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Chen AMC, Ekambaram M, Li KC, Cooper PR, Mei ML. A scoping review of the influence of clinical contaminants on bond strength in direct adhesive restorative procedures. J Dent 2024; 145:104985. [PMID: 38574846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical contamination during direct adhesive restorative procedures can affect various adhesive interfaces differently and contribute to bulk failure of the restorations. This review aims to summarise the current knowledge on the influence of a variety of clinical contaminants on the bond strength at various adhesive interfaces during adhesive restorative procedures and identify gaps in the literature for future research. DATA AND SOURCES An electronic database search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE to identify articles that investigated the influence of contaminants on direct restorative bonding procedures. A data-charting form was developed by two researchers to capture the key characteristics of each eligible study. STUDY SELECTION The initial search yielded 1,428 articles. Fifty-seven articles published between 1 Jan 2007 and 25 Oct 2023 were included in the final review. Thirty-three of the articles examined the influence of saliva contamination, twelve articles examined the influence of blood contamination, and twenty-five articles examined the influence of other contaminants. CONCLUSION Saliva contamination exerted less influence on the decrease in bond strength when self-etch systems were used, compared to when etch-and-rinse systems were used. Blood contamination adversely affected the bond strength at the interface between resin composite and dentine, and resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Treating contaminated surfaces with water spray for 10-30 s followed by air drying could be effective in recovering bond strength following saliva and blood contamination. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This scoping review provides a valuable overview of the range of potential clinical contaminants that can influence the bond strength between different interfaces in direct adhesive restorative procedures. Additionally, it identifies potential decontamination protocols that can be followed to restore and enhance bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Man-Chun Chen
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kai Chun Li
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - May Lei Mei
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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Bourgi R, Cuevas-Suarez CE, Devoto W, Monjarás-Ávila AJ, Monteiro P, Kharma K, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Hardan L. Effect of contamination and decontamination methods on the bond strength of adhesive systems to dentin: A systematic review. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:1218-1238. [PMID: 37395344 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In a suitable condition, it is important to perform any dental restorative procedure using an operatory field isolated. Then, the aim of this study was to compare the bond strength of composite restorations to dentin affected by any contamination agent through a systematic review. METHODS This systematic review was performed following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The literature search was conducted until September 2022 by scanning the following databases: Embase, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Science. Manuscripts evaluated the bond strength of resin-based materials to permanent human dentin contaminated with blood or saliva were selected for full-text review. The risk of bias was assessed by the RoBDEMAT tool. RESULTS A total of 3750 papers resulted from the search from all databases. After the full-text reading, a total of 62 articles remained for the qualitative analysis. The contamination agents used were blood, saliva, and hemostatic agents. A great variety of protocols were used to contaminate the dentin surface, and the contamination process occurred in several steps of the bonding process, including before and after the etching process, after the primer application and after the adhesive application. Also, several decontamination procedures were tested, including reapplication of the etching material, rinsing with water, chlorhexidine or sodium hypochlorite and reapplication of the adhesive system. CONCLUSION Any contamination with blood or saliva impaired the bond strength of resin-based materials to dentin. Decontamination procedures including water-spray and reapplication of the bonding system could revert the impairment produced by the saliva or blood contamination. The use of hemostatic agents as a method of blood decontamination is not recommended. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should avoid contamination during a bonding procedure, otherwise, a reduction in the bond quality is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Bourgi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suarez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | | | - Ana Josefina Monjarás-Ávila
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Paulo Monteiro
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Khalil Kharma
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Jacomine JC, Giacomini M, Agulhari MA, Zabeu G, Honório H, Wang L. Performance of a Universal Bonding System Associated With 2% Digluconate Chlorhexidine in Carious and Eroded Dentin. Oper Dent 2021; 46:E1-E10. [PMID: 33882142 DOI: 10.2341/19-123-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Carious and eroded dentin represent clinical challenges. The use of a universal bonding system, in a self-etching mode, associated with chlorhexidine (CHX) seems to not improve its longevity. This may be attributed to the competition for calcium between the bonding agent functional monomer and CHX. SUMMARY
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Primer containing dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate kills bacteria impregnated in human dentin blocks. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:239-245. [PMID: 27811846 PMCID: PMC5168419 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) was recently synthesized. The objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate antibacterial activity of DMADDM-containing primer on Streptococcus mutans impregnated into dentin blocks for the first time, and (2) compare the antibacterial efficacy of DMADDM with a previous quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM). Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) bonding agent was used. DMADDM and QADM were mixed into SBMP primer. Six primers were tested: SBMP control primer P, P+2.5% DMADDM, P+5% DMADDM, P+7.5% DMADDM, P+10% DMADDM, and P+10% QADM. S. mutans were impregnated into human dentin blocks, and each primer was applied to dentin to test its ability to kill bacteria in dentinal tubules. Bacteria in dentin were collected via a sonication method, and the colony-forming units (CFU) and inhibition zones were measured. The bacterial inhibition zone of P+10% DMADDM was 10 times that of control primer (P<0.05). CFU in dentin with P+10% DMADDM was reduced by three orders of magnitude, compared with control. DMADDM had a much stronger antibacterial effect than QADM, and antibacterial efficacy increased with increasing DMADDM concentration. Dentin shear bond strengths were similar among all groups (P>0.1). In conclusion, antibacterial DMADDM-containing primer was validated to kill bacteria inside dentin blocks, possessing a much stronger antibacterial potency than the previous QADM. DMADDM-containing bonding agent was effective in eradicating bacteria in dentin, and its efficacy was directly proportional to DMADDM mass fraction. Therefore, DMADDM may be promising for use in bonding agents as well as in other restorative and preventive materials to inhibit bacteria.
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Theobaldo JD, Catelan A, Rodrigues-Filho U, Marchi GM, Lima DANL, Aguiar FHB. Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Resin Composite Bond Strength to Enamel and Dentin Using Different Adhesive Systems. Oper Dent 2016; 41:E57-63. [DOI: 10.2341/15-056-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objective: To evaluate the microshear bond strength of composite resin restorations in dental blocks with or without exposure to cigarette smoke.
Method: Eighty bovine dental blocks were divided into eight groups (n=10) according to the type of adhesive (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA [SBMP]; Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE [SB]; Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray Medical Inc, Okayama, Japan [CSEB]; Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE [SBU]) and exposure to smoke (no exposure; exposure for five days/20 cigarettes per day). The adhesive systems were applied to the tooth structure, and the blocks received a composite restoration made using a matrix of perforated pasta. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey test (α<0.05).
Results: For enamel, there was no difference between the presence or absence of cigarette smoke (p=0.1397); however, there were differences among the adhesive systems (p<0.001). CSEB showed higher values and did not differ from SBU, but both were statistically different from SB. The SBMP showed intermediate values, while SB demonstrated lower values. For dentin, specimens subjected to cigarette smoke presented bond strength values that were lower when compared with those not exposed to smoke (p<0.001). For the groups without exposure to cigarette smoke, CSEB showed higher values, differing from SBMP. SB and SBU showed intermediary values. For the groups with exposure to cigarette smoke, SBU showed values that were higher and statistically different from SB and CSEB, which presented lower values of bond strength. SBMP demonstrated an intermediate value of bond strength.
Conclusion: The exposure of dentin to cigarette smoke influenced the bonding strength of adhesives, but no differences were noted in enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- JD Theobaldo
- Jéssica Dias Theobaldo, DDS, Ms, PhD student, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Catelan
- Anderson Catelan, DDS, MS, PhD associate researcher, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - U Rodrigues-Filho
- Ubirajara Rodrigues-Filho, MSc, PhD, associate professor, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Department of Chemistry and Materials Inorganic Hybrids, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - GM Marchi
- Giselle M Marchi, DDS, MS, PhD, associate professor, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - DANL Lima
- Débora A N L Lima, DDS, MS, PhD, associate professor , Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - FHB Aguiar
- Flávio H B Aguiar, DDS, MS, PhD, associate professor, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kim J, Hong S, Choi Y, Park S. The effect of saliva decontamination procedures on dentin bond strength after universal adhesive curing. Restor Dent Endod 2015; 40:299-305. [PMID: 26587416 PMCID: PMC4650526 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2015.40.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of multiple decontamination procedures for salivary contamination after curing of a universal adhesive on dentin bond strength according to its etch modes. Materials and Methods Forty-two extracted bovine incisors were trimmed by exposing the labial dentin surfaces and embedded in cylindrical molds. A universal adhesive (All-Bond Universal, Bisco) was used. The teeth were randomly divided into groups according to etch mode and decontamination procedure. The adhesive was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions for a given etch mode. With the exception of the control groups, the cured adhesive was contaminated with saliva for 20 sec. In the self-etch group, the teeth were divided into three groups: control, decontamination with rinsing and drying, and decontamination with rinsing, drying, and adhesive. In the etch-and-rinse group, the teeth were divided into four groups: control, decontamination with rinsing and drying, decontamination with rinsing, drying, and adhesive, and decontamination with rinsing, drying, re-etching, and reapplication of adhesive. A composite resin (Filtek Z350XT, 3M ESPE) was used for filling and was cured on the treated surfaces. Shear bond strength was measured, and failure modes were evaluated. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variation and Tukey's HSD test. Results The etch-and-rinse subgroup that was decontaminated by rinse, drying, re-etching, and reapplication of adhesive showed a significantly higher bond strength. Conclusions When salivary contamination occurs after curing of the universal adhesive, additional etching improves the bond strength to dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayang Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sungok Hong
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry, Iksan, Korea
| | - Yoorina Choi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sujung Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry, Iksan, Korea
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Cheng L, Zhang K, Weir MD, Liu H, Zhou X, Xu HHK. Effects of antibacterial primers with quaternary ammonium and nano-silver on Streptococcus mutans impregnated in human dentin blocks. Dent Mater 2013; 29:462-72. [PMID: 23422420 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies developed antibacterial bonding agents and composites containing a quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM) and nanoparticles of silver (NAg). The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the effect of antibacterial primers containing QADM and NAg on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans impregnated into dentin blocks for the first time, and (2) the effect of QADM or NAg alone or in combination, and the effect of NAg mass fraction, on S. mutans viability in dentin. METHODS Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) bonding agent was used. QADM and NAg were incorporated into SBMP primer. Six primers were tested: SBMP primer control, control+10% QADM (mass%), control+0.05% NAg, control+10% QADM+0.05% NAg, control+0.1% NAg, and control+10% QADM+0.1% NAg. S. mutans were impregnated into dentin blocks, then a primer was applied. The viable colony-forming units (CFU) were then measured by harvesting the bacteria in dentin using a sonication method. RESULTS Control+10% QADM+0.1% NAg had bacteria inhibition zone 8-fold that of control (p<0.05). The sonication method successfully harvested bacteria from dentin blocks. Control+10% QADM+0.1% NAg inhibited S. mutans in dentin blocks, reducing the viable CFU in dentin by three orders of magnitude, compared to control dentin without primer. Using QADM+NAg was more effective than QADM alone. Higher NAg content increased the potency. Dentin shear bond strength was similar for all groups (p>0.1). SIGNIFICANCE Antibacterial primer with QADM and NAg were shown to inhibit the S. mutans impregnated into dentin blocks for the first time. Bonding agent containing QADM and NAg is promising to eradicate bacteria in tooth cavity and inhibit caries. The QADM and NAg may have applicability to other adhesives, cements, sealants and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Cobanoglu N, Unlu N, Ozer FF, Blatz MB. Bond strength of self-etch adhesives after saliva contamination at different application steps. Oper Dent 2013; 38:505-11. [PMID: 23327232 DOI: 10.2341/12-260-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated and compared the effect of saliva contamination and possible decontamination methods on bond strengths of two self-etching adhesive systems (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE], Optibond Solo Plus SE [OSE]). Flat occlusal dentin surfaces were created on 180 extracted human molar teeth. The two bonding systems and corresponding composite resins (Clearfil AP-X, Kerr Point 4) were bonded to the dentin under six surface conditions (n=15/group): group 1 (control): primer/bonding/composite; group 2: saliva/drying/primer/bonding/composite; group 3: primer/saliva/rinsing/drying/primer/bonding/composite; group 4: primer/saliva/rinsing/drying/bonding/composite; group 5: primer/bonding (cured)/saliva/rinsing/drying/primer/bonding/composite; group 6: primer/bonding (cured)/saliva/removing contaminated layer with a bur/rinsing/drying/primer/bonding/composite. Shear bond strength was tested after specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analyses. For CSE, groups 2, 3, and 4 and for OSE, groups 6, 2, and 4 showed significantly lower bond strengths than the control group (p<0.05). CSE groups 5 and 6 and OSE groups 3 and 5 revealed bond strengths similar to the control. When saliva contamination occurred after light polymerization of the bonding agent, repeating the bonding procedure recovered the bonding capacity of both self-etch adhesives. However, saliva contamination before or after primer application negatively affected their bond strength.
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Soares CJ, Pereira JC, Souza SJB, Menezes MS, Armstrong SR. The Effect of Prophylaxis Method on Microtensile Bond Strength of Indirect Restorations to Dentin. Oper Dent 2012; 37:602-9. [PMID: 22616925 DOI: 10.2341/11-459-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different materials used for dentin prophylaxis on the microtensile bond strengths (μTBS) of adhesively cemented indirect composite restorations. Sixty bovine incisors had the buccal surface ground with wet #600-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper to obtain a flat exposed superficial dentin and were submitted to different prophylaxis protocols, as follows: 3% hydrogen peroxide (HydP); 0.12% chlorhexidine (Chlo); sodium bicarbonate jet (SodB); 50-μm aluminum oxide air abrasion (AirA); pumice paste (PumP), and control group–water spray (Cont). After prophylaxis protocols a resin composite block (3.0 mm × 5.0 mm × 5.0 mm) was adhesively cemented using dual resin cement (Rely X ARC). After 24 hours of water storage, specimens were serially sectioned perpendicular to the bonded interface into 1-mm-thick slices. Each specimen was trimmed with a diamond bur to an hourglass shape with a cross-sectional area of approximately 1.0 mm2 at the bonded area. Specimens were tested (μTBS) at 0.5 mm/min using a universal testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the effects of prophylaxis techniques on dentin. Bond strength data (MPa) were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and failure mode by Fisher test (α=0.05). μTBS data, means (SD), were (different superscripted letters indicate statistically significant differences): AirA, 25.2 (7.2)a; PumP, 24.1 (7.8)a; Chlo, 21.5 (5.6)a; Cont, 20.6 (8.1)a; HydP, 15.5 (7.6)b; and SodB, 11.5 (4.4)c. The use of aluminum oxide air abrasion, pumice paste, and chlorhexidine before acid etching did not significantly affect μTBS to dentin; however, the use of hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate jet significantly reduced μTBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Soares
- Carlos José Soares, DDS, MS, PhD, professor and chairman, Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - JC Pereira
- Janaína Carla Pereira, DDS, MS, Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - SJB Souza
- Murilo Souza Menezes, DDS, MS, PhD, Professor, Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - MS Menezes
- Murilo Souza Menezes, DDS, MS, PhD, Professor, Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - SR Armstrong
- Steven R Armstrong, DDS, PhD, professor and chairman, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Darabi F, Tavangar M, Davalloo R. Effect of different decontamination procedures from a saliva-contaminated cured bonding system (Single Bond). Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012; 9:399-403. [PMID: 23162579 PMCID: PMC3491325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few studies have investigated the effect of saliva contamination of cured or uncured adhesive systems. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different decontamination methods on the shear bond strength of composite to enamel and dentin using an adhesive contaminated after light activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro experimental study, 80 extracted sound human teeth, 40 premolars and 40 central incisors were selected for dentin and enamel specimen preparation. Within each of the two test groups, the teeth were randomly subdivided into five groups. The materials used consisted of single bond (3M) and Z250 (3M). Except group 1 (Control), in Groups 2-5, cured adhesive was contaminated with saliva (20 s). Decontaminating procedures were rinsing, blot-drying, rebonding (Group 2), rinsing, air-drying, rebonding (Group 3), etching, rinsing, blot-drying, rebonding (Group 4) and etching, rinsing, blot-drying (Group 5). Then, composite resin was inserted on the treated surfaces and cured. The results were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) tests. RESULTS Group 5 (etching, rinsing, blot drying) resulted in significantly lower bond strength to both enamel and dentin surfaces in comparison with the other groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION When the adhesive was re-applied, all decontamination methods in this study seemed sufficient to decrease the adverse effect of saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Darabi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental School, Guilan University of Medical Scinces, Rasht, Iran.,Address for correspondence: Dr. Farideh Darabi, Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Emam Khomeini St. Opp. Pardis Hotel , Post Code: 41887-94755, Guilan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Maryam Tavangar
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental School, Guilan University of Medical Scinces, Rasht, Iran
| | - Reza Davalloo
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental School, Guilan University of Medical Scinces, Rasht, Iran
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