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Karevan Y, Eldafrawy M, Herman R, Sanchez C, Sadoun M, Mainjot A. Do all ceramic and composite CAD-CAM materials exhibit equal bonding properties to implant Ti-base materials? An Interfacial Fracture Toughness Study. Dent Mater 2024:S0109-5641(24)00218-5. [PMID: 39107223 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) with or without aging, of four different classes of CAD-CAM ceramic and composite materials bonded with self-adhesive resin cement to titanium alloy characteristic of implant abutments. METHODS High translucent zirconia (Katana; KAT), lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramic (IPS. emax.CAD; EMX), polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (PICN) (Vita Enamic; ENA), and dispersed filler composite (Cerasmart 270; CER) were cut into equilateral triangular prisms and bonded to titanium prisms with identical dimensions using Panavia SA Cement Universal. The surfaces were pretreated following the manufacturers' recommendations and developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) of the pretreated surfaces was measured. IFT was determined using the Notchless Triangular Prism test in a water bath at 36 °C before and after thermocycling (10,000 cycles) (n = 40 samples/material). RESULTS IFT of the materials ranged from 0.80 ± 0.25 to 1.10 ± 0.21 MPa.m1/2 before thermocycling and from 0.71 ± 0.24 to 1.02 ± 0.25 MPa.m1/2 after thermocycling. There was a statistical difference between IFT of CER and the two top performers in each scenario: KAT and EMX before aging, and KAT and ENA after aging. Thermocycling significantly decreased IFT of EMX. The Weibull modulus of IFT was similar for all materials and remained so after thermocycling. Sdr measurements revealed that ENA (7.60)>Ti (4.97)>CER (2.85)>KAT (1.09)=EMX (0.96). SIGNIFICANCE Dispersed filler CAD-CAM composite showed lower performance than the other materials. Aging only affected IFT of Li-Si glass-ceramic, whereas zirconia and PICN performed equally well, probably due to their chemical bonding potential and surface roughness respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Karevan
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Maher Eldafrawy
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Raphael Herman
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Christelle Sanchez
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Amélie Mainjot
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium.
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Daher R, Ardu S, di Bella E, Krejci I, Duc O. Efficiency of 3D printed composite resin restorations compared with subtractive materials: Evaluation of fatigue behavior, cost, and time of production. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:943-950. [PMID: 36333176 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Three-dimensionally (3D)-printed composite resins have been marketed as materials for definitive restorations. However, limited information is available regarding the stability of the adhesive interface and the efficiency of 3D printed composite resins. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the integrity of the marginal adhesive interface before and after thermal and mechanical fatigue of an initial formulation of a 3D printed composite resin and to evaluate the efficiency of this manufacturing method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Freshly extracted molars were prepared for onlays and adhesively restored with either 3D printed composite resin (VarseoSmile Crown Plus) (Group 3D), milled composite resin (Tetric CAD) (Group MCOMP), milled PMMA (Telio CAD) (Group PMMA), and milled lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) (Group EM). Marginal analysis was performed under a scanning electron microscope before and after fatigue by thermomechanical cyclic loading, and initial and terminal percentages of continuous margin (%CM) were compared. The time required for the production of each type of restoration was recorded, and the production costs were also compared. RESULTS Before aging, 3D, MCOMP, and EM presented comparable values of %CM (69.8%, 75.9%, and 63.1%, respectively) that were statistically significantly higher (P<.05) than those of PMMA (45.1%). After aging, 3D and EM had comparable results (44.7% and 43.7%, respectively), which were lower than those of the MCOMP group (68.5%) but higher than those of the PMMA group (20.5%). Regarding time efficiency, 3D printing took less time than MCOMP or PMMA if more than 8 restorations were fabricated. For the production costs, 3D printing was 5.5, 8.7, and 10.2 times less expensive than PMMA, MCOMP, and EM, respectively. The initial equipment cost was also lower for the additive manufacturing method. However, 3D printing did not always considerably reduce waste. CONCLUSIONS In terms of marginal adaptation, the evaluated initial formulation of a 3D printed composite resin behaved similarly to other well-established definitive restoration materials and better than milled PMMA, both before and after fatigue. Three-dimensionally printed resins present advantages in terms of equipment and consumable costs, even for a single restoration, but also for production time when more than 8 restorations were fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Daher
- Lecturer, Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Clinique Universitaire de Médecine Dentaire (CUMD), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Stefano Ardu
- Senior Lecturer, Treatment Plan Unit and Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Clinique Universitaire de Médecine Dentaire (CUMD), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrico di Bella
- Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ivo Krejci
- Full Professor and Chairman, Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Clinique Universitaire de Médecine Dentaire (CUMD), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Duc
- Senior Lecturer, Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Clinique Universitaire de Médecine Dentaire (CUMD), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Park CH, Ko KH, Huh YH, Park CJ, Cho LR. Tensile bond strength of CAD-CAM all ceramic crowns before and after thermomechanical aging. J Prosthodont 2023. [PMID: 38115183 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the tensile bond strength (TBS) of resin nanoceramics (RNC), zirconia, and lithium disilicate (LS2) restorations cemented to titanium abutments before and after thermomechanical aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve specimens per group were fabricated to determine the TBS between a titanium abutment and four types of crown materials (2 RNCs, LS2, and translucent zirconia crowns for the maxillary molar). After milling, the abutments and crowns were cemented with resin cement after air-particle abrasion. In addition, thermomechanical aging (200,000 cycles, 50 N, 2 Hz) was applied to half of the specimens by using a mastication simulator. TBS was measured by using a universal testing machine. The interface between the crown and the cement was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the effects of crown materials and thermomechanical aging. Failure-mode and interface analyses were also conducted. RESULTS After thermomechanical aging, the TBS decreased in the LS2 specimens and increased in RNCs (p < 0.001). The ratio of mixed failure and debonding with the hole-sealing resin increased in the RNC group. SEM images showed the reduced gap between the crown and the resin cement after thermomechanical aging in the RNC group. CONCLUSIONS Differences in TBS were affected by the crown materials after thermomechanical aging. After thermomechanical aging, the RNC crowns showed increased TBS, whereas LS2 and zirconia crowns exhibited decreased or similar TBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Ho Park
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Ko
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyuk Huh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Jin Park
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-Ra Cho
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
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Queiroz-Lima G, Strazzi-Sahyon HB, Maluly-Proni AT, Fagundes TC, Briso ALF, Assunção WG, Delben JA, Santos PHD. Surface characterization of indirect restorative materials submitted to different etching protocols. J Dent 2022; 127:104348. [PMID: 36280006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of different times and concentrations of hydrofluoric acid etching on the surface of indirect restorative materials obtained from blocks used in CAD-CAM technology. METHODS Specimens (4 mm × 4 mm × 0.8 mm) were obtained for each indirect restorative material: zirconia-reinforced lithium monosilicate ceramic (Celtra Duo), nanoceramic resin (Lava Ultimate), and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (Vita Enamic). The materials were submitted to etching with 5% or 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20, 40, 60, or 90 s. A control group for each material was evaluated without any surface treatment, totaling nine experimental groups for each material (n = 10). The specimens were evaluated for surface roughness (Ra and Rz), confocal optical microscopy, the contact angle (θ), surface free energy (γs), total free interaction energy (∆G) using a goniometer, and microshear bond strength to resin cement. Specimen images were obtained using scanning electron microscopy, confocal optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Data on the surface roughness, the contact angle, surface free energy, total free interaction energy, and bond strength were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α=0.05). RESULTS In general, Celtra Duo showed better results after etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 40 or 60 s. Lava Ultimate showed better performance after etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 or 40 s, whereas Vita Enamic showed better results after etching with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 90 s. CONCLUSION Each material showed different characteristics after etching with hydrofluoric acid. Knowledge of the proper protocol for each material is essential to ensure improvements in the adhesion process and durability of indirect restorations. In general, Celtra Duo presented mechanical properties superior to those of Lava Ultimate and Vita Enamic. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Specific etching protocols must be recommended for each indirect material because longer exposure to hydrofluoric acid can jeopardize the surface, thus affecting the mechanical and bond strength properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glívia Queiroz-Lima
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrico Badaoui Strazzi-Sahyon
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015050, Brazil
| | - Ana Teresa Maluly-Proni
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015050, Brazil
| | - Ticiane Cestari Fagundes
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Fraga Briso
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Wirley Gonçalves Assunção
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015050, Brazil
| | - Juliana Aparecida Delben
- Department of Dentistry, Western State University of Paraná, Dental School, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015050, Brazil.
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Pinto RDAS, Castro FM, Moura DMD, de Miranda LM, Miranda JS, de Carvalho RLA, Souza RODAE, Leite FPP. Effect of different surface treatments on the micro tensile bond strength to dentin, biaxial flexural strength and roughness of CAD/CAM resin composite and polymer infiltrated ceramic. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 131:105257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ozaki A, Shishido S, Nakamura K, Harada A, Katsuda Y, Kanno T, Egusa H. Impact of adhesive primer and light-curing on polymerization kinetics of self-adhesive resin cement in association with free radical reaction. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12828. [PMID: 34674326 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the impact of adhesive primer and light-curing on the polymerization kinetics of urethane dimethacrylate-based self-adhesive resin cement combined with free radical reaction. Specimens were prepared by mixing the cement paste with or without adhesive primer. Subsequently, specimens were light-cured or set without light-curing. The degree of conversion (DC), Vickers hardness (Hv), and free radical concentrations were repeatedly measured up to 168 h after the curing initiation. Irrespective of the curing procedures, DC, Hv, and free radical concentration rapidly increased during the initial 30 min of curing. The specimens cured with adhesive primer and/or light-curing generally showed higher values of DC, Hv, and radical concentration than those set by chemical curing alone, especially during the initial polymerization phase. Kinetic analysis using a linear mixed model revealed that the adhesive primer had a higher coefficient estimate than light-curing, indicating that the former had a higher impact on the polymerization. Additionally, the adhesive primer alleviated the Hv reduction caused by water and air during the initial polymerization phase, although light-curing hardly prevented the polymerization inhibition. Therefore, we suggest that application of adhesive primer is beneficial to achieve higher degree of conversion and better mechanical properties of self-adhesive resin cements by enhancing free radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Ozaki
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shishido
- Department of Advanced Free Radical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Free Radical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akio Harada
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Katsuda
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taro Kanno
- Department of Advanced Free Radical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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He J, Zheng Z, Wu M, Zheng C, Zeng Y, Yan W. Influence of restorative material and cement on the stress distribution of endocrowns: 3D finite element analysis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:495. [PMID: 34610825 PMCID: PMC8491409 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different types of restorative materials and resin cements on the stress distribution in the regions of the restoration, cement layer and dental remnant in endodontically treated posterior endocrowns. Methods A 3D finite element analysis (FEA) model of the first mandibular molar that was restored with an endocrown designed by computer-aided design (CAD) software was generated. Three kinds of restorative materials (Vita Enamic (VE), IPS e.max CAD (EMX) and Grandio blocs (GR)) and two types of cementing materials (NX3 and Maxcem Elite Chroma (MX)) were analysed with such a model. The food layer was also designed before vertical (600 N) forces were applied to simulate physiological masticatory conditions. Thermal expansion was used to simulate the polymerization shrinkage effects of cement layers. The results were obtained by colorimetric graphs of the maximum principal stress in the restoration and tooth remnant. The failure risk of the cement layer was also calculated based on the normal stress. Results The elastic modulus was positively correlated with the tensile stress peak values in the restoration, mainly at the intaglio surface. However, in the cervical enamel and cement layer, restorative material with a higher elastic modulus generated lower peak stress values. The cement with a higher elastic modulus resulted in higher stress peak values inside the cement layer. The combination of EMX (restorative material) and NX3 (cement material) in the cement layer resulted in the lowest failure risk. Significance The ceramic material EMX with a higher elastic modulus appeared to be more effective at protecting the cement layer and residual enamel tissue. Based on the analysis of the failure risk of the cement layer, the combination of EMX and NX3 was recommended as an optional material for endocrowns for endodontically treated posterior teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui He
- Stomatology Health Care Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziting Zheng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Stomatology Health Care Center, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunqing Zheng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Yan
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ural Ç, Çağlayan E. A 3-dimensional finite element and in vitro analysis of endocrown restorations fabricated with different preparation designs and various restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 126:586.e1-586.e9. [PMID: 34332775 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The preparation design and fabrication materials directly affect the clinical success of endocrown restorations, and yet, knowledge is lacking about the biomechanical impact of specific designs or materials on endocrown restorations. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro and finite element analysis study was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of endocrown restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 36 freshly extracted mandibular first molars were collected. The teeth were prepared as per 2 different preparation geometries: with the buccal wall intact (Class 2) and without the buccal wall (Class 3). Teeth were restored with endocrowns made from 3 different fabricating materials, Vita Enamic, GC Cerasmart, and Lava Ultimate. To analyze the in vitro fracture strength, cemented endocrowns were loaded in a universal test machine with a 200-N oblique force until the restoration fractured. Finite element analysis was used to evaluate the stress distribution on both the dentin tissue and the restorative materials. The data were analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA test and the Tukey post hoc test (α=.05). RESULTS No significant differences were found between the different preparation designs (Class 2 and Class 3) on fracture strength (P>.05). The highest mean ±standard deviation fracture strength values were found in the Lava Ultimate material (Class 2, 606.20 ±293; Class 3, 659.40 ±226 N) (P>.05), but the lowest fracture strength test values were obtained in the Vita Enamic material (Class 2, 439.60 ±136; Class 3, 340 ±98 N) (P>.05) for both preparation design test groups. CONCLUSIONS A statistically significant difference was not found between the 2 tooth preparation classifications. However, significant differences were observed among the test groups in the Class 2 preparation specimens. The Class 2 preparation design exhibited a higher number of irreparable failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağrı Ural
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Esma Çağlayan
- Dentist, Oral and Dental Health Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
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Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Chairside CAD/CAM Restorations Fabricated Using a Standardization Method. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113115. [PMID: 34204092 PMCID: PMC8200951 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the fracture resistance, fracture failure pattern, and fractography of four types of chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) restoration materials in teeth and titanium abutments fabricated using a standardization method. An artificial mandibular left first premolar prepared for all-ceramic crown restoration was scanned. Forty extracted mandibular molars and cylindrical titanium specimens were milled into a standardized shape. A total of eighty CAD/CAM restoration blocks were milled into a crown and twenty pieces of each lithium disilicate (LS), polymer-infiltrated-ceramic-network (PICN), resin nano ceramic (RNC), and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) materials were used. Crowns were bonded to abutments, and all specimens underwent thermal cycling treatment for 10,000 cycles. Fracture resistance was measured using a universal testing machine and fracture failure patterns were analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical differences were analyzed using appropriate ANOVA, Tukey HSD post hoc tests, and independent sample t-tests (α = 0.05). The results indicated that, in both teeth abutments and titanium abutments, the fracture resistances showed significantly the highest values in LS and the second highest in ZLS (p < 0.05). The fracture resistances based on teeth abutments and titanium abutments were significantly different in all the CAD/CAM restoration materials (p < 0.05). There are statistically significant correlations between the types of materials and the types of abutments (p < 0.05). Each of the different materials showed different fracture failure patterns, and there was no noticeable difference in fractographic analysis. Lithium disilicates and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicates exhibited statistically high fracture resistance, indicating their suitability as restoration materials for natural teeth or implant abutments. There were no distinct differences in the fracture pattern based on the restoration and abutment materials showed that the fracture initiated at the groove where the ball indenter was toughed and propagated toward the axial wall.
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Effect of Two Immediate Dentin Sealing Approaches on Bond Strength of Lava™ CAD/CAM Indirect Restoration. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071629. [PMID: 33810529 PMCID: PMC8036871 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to compare the micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) of CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design/ Computer-Aided Manufacturing) specimens cemented with different pairing of adhesives and resin-cements using two Immediate Dentin Dealing (IDS) approaches in comparison with Delay Dentin Sealing (DDS). Coronal dentin from 108 molars were divided into nine groups (n = 12) depending on the adhesive/resin-cement (A-C) assigned. Lava™ Ultimate (4 × 10 × 10 mm) was cemented according to different strategies: IDS1(cementation after dentin sealing), DDS (dentin sealing and cementation at 2-weeks), IDS2 (immediate dentin sealing and cementation at 2-weeks). Samples were sectioned and tested until failure to determine the µTBS. Failure mode was categorized as dentin/cement (DC), at Lava™ Ultimate/cement (LC) and hybrid (H). Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests and influence of the type of failure on the µTBS by survival analysis with competing risk was explored. Mostly, µTBS values were equal or higher in IDS2 than DDS. In general, A-Cs that showed higher µTBS, have high percentages of LC failure. Survival analysis with competing risk between DC + H and LC values showed that some A-Cs would significantly increase the µTBS values for IDS2. A-Cs with the highest adhesion values showed a high percentage of fractures at the LC interface, suggesting that the adhesion at the adhesive/dentin interface would be higher.
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Nagasawa Y, Hibino Y, Eda Y, Nakajima H. Effect of surface treatment of CAD/CAM resin composites on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement. Dent Mater J 2020; 40:364-378. [PMID: 33100298 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of sandblasting, hydrofluoric acid etching and priming on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement between seven different CAD/CAM resin composites and a resin composite core material at 24-h after cement mixing. Five surface treatments [control (C), sandblasting (S), priming (P), sandblasting with priming (SP), and 9% HF etching with priming (HFP)] were performed respectively for disc specimens of CAD/CAM blocks. There were no significant differences in bond strength among the C, S, and P, except for one block (p>0.05). SP showed a greater bond strength than S. Weibull moduli were not changed significantly among all treatments for all blocks, whereas the strengths with 5% and 95% failure probability of SP and HFP showed greater values than the others. The bond strengths of HFP were comparable to those of SP. Priming after sandblasting or HF etching could be effective to increase the bond strength of CAD/CAM blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nagasawa
- Division of Dental Biomaterials Science, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
| | - Yasushi Hibino
- Division of Dental Biomaterials Science, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
| | - Yoshikazu Eda
- Division of Dental Biomaterials Science, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Division of Dental Biomaterials Science, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
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Kim JE, Lim JH, Kang YJ, Kim JH, Shim JS. Effect of Pressure and Particle Size During Aluminum Oxide Air Abrasion on the Flexural Strength of Disperse-Filled Composite and Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Network Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061396. [PMID: 32580368 PMCID: PMC7362000 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Esthetic dental computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) polymers such as disperse-filled composites (DFC) and polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (PICN) should be subjected to surface treatment before bonding. However, such treatment can lead to defect formation and a decrease in strength. Therefore, in this study, we compared the flexural strengths of DFC and PICN materials air-abraded with alumina particles of different sizes at different pressures. In addition to Weibull analysis, the samples (untreated and treated) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Both DFC and PICN exhibited the lowest flexural strength at large particle sizes and high pressures. Therefore, we optimized the air abrasion parameters to maintain the flexural strength and significantly increase surface roughness. In the case of DFC, the optimal particle size and pressure conditions were 50 µm at 2 bar and 110 µm at 1 bar, while for PICN, the best performance was obtained using Al2O3 particles with a size of 50 µm at 1 bar. This study reveals that optimization of the surface treatment process is crucial in the fabrication of high-performance clinical materials for dental restorations.
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Biomechanical behavior of endocrown restorations with different CAD-CAM materials: A 3D finite element and in vitro analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 125:890-899. [PMID: 32471627 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The performance of endocrowns fabricated with different types of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) and in vitro study was to compare and evaluate the stress distribution, failure probability, and fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with endocrowns from CAD-CAM milling blocks including ceramic, polymer-infiltrated ceramic (PICN), and composite resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS An endodontically treated first mandibular molar restored with an endocrown was modeled by using a CAD software program and imported into an FEA software program. The model was duplicated and received restorations made from CAD-CAM blocks: Vita Suprinity (VS), IPS e.max CAD (EMX), Vita Enamic (VE), Lava Ultimate (LU), and Grandio blocs (GR). Stress distributions under axial and oblique loading were analyzed. The Weibull function was combined with the FEA results to predict long-term failure probability. The mechanical failure behavior of endocrowns manufactured with these materials was tested by using a universal testing machine. Load-to-failure was recorded, and fractured specimens were subjected to fractography. The data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and the post hoc Tukey test (α=.05). RESULTS The models of GR and LU exhibited a more even stress distribution. The Weibull analysis revealed that 5 models performed in a similar manner under normal occlusal forces, while LU and VE models achieved the highest probabilities during clenching. The fracture loads of GR (3808 ±607 N) were significantly higher than those of other materials (P<.05). More favorable failure modes were observed in the GR and VE groups. Fractography showed a greater probability of compression curls and arrest lines in the endocrowns of VE, LU, and GR groups. CONCLUSIONS When restoring endodontically treated teeth, endocrown fabricated with composite resin exhibited a more uniform stress distribution and higher fracture resistance. More evidence from long-term clinical studies is needed to verify this effect.
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Wear analysis and topographical properties of monolithic zirconia and CoCr against human enamel after polishing and glazing procedures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 105:103712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ceramic Materials and Technologies Applied to Digital Works in Implant-Supported Restorative Dentistry. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13081964. [PMID: 32331379 PMCID: PMC7216107 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Computer-aided design and manufacturing technology has been closely associated with implant-supported restoration. The digital system employed for prosthodontic restorations comprises data acquisition, processing, and manufacturing using subtractive or additive methods. As digital implantology has developed, optical scanning, computer-based digital algorithms, fabricating techniques, and numerical control skills have all rapidly improved in terms of their accuracy, which has resulted in the development of new ceramic materials with advanced esthetics and durability for clinical application. This study reviews the application of digital technology in implant-supported dental restoration and explores two globally utilized ceramic restorative materials: Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline and lithium disilicate glass ceramics.
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Rosentritt M, Krifka S, Strasser T, Preis V. Fracture force of CAD/CAM resin composite crowns after in vitro aging. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2395-2401. [PMID: 31712983 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of material, preparation, and pre-treatment on the aging and fracture force of CAD/CAM resin composite molar crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS CAD/CAM molar crowns (n = 80) were milled from four resin composites (Block HC, Shofu; Lava Ultimate, 3 M; Grandio Blocs, Voco; and Tetric CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, with/without sandblasting). Extracted human teeth were prepared with optimal preparation (height 6-8 mm, angle 6-8°) or worst-case preparation (height 3.5-4 mm, angle 10-15°). Both groups were prepared with a 1-mm deep cervical circular shoulder. Crowns were adhesively bonded after corresponding tooth treatment required for the individual adhesive systems (Table 1). Specimens were aged for 90 days in water storage (37 °C) and subsequently subjected to thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML 3000 × 5 °C/3000 × 55 °C, 2 min each cycle, H20 distilled; 1.2 × 106 cycles à 50 N, 1.6 Hz). De-bonding and fracture force was determined. STATISTICS one-way-ANOVA; post hoc Bonferroni, α = 0.05. RESULTS Four crowns of Lava Ultimate with worst-case preparation de-bonded during TCML. Individual crowns without sandblasting treatment (3x Tetric CAD with optimal preparation; 1x Tetric CAD with worst-case preparation) de-bonded during water storage. One crown of Grandio Blocs with optimal preparation showed a small chipping during TCML. All other crowns survived TCML and water storage without failure. Fracture forces differed between 1272 ± 211 N (Lava Ultimate) and 3061 ± 521 N (Tetric CAD). All Grandio Blocs and Tetric CAD crowns revealed significantly (p ≤ 0.023) higher fracture forces than Block HC or Lava Ultimate crowns. No significantly different (p > 0.05) fracture forces were found between optimal or worst-case preparation/fit groups. CONCLUSIONS De-bonding during water storage and TCML was dependent on material and crown pre-treatment. Therefore, surface roughening seems strongly required. Fracture forces were not influenced by preparation but by the type of material. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinical success and de-bonding of CAD/CAM resin composite crowns is strongly influenced by the type of material and its pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rosentritt
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Krifka
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strasser
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Preis
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
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Rosentritt M, Krifka S, Preis V, Strasser T. Dynamic fatigue of composite CAD/CAM materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:311-316. [PMID: 31299592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rosentritt
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Krifka
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Preis
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strasser
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany.
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Rosentritt M, Preis V, Behr M, Krifka S. In-vitro performance of CAD/CAM crowns with insufficient preparation design. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 90:269-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fracture load of CAD/CAM-fabricated and 3D-printed composite crowns as a function of material thickness. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:2777-2784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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CAD-FEA modeling and analysis of different full crown monolithic restorations. Dent Mater 2018; 34:1342-1350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pfeilschifter M, Preis V, Behr M, Rosentritt M. Edge strength of CAD/CAM materials. J Dent 2018; 74:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Ankyu S, Nakamura K, Harada A, Inagaki R, Katsuda Y, Kanno T, Niwano Y, Örtengren U, Egusa H. Influence of microscale expansion and contraction caused by thermal and mechanical fatigue on retentive strength of CAD/CAM-generated resin-based composite crowns. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 86:89-97. [PMID: 29960248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CAD/CAM-generated resin-based composite crowns have been proposed as an inexpensive alternative to conventional crowns. However, concerns have been raised about crown loosening in clinical use. Therefore, the present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of thermal and mechanical cycling (TC and MC) on retentive strength of CAD/CAM resin-based crowns in relation to microscale expansion and contraction caused by fatigue. Eighty standardized dies were produced using a resin-based composite material. Crowns were milled from resin-based composite (n = 40) and glass-ceramic blocks (n = 40; control) using a dental CAD/CAM system. The crowns bonded to the dies were subjected to TC (temperature: 5 and 55 °C, cycles: 50,000) and MC (load: 200 N, cycles: 1.2 million). After fatigue treatment, retentive strength of the crowns was evaluated by a crown pull-off test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and modulus of elasticity (E-modulus) of each material were also analyzed to estimate the microscale expansion and contraction during TC and MC. TC and MC significantly reduced the retentive strength of the CAD/CAM resin-based crowns whereas that of the CAD/CAM ceramic crowns was only affected by TC. In addition, the resin-based crowns showed a higher number of crown loosening during TC than the ceramic crowns. Analyses of CTE and E-modulus indicated that the resin-based crowns would be more deformed during TC and MC than the ceramic crowns. The present study demonstrated that the resistance of crowns to microscale expansion and contraction caused by thermal and mechanical fatigue would play an important role in maintaining retentive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ankyu
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakamura
- Laboratory for Redox Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan.
| | - Akio Harada
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Inagaki
- Tohoku University School for Dental Laboratory Technicians, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan
| | - Yusuke Katsuda
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan
| | - Taro Kanno
- Department of Advanced Free Radical Science, Tohoku University of Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Niwano
- Laboratory for Redox Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan
| | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Dentistry/Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan
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Schlenz MA, Schmidt A, Rehmann P, Niem T, Wöstmann B. Microleakage of composite crowns luted on CAD/CAM-milled human molars: a new method for standardized in vitro tests. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:511-517. [PMID: 29691662 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate debonding of full crowns made of CAD/CAM composites, CAD/CAM technology was applied to manufacture standardized test abutments to increase the reproducibility of human teeth used in in vitro studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A virtual test abutment and the corresponding virtual crown were designed and two STL data sets were generated. Sixty-four human third molars and CAD/CAM blocks were milled using a CNC machine. Crowns of four different composite blocks (Lava Ultimate (LU), Brilliant Crios (BC), Cerasmart (CS), Experimental (EX)) were adhesively bonded with their corresponding luting system (LU: Scotchbond Universal/RelyX Ultimate; BC: One Coat 7 Universal/DuoCem; CS: G-PremioBond/G-Cem LinkForce; EX: Experimental-Bond/Experimental-Luting-Cement). Half of the specimens were chemical-cured (CC) and the others were light-cured (LC). Afterwards, specimens were artificially aged in a chewing simulator (WL-tec, 1 million cycles, 50-500 N, 2 Hz, 37 °C). Finally, a dye penetration test was used to detect debonding. For inspection, the specimens were sliced, and penetration depth was measured with a digital microscope. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS No cases of total debonding were observed after cyclic loading. However, the LC specimens showed a significantly lower amount of leakage than the CC ones (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the CC specimens exhibited broad scattering. Only the LC-EX blocks showed no debonding. The CC-CS blocks showed the highest leakage and scattering of all tested specimens. CONCLUSIONS Natural human teeth can be manufactured by CAD/CAM technology in highly standardized test abutments for in vitro testing. For CAD/CAM composites, light curing should be performed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The success of a restoration depends on the long-term sealing ability of the luting materials, which avoids debonding along with microleakage. For CAD/CAM composites, separate light curing of the adhesive and luting composite is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliane Amelie Schlenz
- Dental Clinic - Department of Prosthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Dental Clinic - Department of Prosthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Rehmann
- Dental Clinic - Department of Prosthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Niem
- Dental Clinic - Department of Prosthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wöstmann
- Dental Clinic - Department of Prosthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Roughness, surface energy, and superficial damages of CAD/CAM materials after surface treatment. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2787-2797. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Rosentritt M, Preis V, Behr M, Hahnel S. Influence of preparation, fitting, and cementation on the vitro performance and fracture resistance of CAD/CAM crowns. J Dent 2017; 65:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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