1
|
Wu X, Li J, Wen X, Zhang Q, Dai S. Genome-wide identification of the TCP gene family in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and its homologs expression patterns during flower development in different Chrysanthemum species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1276123. [PMID: 37841609 PMCID: PMC10570465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1276123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
TCP proteins, part of the transcription factors specific to plants, are recognized for their involvement in various aspects of plant growth and development. Nevertheless, a thorough investigation of TCPs in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, a prominent ancestral species of cultivated chrysanthemum and an excellent model material for investigating ray floret (RF) and disc floret (DF) development in Chrysanthemum, remains unexplored yet. Herein, a comprehensive study was performed to analyze the genome-wide distribution of TCPs in C. lavandulifolium. In total, 39 TCPs in C. lavandulifolium were identified, showing uneven distribution on 8 chromosomes. Phylogenetic and gene structural analyses revealed that ClTCPs were grouped into classes I and II. The class II genes were subdivided into two subclades, the CIN and CYC/TB1 subclades, with members of each clade having similar conserved motifs and gene structures. Four CIN subclade genes (ClTCP24, ClTCP25, ClTCP26, and ClTCP27) contained the potential miR319 target sites. Promoter analysis revealed that ClTCPs had numerous cis-regulatory elements associated with phytohormone responses, stress responses, and plant growth/development. The expression patterns of ClTCPs during capitulum development and in two different florets were determined using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. The expression levels of TCPs varied in six development stages of capitula; 25 out of the 36 TCPs genes were specifically expressed in flowers. Additionally, we identified six key ClCYC2 genes, which belong to the class II TCP subclade, with markedly upregulated expression in RFs compared with DFs, and these genes exhibited similar expression patterns in the two florets of Chrysanthemum species. It is speculated that they may be responsible for RFs and DFs development. Subcellular localization and transactivation activity analyses of six candidate genes demonstrated that all of them were localized in the nucleus, while three exhibited self-activation activities. This research provided a better understanding of TCPs in C. lavandulifolium and laid a foundation for unraveling the mechanism by which important TCPs involved in the capitulum development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhuo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pu Y, Huang H, Wen X, Lu C, Zhang B, Gu X, Qi S, Fan G, Wang W, Dai S. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis provides new insights into the mechanism of ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:728. [PMID: 33081692 PMCID: PMC7574349 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ray floret shapes referred to as petal types on the chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) capitulum is extremely abundant, which is one of the most important ornamental traits of chrysanthemum. However, the regulatory mechanisms of different ray floret shapes are still unknown. C. vestitum is a major origin species of cultivated chrysanthemum and has flat, spoon, and tubular type of ray florets which are the three basic petal types of chrysanthemum. Therefore, it is an ideal model material for studying ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum. Here, using morphological, gene expression and transcriptomic analyses of different ray floret types of C. vestitum, we explored the developmental processes and underlying regulatory networks of ray florets. RESULTS The formation of the flat type was due to stagnation of its dorsal petal primordium, while the petal primordium of the tubular type had an intact ring shape. Morphological differences between the two ray floret types occurred during the initial stage with vigorous cell division. Analysis of genes related to flower development showed that CYCLOIDEA genes, including CYC2b, CYC2d, CYC2e, and CYC2f, were differentially expressed in different ray floret types, while the transcriptional levels of others, such as MADS-box genes, were not significantly different. Hormone-related genes, including SMALL AUXIN UPREGULATED RNA (SAUR), GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3), GIBBERELLIN 2-BETA-DIOXYGENASE 1 (GA2OX1) and APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF), were identified from 1532 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pairwise comparisons among the flat, spoon, and tubular types, with significantly higher expression in the tubular type than that in the flat type and potential involvement in the morphogenesis of different ray floret types. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, together with the gene interactional relationships reported for Arabidopsis thaliana, suggest that hormone-related genes are highly expressed in the tubular type, promoting petal cell division and leading to the formation of a complete ring of the petal primordium. These results provide novel insights into the morphological variation of ray floret of chrysanthemum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Pu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueqi Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuai Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guangxun Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenkui Wang
- Fuzhou Planning Design & Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Inflorescence Development and Floral Organogenesis in Taraxacum kok-saghyz. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101258. [PMID: 32987687 PMCID: PMC7650721 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin; TK) has received attention for its natural rubber content as a strategic biomaterial, and a promising, sustainable, and renewable alternative to synthetic rubber from fossil carbon sources. Extensive research on the domestication and rubber content of TK has demonstrated TK's potential in industrial applications as a relevant natural rubber and latex-producing alternative crop. However, many aspects of its biology have been neglected in published studies. For example, floral development is still poorly characterized. TK inflorescences were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Nine stages of early inflorescence development are proposed, and floral micromorphology is detailed. Individual flower primordia development starts at the periphery and proceeds centripetally in the newly-formed inflorescence meristem. Floral organogenesis begins in the outermost flowers of the capitulum, with corolla ring and androecium formation. Following, pappus primordium-forming a ring around the base of the corolla tube-and gynoecium are observed. The transition from vegetative to inflorescence meristem was observed 21 days after germination. This description of inflorescence and flower development in TK sheds light on the complex process of flowering, pollination, and reproduction. This study will be useful for genetics, breeding, systematics, and development of agronomical practices for this new rubber-producing crop.
Collapse
|
4
|
Padilla-González GF, Amrehn E, Frey M, Gómez-Zeledón J, Kaa A, Costa FBD, Spring O. Metabolomic and Gene Expression Studies Reveal the Diversity, Distribution and Spatial Regulation of the Specialized Metabolism of Yacón ( Smallanthus sonchifolius, Asteraceae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124555. [PMID: 32604977 PMCID: PMC7348818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallanthus sonchifolius, also known as yacón, is an Andean crop species commercialized for its nutraceutical and medicinal properties. The tuberous roots of yacón accumulate a diverse array of probiotic and bioactive metabolites including fructooligosaccharides and caffeic acid esters. However, the metabolic diversity of yacón remains unexplored, including the site of biosynthesis and accumulation of key metabolite classes. We report herein a multidisciplinary approach involving metabolomics, gene expression and scanning electron microscopy, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the diversity, distribution and spatial regulation of the specialized metabolism in yacón. Our results demonstrate that different metabolic fingerprints and gene expression patterns characterize specific tissues, organs and cultivars of yacón. Manual inspection of mass spectrometry data and molecular networking allowed the tentative identification of 71 metabolites, including undescribed structural analogues of known bioactive compounds. Imaging by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a new type of glandular trichome in yacón bracts, with a distinctive metabolite profile. Furthermore, the high concentration of sesquiterpene lactones in capitate glandular trichomes and the restricted presence of certain flavonoids and caffeic acid esters in underground organs and internal tissues suggests that these metabolites could be involved in protective and ecological functions. This study demonstrates that individual organs and tissues make specific contributions to the highly diverse and specialized metabolome of yacón, which is proving to be a reservoir of previously undescribed molecules of potential significance in human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo F. Padilla-González
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av do café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil;
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green Road, London TW9 3AB, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-20-8332-5375
| | - Evelyn Amrehn
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Maximilian Frey
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Javier Gómez-Zeledón
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Alevtina Kaa
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Fernando B. Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av do café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil;
| | - Otmar Spring
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li F, Lan W, Zhou Q, Liu B, Chen F, Zhang S, Bao M, Liu G. Reduced Expression of CbUFO Is Associated with the Phenotype of a Flower-Defective Cosmos bipinnatus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2503. [PMID: 31117210 PMCID: PMC6566773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
LEAFY (LFY) and UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) homologous genes have been reported to play key roles in promoting the initiation of floral meristems in raceme- and cyme-type plants. Asteraceae, a large family of plants with more than 23,000 species, has a unique head-like inflorescence termed capitulum. Here, we report a floral defective plant of the garden cosmos named green head (gh), which shows homogeneous inflorescence, indistinguishable inflorescence periphery and center, and the replacement of flower meristems by indeterminate inflorescence meristems, coupled with iterative production of bract-like organs and higher order of inflorescences. A comparison of the LFY- and UFO-like genes (CbFLY and CbUFO) isolated from both the wild-type and gh cosmos revealed that CbUFO may play an important role in inflorescence differentiation into different structures and promotion of flower initiation, and the reduced expression of CbUFO in the gh cosmos could be associated with the phenotypes of the flower-defective plants. Further expression analysis indicated that CbUFO may promote the conversion of inflorescence meristem into floral meristem in early ray flower formation, but does not play a role in its later growth period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wu Lan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Baojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Sisi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Landscape plants research department, Wuhan Institute of Landscape Gardening, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iwamoto A, Bull-Hereñu K. Floral development: re-evaluation of its importance. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:365-366. [PMID: 29671150 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Iwamoto
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukui Kita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Kester Bull-Hereñu
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Sección Botánica, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Flores, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|