open condition where plants are exposed to full sunlight, showed the much weaker chloroplast movements than Oryza species that are usually grown under shade or semi-shade conditions, including O. officinalis, O. eichingeri, and O. granulata. Further detailed analyses of different O. officinalis accessions, including sun, semi-shade, and shade accessions, indicated that the difference in chloroplast movement strength between domesticated rice plants and wild species might result from the difference in habitat, and the shape of mesophyll chlorenchyma cells. The findings of this study provide useful information for optimizing Oryza growth conditions, and lay the groundwork for improving growth and yield in staple food crop Oryza sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kihara
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ushijima
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamagata
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yukinari Tsuruda
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomomi Abiko
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kubo
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Lin YJ, Chen YC, Tseng KC, Chang WC, Ko SS. Phototropins Mediate Chloroplast Movement in Phalaenopsis aphrodite (Moth Orchid). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2243-2254. [PMID: 31198960 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast movement is important for plants to avoid photodamage and to perform efficient photosynthesis. Phototropins are blue light receptors in plants that function in chloroplast movement, phototropism, stomatal opening, and they also affect plant growth and development. In this study, full-length cDNAs of two PHOTOTROPIN genes, PaPHOT1 and PaPHOT2, were cloned from a moth orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite, and their functions in chloroplast movement were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PaPHOT1 and PaPHOT2 orthologs were highly similar to PHOT1 and PHOT2 of the close relative Phalaenopsis equestris, respectively, and clustered with monocots PHOT1 and PHOT2 orthologs, respectively. Phalaenopsis aphrodite expressed a moderate level of PaPHOT1 under low blue light of 5 μmol�m-2�s-1 (BL5) and a high levels of PaPHOT1 at >BL100. However, PaPHOT2 was expressed at low levels at <BL50 but expressed at high levels at > BL100. Analysis of light-induced chloroplast movements using the SPAD method indicated that orchid accumulated chloroplasts at <BL10. The chloroplast avoidance response was detectable at >BL25 and significant chloroplast avoidance movement was observed at >BL100. Virus-induced gene silencing of PaPHOTs in orchids showed decreased gene expression of PaPHOTs and reduced both chloroplast accumulation and avoidance responses. Heterologous expression of PaPHOT1 in Arabidopsis phot1phot2 double mutant recovered chloroplast accumulation response at BL5, but neither PaPHOT1 nor PaPHOT2 was able to restore mutant chloroplast avoidance at BL100. Overall, this study showed that phototropins mediate chloroplast movement in Phalaenopsis orchid is blue light-dependent but their function is slightly different from Arabidopsis which might be due to gene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jyun Lin
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chen
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chieh Tseng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Swee-Suak Ko
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Suetsugu N, Higa T, Wada M. Ferns, mosses and liverworts as model systems for light-mediated chloroplast movements. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2447-2456. [PMID: 27859339 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced chloroplast movement is found in most plant species, including algae and land plants. In land plants with multiple small chloroplasts, under weak light conditions, the chloroplasts move towards the light and accumulate on the periclinal cell walls to efficiently perceive light for photosynthesis (the accumulation response). Under strong light conditions, chloroplasts escape from light to avoid photodamage (the avoidance response). In most plant species, blue light induces chloroplast movement, and phototropin receptor kinases are the blue light receptors. Molecular mechanisms for photoreceptors, signal transduction and chloroplast motility systems are being studied using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, to further understand the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary history of chloroplast movement in green plants, analyses using other plant systems are required. Here, we review recent works on chloroplast movement in green algae, liverwort, mosses and ferns that provide new insights on chloroplast movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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Kong SG, Okajima K. Diverse photoreceptors and light responses in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:111-4. [PMID: 26860414 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam-Geun Kong
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Research Center for Live-Protein Dynamics, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Koji Okajima
- Department of Physics, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
- RIKEN Harima Institute, Spring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.
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Liscum E. Blue Light-Induced Intracellular Movement of Phototropins: Functional Relevance or Red Herring? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:827. [PMID: 27375670 PMCID: PMC4899458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Liscum
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Liscum
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