Region of Interest-Based Tamper Detection and Lossless Recovery Watermarking Scheme (ROI-DR) on Ultrasound Medical Images

Image-Compression Techniques: Classical and "Region-of-Interest-Based" Approaches Presented in Recent Papers

Image compression is a vital component for domains in which the computational resources are usually scarce such as automotive or telemedicine fields. Also, when discussing real-time systems, the large amount of data that must flow through the system can represent a bottleneck. Therefore, the storage of images, alongside the compression, transmission, and decompression procedures, becomes vital. In recent years, many compression techniques that only preserve the quality of the region of interest of an image have been developed, the other parts being either discarded or compressed with major quality loss. This paper proposes a study of relevant papers from the last decade which are focused on the selection of a region of interest of an image and on the compression techniques that can be applied to that area. To better highlight the novelty of the hybrid methods, classical state-of-the-art approaches are also analyzed. The current work will provide an overview of classical and hybrid compression methods alongside a categorization based on compression ratio and other quality factors such as mean-square error and peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index measure, and so on. This overview can help researchers to develop a better idea of what compression algorithms are used in certain domains and to find out if the presented performance parameters are of interest for the intended purpose.

Advances in medical image watermarking: a state of the art review

Watermarking has been considered to be a potent and persuasive gizmo for its application in healthcare setups that work online, especially in the current COVID-19 scenario. The security and protection of medical image data from various manipulations that take place over the internet is a topic of concern that needs to be addressed. A detailed review of security and privacy protection using watermarking has been presented in this paper. Watermarking of medical images helps in the protection of image content, authentication of Electronic Patient Record (EPR), and integrity verification. At first, we discuss the various prerequisites of medical image watermarking systems, followed by the classification of Medical Image Watermarking Techniques (MIWT) that include state-of-the-art. We have classified MIWT's into four broader classes for providing better understanding of medical image watermarking. The existing schemes have been presented along with their cons so that the reader may be able to grasp the shortcomings of the technique in order to develop novel techniques proving the inevitability of the presented review. Further, various evaluation parameters along with potential challenges pertaining to medical image watermarking systems have been discussed to provide a deep insight into this research area.

Medical images lossless recovery based on POB number system and image compression

To protect the information integrity of the medical images, this paper proposes a secure lossless recovery scheme for medical images based on image block compression and permutation ordered binary (POB) number system, which includes two parts: share generation, and lossless recovery. In the shares generation stage, the region of interest (ROI) of the original medical image and the image block compression coding algorithm JPEG-LS, are firstly adopted to generate the compressed data, which can use limited storage space to place the data repeatedly. Then, after separating the bit-plane, the compressed data are executed by data reorganization and data encryption respectively on the high-plane and the low-plane. Finally, two authentication bits are extracted by 8-bit pixel of two planes to be inserted into the pixel itself, and then the 10-bit pixel is converted into an 8-bit POB value to produce two shares of ShareH and ShareL, respectively. In the lossless recovery stage, data of placing repeatedly can restore the original image. At the same time, three attacks are carried in the two shares, which contain content cropping, content exchange, and text addition. Some comparisons with other schemes present that the proposed scheme implements a better performance under some criteria. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the original image can be recovered losslessly even if two shares are tampered at the ration more than 50%.

ROI-based medical image watermarking for accurate tamper detection, localisation and recovery

Smart healthcare systems play a vital role in the current era of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS); i.e. Industry 4.0. Medical data security has become the integral part of smart hospital applications to ensure data privacy and patient data security. Usually, patient medical reports and diagnostic images are transferred to the specialist physician in other hospitals for effective diagnostics. Therefore, the transmission of medical data over the internet has attained significant interest among many researchers. The three main challenges associated with the e-healthcare systems are the following: (1) ensuring authentication of medical information; (2) transmission of medical image and patient health record (PHR) should not cause data mismatch/detachment; and (3) medical image should not be modified accidentally or intentionally as they are transmitted over the insecure medium. Thus, it is highly essential to ensure the integrity of the medical image, especially the region of interest (ROI) before taking any diagnostic decisions. Watermarking is a well-known technique used to overcome these challenges. The current research work has developed a watermarking algorithm to ensure integrity and authentication of the medical data and image. In this paper, a novel watermarking algorithm is designed based on Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT), combined chaotic map, recovery bit generation and SHA-256 to address the objective as mentioned earlier. The paper's significant contribution is divided into four phases, namely, watermark generation and data embedding phase, authentication phase, tamper detection phase and localisation and lossless recovery phase. Experiments are carried out to prove that the developed IWT-based data embedding scheme offers high robustness to the data embedded in region of non-interest (RONI), detects and localises the tampered blocks inside ROI with 100% accuracy and recovers the tampered segments of ROI with zero MSE. Further, a comparison is made with the state-of-art schemes to verify the sternness of the developed system.