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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Distribution of Neurons Contributing to Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular Nerves in the Trigeminal Ganglion of Experimental Model. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28:2104-2107. [PMID: 28968334 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors introduce a new method to build a three-dimensional (3D) model of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve in the trigeminal ganglion of rabbit with 3 different kinds of fluorescence. Ten adult New Zealand rabbits of both sexes weighing between 2.0 and 3.0 kg were used in the experiment. Then through an operation under general anesthesia, the maxillary and mandibular nerves were exposed, and red and gold fluorescence were applied to investigate the neurons of the maxillary and mandibular nerves. Subsequently, DiI was used as a marker for the ophthalmic neuron for the other side of the same rabbit. After receiving images of the 3 branches under a fluorescence microscope, a 3D model of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve could be built. The authors obtained an image of the 3 branches of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion, and a 3D model of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve in the trigeminal ganglion was reconstructed. In the trigeminal ganglion, ophthalmic neurons were concentrated in the anteromedial section, the maxillary division in the middle, and the mandibular division posterolaterally. Overlap was observed between the ophthalmic and maxillary neurons, and also for the maxillary and mandible neurons.
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Lucinda N, Figueiredo MM, Pessoa NL, Santos BSÁDS, Lima GK, Freitas AM, Machado AMV, Kroon EG, Antonelli LRDV, Campos MA. Dendritic cells, macrophages, NK and CD8 + T lymphocytes play pivotal roles in controlling HSV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia by producing IL1-beta, iNOS and granzyme B. Virol J 2017; 14:37. [PMID: 28222752 PMCID: PMC5320739 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) cause not only mild symptoms but also blindness and encephalitis. It was previously shown that the immune response against HSV-1 occurs mainly in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and that Toll-like receptors 2 and 9 (TLR2/9) are important in mediating this response. It was also demonstrated that iNOS (nitric oxide synthase) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) play an essential role in the defense against HSV-1 infection. Importantly, the present work aimed to identify the primary cells responsible for iNOS and IL-1β production and search for other important molecules and cells that might or might not depend on TLR2/9 receptors to mediate the immune response against HSV-1. Methods C57BL/6 (wild type, WT) and TLR2/9−/− mice were infected by the intranasal route with HSV-1 (1 × 106 p.f.u.). Cells were obtained from the TG and spleen tissues and the profile of immune cells was determined by flow cytometry in infected and mock infected WT and knockout mice. The percentage of cells producing iNOS, IL-1β, granzyme B and perforin was also determined by flow cytometry. Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) was measured by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) in the TG, spleen and lung. Expression of type I interferons (IFNs), interleukins (IL) 5 and 10, IL-1β and granzyme B were quantified by real time PCR. Results The results indicate that dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mϕ) were the main sources of IL-1β and iNOS, respectively, which, together with type I IFNs, were essential for the immune response against HSV-1. Additionally, we showed that granzyme B produced by CD8+ T and NK lymphocytes and MCP-1 were also important for this immune response. Moreover, our data indicate that the robust production of MCP-1 and granzyme B is either TLR-independent or down regulated by TLRs and occurs in the TG of TLR2/9−/− infected mice. Conclusion Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that the responses mediated by DCs, Mo/Mϕ, NK and CD8+ T lymphocytes through IL-1β, iNOS and granzyme B production, respectively, together with the production of type I IFN early in the infection, are crucial to host defense against HSV-1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0692-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Lucinda
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Marta Figueiredo
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália Lima Pessoa
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Senra Álvares da Silva Santos
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Graciela Kunrath Lima
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Arthur Molinari Freitas
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Magalhães Vieira Machado
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lis Ribeiro do Valle Antonelli
- Biologia e Imunologia Parasitária, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Campos
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
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Wise LD, Winkelmann CT, Dogdas B, Bagchi A. Micro-computed tomography imaging and analysis in developmental biology and toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:71-82. [PMID: 23897592 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a high resolution imaging technique that has expanded and strengthened in use since it was last reviewed in this journal in 2004. The technology has expanded to include more detailed analysis of bone, as well as soft tissues, by use of various contrast agents. It is increasingly applied to questions in developmental biology and developmental toxicology. Relatively high-throughput protocols now provide a powerful and efficient means to evaluate embryos and fetuses subjected to genetic manipulations or chemical exposures. This review provides an overview of the technology, including scanning, reconstruction, visualization, segmentation, and analysis of micro-CT generated images. This is followed by a review of more recent applications of the technology in some common laboratory species that highlight the diverse issues that can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Wise
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Imaging, and Informatics IT, West Point, PA, USA.
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Powell KA, Wilson D. 3-dimensional imaging modalities for phenotyping genetically engineered mice. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:106-15. [PMID: 22146851 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811429814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of 3-dimensional (3D) digital imaging modalities are available for whole-body assessment of genetically engineered mice: magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT), optical projection tomography (OPT), episcopic and cryoimaging, and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Embryo and adult mouse phenotyping can be accomplished at microscopy or near microscopy spatial resolutions using these modalities. MRM and microCT are particularly well-suited for evaluating structural information at the organ level, whereas episcopic and OPT imaging provide structural and functional information from molecular fluorescence imaging at the cellular level. UBM can be used to monitor embryonic development longitudinally in utero. Specimens are not significantly altered during preparation, and structures can be viewed in their native orientations. Technologies for rapid automated data acquisition and high-throughput phenotyping have been developed and continually improve as this exciting field evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Powell
- Small Animal Imaging Shared Resource, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Nieman BJ, Wong MD, Henkelman RM. Genes into geometry: imaging for mouse development in 3D. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 21:638-46. [PMID: 21907568 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian development is a sophisticated program coordinated by a complex set of genetic and physiological factors. Alterations in anatomy or morphology provide intrinsic measures of progress in or deviations from this program. Emerging three-dimensional imaging methods now allow for more sophisticated morphological assessment than ever before, enabling comprehensive phenotyping, visualization of anatomical context and patterns, automated and quantitative morphological analysis, as well as improved understanding of the developmental time course. Furthermore, these imaging tools are becoming increasingly available and will consequently play a prominent role in elucidating the factors that direct and influence mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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