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Skalny AV, Aschner M, Silina EV, Stupin VA, Zaitsev ON, Sotnikova TI, Tazina SI, Zhang F, Guo X, Tinkov AA. The Role of Trace Elements and Minerals in Osteoporosis: A Review of Epidemiological and Laboratory Findings. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1006. [PMID: 37371586 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to review recent epidemiological and clinical data on the association between selected minerals and trace elements and osteoporosis, as well as to discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations. We have performed a search in the PubMed-Medline and Google Scholar databases using the MeSH terms "osteoporosis", "osteogenesis", "osteoblast", "osteoclast", and "osteocyte" in association with the names of particular trace elements and minerals through 21 March 2023. The data demonstrate that physiological and nutritional levels of trace elements and minerals promote osteogenic differentiation through the up-regulation of BMP-2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as well as other pathways. miRNA and epigenetic effects were also involved in the regulation of the osteogenic effects of trace minerals. The antiresorptive effect of trace elements and minerals was associated with the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. At the same time, the effect of trace elements and minerals on bone health appeared to be dose-dependent with low doses promoting an osteogenic effect, whereas high doses exerted opposite effects which promoted bone resorption and impaired bone formation. Concomitant with the results of the laboratory studies, several clinical trials and epidemiological studies demonstrated that supplementation with Zn, Mg, F, and Sr may improve bone quality, thus inducing antiosteoporotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Skalny
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, Institute of Biodesign and Modeling of Complex Systems, Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ekaterina V Silina
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, Institute of Biodesign and Modeling of Complex Systems, Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor A Stupin
- Department of Hospital Surgery No. 1, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg N Zaitsev
- Department of Physical Education, Yaroslavl State Technical University, 150023 Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Sotnikova
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, Institute of Biodesign and Modeling of Complex Systems, Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital n. a. S.P. Botkin of the Moscow City Health Department, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Serafima Ia Tazina
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, Institute of Biodesign and Modeling of Complex Systems, Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, Institute of Biodesign and Modeling of Complex Systems, Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are the conductors of bone adaptation and remodelling. Buried inside the calcified matrix, they sense mechanical cues and signal osteoclasts in case of low activity, and osteoblasts when stresses are high. How do osteocytes detect mechanical stress? What physical signal do they perceive? Finite element analysis is a useful tool to address these questions as it allows calculating stresses, strains and fluid flow where they cannot be measured. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the capabilities and challenges of finite element models of bone, in particular the osteocytes and load-induced activation mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS High-resolution imaging and increased computational power allow ever more detailed modelling of osteocytes, either in isolation or embedded within the mineralised matrix. Over the years, homogeneous models of bone and osteocytes got replaced by heterogeneous and microstructural models, including, e.g. the lacuno-canalicular network and the cytoskeleton. The lacuno-canalicular network induces strain amplifications and the osteocyte protrusions seem to be stimulated much more than the cell body, both by strain and fluid flow. More realistic cell geometries, like minute constrictions of the canaliculi, increase this effect. Microstructural osteocyte models describe the transduction of external stimuli to the nucleus. Supracellular multiscale models (e.g. of a tunnelling osteon) allow to study differential loading of osteocytes and to distinguish between strain and fluid flow as the pivotal stimulatory cue. In the future, the finite element models may be enhanced by including chemical transport and intercellular communication between osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoor H Smit
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yan T, Xie Y, He H, Fan W, Huang F. Role of nitric oxide in orthodontic tooth movement (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:168. [PMID: 34278439 PMCID: PMC8285047 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an ubiquitous signaling molecule that mediates numerous cellular processes associated with cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. NO also plays an essential role in bone homeostasis regulation. The present review article summarized the effects of NO on bone metabolism during orthodontic tooth movement in order to provide insight into the regulatory role of NO in orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement is a process in which the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone are reconstructed due to the effect of orthodontic forces. Accumulating evidence has indicated that NO and its downstream signaling molecule, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), mediate the mechanical signals during orthodontic-related bone remodeling, and exert complex effects on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. NO has a regulatory effect on the cellular activities and functional states of osteoclasts, osteocytes and periodontal ligament fibroblasts involved in orthodontic tooth movement. Variations of NO synthase (NOS) expression levels and NO production in periodontal tissues or gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been found on the tension and compression sides during tooth movement in both orthodontic animal models and patients. Furthermore, NO precursor and NOS inhibitor administration increased and reduced the tooth movement in animal models, respectively. Further research is required in order to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the clinical application prospect of NO in orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Xie
- Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
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Lewis KJ, Yi X, Wright CS, Pemberton EZ, Bullock WA, Thompson WR, Robling AG. The mTORC2 Component Rictor Is Required for Load-Induced Bone Formation in Late-Stage Skeletal Cells. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10366. [PMID: 32666017 PMCID: PMC7340445 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone relies on mechanical cues to build and maintain tissue composition and architecture. Our understanding of bone cell mechanotransduction continues to evolve, with a few key signaling pathways emerging as vital. Wnt/β‐catenin, for example, is essential for proper anabolic response to mechanical stimulation. One key complex that regulates β‐catenin activity is the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORc2). mTORc2 is critical for actin cytoskeletal reorganization, an indispensable component in mechanotransduction in certain cell types. In this study, we probed the impact of the mTORc2 signaling pathway in osteocyte mechanotransduction by conditionally deleting the mTORc2 subunit Rictor in Dmp1‐expressing cells of C57BL/6 mice. Conditional deletion of the Rictor was achieved using the Dmp1–Cre driver to recombine Rictor floxed alleles. Rictor mutants exhibited a decrease in skeletal properties, as measured by DXA, μCT, and mechanical testing, compared with Cre‐negative floxed littermate controls. in vivo axial tibia loading conducted in adult mice revealed a deficiency in the osteogenic response to loading among Rictor mutants. Histological measurements of osteocyte morphology indicated fewer, shorter cell processes in Rictor mutants, which might explain the compromised response to mechanical stimulation. In summary, inhibition of the mTORc2 pathway in late osteoblasts/osteocytes leads to decreased bone mass and mechanically induced bone formation. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Lewis
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Physical Therapy Indiana University School of Health & Human Sciences Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Christian S Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy Indiana University School of Health & Human Sciences Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Emily Z Pemberton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Whitney A Bullock
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
| | - William R Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy Indiana University School of Health & Human Sciences Indianapolis IN USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indianapolis IN USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis Indianapolis IN USA.,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA
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Fina BL, Lupo M, Da Ros ER, Lombarte M, Rigalli A. Bone Strength in Growing Rats Treated with Fluoride: a Multi-dose Histomorphometric, Biomechanical and Densitometric Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:375-383. [PMID: 29396777 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone deformation and fragility are common signs of skeletal fluorosis. Disorganisation of bone tissue and presence of inflammatory foci were observed after fluoride (F-) administration. Most information about F- effects on bone has been obtained in adult individuals. However, in fluorosis areas, children are a population very exposed to F- and prone to develop not only dental but also skeletal fluoroses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bone parameters responsible for the effect of different doses of F- on fracture load of the trabecular and cortical bones using multivariate analysis in growing rats. Twenty-four 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: F0, F20, F40 and F80, which received orally 0, 20, 40 or 80 μmol F-/100 g bw/day, respectively, for 30 days. After treatment, tibiae were used for measuring bone histomorphometric and connectivity parameters, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone cortical parameters. The femurs were used for biomechanical tests and bone F- content. Trabecular bone volume was significantly decreased by F-. Consistently, we observed a significant decrease in fracture load and Young's modulus (YM) of the trabecular bone in F--treated groups. However, cortical bone parameters were not significantly affected by F-. Moreover, there were no significant differences in cortical nor trabecular BMD. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant correlation between the trabecular fracture load and YM but not with bone volume or BMD. It is concluded that when F- is administered as a single daily dose, it produces significant decrease in trabecular bone strength by changing the elasticity of the trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Lorena Fina
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, S2002KTR, Santa Fe, Argentina.
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maela Lupo
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, S2002KTR, Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Rosario National University Research Council, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Rocío Da Ros
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, S2002KTR, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lombarte
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, S2002KTR, Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Rosario National University Research Council, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Rigalli
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, S2002KTR, Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Rosario National University Research Council, Rosario, Argentina
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Yang Z, Tan S, Shen Y, Chen R, Wu C, Xu Y, Song Z, Fu Q. Inhibition of FSS-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization by silencing LIMK2 gene increases the mechanosensitivity of primary osteoblasts. Bone 2015; 74:182-90. [PMID: 25549868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation plays an important role in bone cell metabolic activity. However, bone cells lose their mechanosensitivity upon continuous mechanical stimulation (desensitization) and they can recover the sensitivity with insertion of appropriate rest period into the mechanical loading profiles. The concrete molecular mechanism behind the regulation of cell mechanosensitivity still remains unclear. As one kind of mechanosensitive cell to react to the mechanical stimulation, osteoblasts respond to fluid shear stress (FSS) with actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and the remodeling of actin cytoskeleton is closely associated with the alteration of cell mechanosensitivity. In order to find out whether inhibiting the actin cytoskeleton reorganization by silencing LIM-kinase 2 (LIMK2) gene would increase the mechanosensitivity of primary osteoblasts, we attenuated the formation of actin stress fiber under FSS in a more specific way: inhibiting the LIMK2 expression by RNA interference. We found that inhibition of LIMK2 expression by RNA interference attenuated the formation of FSS-induced actin stress fiber, and simultaneously maintained the integrity of actin cytoskeleton in primary osteoblasts. We confirmed that the decreased actin cytoskeleton reorganization in response to LIMK2 inhibition during FSS increased the mechanosensitivity of the osteoblasts, based on the increased c-Fos and COX-2 expression as well as the enhanced proliferative activity in response to FSS. These data suggest that osteoblasts can increase their mechanosensitivity under continuous mechanical stimulation by reducing the actin stress fiber formation through inhibiting the LIMK2 expression. This study provides us with a new and more specific method to regulate the osteoblast mechanosensitivity, and also a new therapeutic target to cure bone related diseases, which is of importance in maintaining bone mass and promoting osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China
| | - Shuyi Tan
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, PR China
| | - Changjing Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and West Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, PR China
| | - Yajuan Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Huizhou Stomatological Hospital Zhong Kai Branch, Huizhou, Guangdong 516006, PR China
| | - Zijun Song
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China.
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Fernandes MDS, Yanai MM, Martins GM, Iano FG, Leite AL, Cestari TM, Taga R, Buzalaf MAR, de Oliveira RC. Effects of fluoride in bone repair: an evaluation of RANKL, OPG and TRAP expression. Odontology 2012; 102:22-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-012-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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