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Exploring the Antibacterial Activity of Pestalotiopsis spp. under Different Culture Conditions and Their Chemical Diversity Using LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030140. [PMID: 32824944 PMCID: PMC7557868 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the capability of fungi to respond to culture conditions, we aimed to explore and compare the antibacterial activity and chemical diversity of two endophytic fungi isolated from Hyptis dilatata and cultured under different conditions by the addition of chemical elicitors, changes in the pH, and different incubation temperatures. Seventeen extracts were obtained from both Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (man-1 to man-17) and Pestalotiopsis microspora (mic-1 to mic-17) and were tested against a panel of pathogenic bacteria. Seven extracts from P. mangiferae and four extracts from P. microspora showed antibacterial activity; while some of these extracts displayed a high-level of selectivity and a broad-spectrum of activity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most inhibited microorganism and was selected to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC was determined for extracts man-6 (0.11 μg/mL) and mic-9 (0.56 μg/mL). Three active extracts obtained from P. mangiferae were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI–Q–TOF–MS) to explore the chemical diversity and the variations in the composition. This allows us to propose structures for some of the determined molecular formulas, including the previously reported mangiferaelactone (1), an antibacterial compound.
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Toghueo RMK, Sahal D, Boyom FF. Recent advances in inducing endophytic fungal specialized metabolites using small molecule elicitors including epigenetic modifiers. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 174:112338. [PMID: 32179305 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Today when the quest of new lead molecules to supply the development pipeline is driving the course of drug discovery, endophytic fungi with their outstanding biosynthetic potential seem to be highly promising avenues for natural product scientists. However, challenges such as the production of inadequate quantities of compounds, the attenuation or loss of ability of endophytes to produce the compound of interest when grown in culture and the inability of fungal endophytes to express their full biosynthetic potential in laboratory conditions have been the major constraints. These have led to the application of small chemical elicitors that induce epigenetic changes in fungi to activate their silent gene clusters optimizing the amount of metabolites of interest or inducing the synthesis of hitherto undescribed compounds. In this respect small molecular weight compounds which are known to function as inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC), DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and proteasome have proven their efficacy in enhancing or inducing the production of specialized metabolites by fungi. Moreover, organic solvents, metals and plants extracts are also acknowledged for their ability to cause shifts in fungal metabolism. We highlight the successful studies from the past two decades reporting the ability of structurally diverse small molecular weight compounds to elicit the production of previously undescribed metabolites from endophytic fungi grown in culture. This mini review argues in favor of chemical elicitation as an effective strategy to optimize the production of fungal metabolites and invigorate the pipeline of drug discovery with new chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Kaaniche F, Hamed A, Elleuch L, Chakchouk-Mtibaa A, Smaoui S, Karray-Rebai I, Koubaa I, Arcile G, Allouche N, Mellouli L. Purification and characterization of seven bioactive compounds from the newly isolated Streptomyces cavourensis TN638 strain via solid-state fermentation. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104106. [PMID: 32109569 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The strain TN638 was isolated from Tunisian soil contaminated with industrial wastewater and selected for its potent antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 6538 and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) ATCCC 19117, and Gram negative bacteria: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. tumefaciens) ATCC 23308 and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) ATCC 14028 and fungi: Candida albicans (C. albicans) ATCC 10231, Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) ATCC 58938 and Fusarium sp. Solide-state fermentation (SSF) dry crude extract of the TN638 strain presents a strong inhibitory activity notably against the phytopathogenic microorganism A. tumefaciens ATCC 23308 and the two pathogenic bacteria S. aureus ATCC 6538 and L. monocytogenes ATCCC 19117 with a zone of inhibition of 48, 34 and 34 mm respectively. According to the morphological characteristic, the complete 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence determination [1492 bp deposited in National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database under the accession no. LN854629.1; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/LN854629.1/], and the phylogenetic analysis, we can deduce that our isolate is an actinomycete bacterium belonging to the genus Streptomyces and the most closely related strain was Streptomyces cavourensis (S. cavourensis) NRRL 2740T (99.9%). We propose the assignment of our strain as Streptomyces cavourensis (S. cavourensis) TN638 strain. Work-up and purification of the strain extract using different chromatographic techniques afforded seven bio-compounds namely: Cyclo-(Leu-Pro) (1), Cyclo-(Val-Pro) (2), Cyclo-(Phe-Pro) (3), nonactin (4), monactin (5), dinactin (6) and trinactin (7). The chemical structures of compounds 1-7 were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1D and 2D spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and comparison with literature data. The three purified diketopiperazine (DKP) derivatives (1-3), demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against A. tumefaciens ATCC 23308 and S. typhimurium ATCC 14028. The four pure macrotetrolides (4-7), exhibited strong inhibitory effect against all tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria notably against A. tumefaciens ATCC 23308 and S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) around 8 μg/mL quite similar to that of ampicillin. Thus, we propose the use of the (SSF) active extract of the S. cavourensis TN638 strain as safe biological product to control disease caused by plant pathogen A. tumefaciens. Also, the purified active molecules produced by this strain could be used in pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kaaniche
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules of the Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P. 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Natural Substances Team (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, PB.1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelaaty Hamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Lobna Elleuch
- CRTE Technopole of Borj-Cedria, Road of Soliman, B.P. 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Chakchouk-Mtibaa
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules of the Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P. 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules of the Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P. 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ines Karray-Rebai
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules of the Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P. 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imed Koubaa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Natural Substances Team (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, PB.1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Guillaume Arcile
- National Center for Scientific Research, Institute of Chemistry of Natural Substances ICSN, Avenue of the Terrasse 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, cedex, France
| | - Noureddine Allouche
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Natural Substances Team (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, PB.1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Mellouli
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules of the Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P. 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Impact of the Cultivation Technique on the Production of Secondary Metabolites by Chrysosporium lobatum TM-237-S5, Isolated from the Sponge Acanthella cavernosa. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120678. [PMID: 31801271 PMCID: PMC6950079 DOI: 10.3390/md17120678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungi Chrysosporium lobatum TM-237-S5 was isolated from the sponge Acanthella cavernosa, collected from the mesophotic coral ecosystem of the Red Sea. The strain was cultivated on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, coupling solid-state fermentation and solid-state extraction (SSF/SSE) with a neutral macroreticular polymeric adsorbent XAD Amberlite resin (AMBERLITE XAD1600N). The SSF/SSE lead to high chemodiversity and productivity compared to classical submerged cultivation. Ten phenalenone related compounds were isolated and fully characterized by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR and HRMS. Among them, four were found to be new compounds corresponding to isoconiolactone, (-)-peniciphenalenin F, (+)-8-hydroxyscleroderodin, and (+)-8-hydroxysclerodin. It is concluded that SSF/SSE is a powerful strategy, opening a new era for the exploitation of microbial secondary metabolites.
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Meknaci R, Lopes P, Servy C, Le Caer JP, Andrieu JP, Hacène H, Ouazzani J. Agar-supported cultivation of Halorubrum sp. SSR, and production of halocin C8 on the scale-up prototype Platotex. Extremophiles 2014; 18:1049-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bertrand S, Bohni N, Schnee S, Schumpp O, Gindro K, Wolfender JL. Metabolite induction via microorganism co-culture: a potential way to enhance chemical diversity for drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1180-204. [PMID: 24651031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms have a long track record as important sources of novel bioactive natural products, particularly in the field of drug discovery. While microbes have been shown to biosynthesize a wide array of molecules, recent advances in genome sequencing have revealed that such organisms have the potential to yield even more structurally diverse secondary metabolites. Thus, many microbial gene clusters may be silent under standard laboratory growth conditions. In the last ten years, several methods have been developed to aid in the activation of these cryptic biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the techniques that demand prior knowledge of the genome sequences of the studied microorganisms, several genome sequence-independent tools have been developed. One of these approaches is microorganism co-culture, involving the cultivation of two or more microorganisms in the same confined environment. Microorganism co-culture is inspired by the natural microbe communities that are omnipresent in nature. Within these communities, microbes interact through signaling or defense molecules. Such compounds, produced dynamically, are of potential interest as new leads for drug discovery. Microorganism co-culture can be achieved in either solid or liquid media and has recently been used increasingly extensively to study natural interactions and discover new bioactive metabolites. Because of the complexity of microbial extracts, advanced analytical methods (e.g., mass spectrometry methods and metabolomics) are key for the successful detection and identification of co-culture-induced metabolites. This review focuses on co-culture studies that aim to increase the diversity of metabolites obtained from microbes. The various strategies are summarized with a special emphasis on the multiple methods of performing co-culture experiments. The analytical approaches for studying these interaction phenomena are discussed, and the chemical diversity and biological activity observed among the induced metabolites are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bertrand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Faculté des Sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France
| | - Nadine Bohni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Schnee
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schumpp
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Bertrand S, Azzollini A, Schumpp O, Bohni N, Schrenzel J, Monod M, Gindro K, Wolfender JL. Multi-well fungal co-culture for de novo metabolite-induction in time-series studies based on untargeted metabolomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:2289-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00223g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A multi-well approach was developed for time series studies of de novo metabolite-induction by fungal co-culture using untargeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bertrand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- EPGL
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Azzollini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- EPGL
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schumpp
- Mycology and Biotechnology Group
- Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS
- 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Bohni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- EPGL
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
- Service of Infectious Diseases
- Geneva University Hospital
- CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology
- Laboratory of Mycology
- CHUV
- CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Mycology and Biotechnology Group
- Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS
- 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- EPGL
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Adelin E, Martin MT, Cortial S, Retailleau P, Lumyong S, Ouazzani J. Bioactive polyketides isolated from agar-supported fermentation of Phomopsis sp. CMU-LMA, taking advantage of the scale-up device, Platotex. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 93:170-175. [PMID: 23578961 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phomopsis sp. CMU-LMA was cultivated on agar-supported fermentation (Ag-SF) using the scale-up prototype Platotex. In total nine compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the culture. Among them, compounds LMA-P1, Sch-642305, DHTO and LMA-P2 had already been reported in our previous work on liquid state fermentation. The trihydroxybenzene lactone cytosporone D and dothiorelone A has been recently isolated from Phomopsis and Magnaporthe species. In addition, three compounds were isolated consisting in the reduced methoxy derivative of Sch-642305 (1), a hydroxylated derivative of LMA-P2 (2) and a linear ethyl ester polyketide (3) similar to the previously reported LMA-P3. Antimicrobial activity and inhibition of Escherichia coli DnaG primase were investigated. Cytosporone D inhibited the E. coli DnaG primase, a Gram-negative antimicrobial target, with an IC50 of 0.25 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Adelin
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, ICSN, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Le Goff G, Martin MT, Iorga BI, Adelin E, Servy C, Cortial S, Ouazzani J. Isolation and characterization of unusual hydrazides from Streptomyces sp. impact of the cultivation support and extraction procedure. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:142-149. [PMID: 23387796 DOI: 10.1021/np300527p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three novel hydrazides, geralcins C-E (1-3), were isolated from Streptomyces sp. LMA-545, together with MH-031 and geralcins A and B. This unusual family of compounds was isolated from liquid-state and agar-supported fermentation using Amberlite XAD-16 solid-phase extraction during the cultivation step. The use of such neutral resin during the cultivation step allowed the specific adsorption of microbial secondary metabolites, avoiding any contamination of the crude extracts by the constituents of the culture medium. The trapped compounds were eluted from the resin with methanol, and their structures elucidated using (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N NMR spectroscopic analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Molecular modeling calculations were applied in order to support structural attributions. No antimicrobial, cytotoxic, or DnaG-inhibition activities were detected for geralcins D and E. Geralcin C has no antimicrobial activity but exhibited an IC(50) of 0.8 μM against KB and HCT116 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, geralcin C inhibited the E. coli DnaG primase, a Gram-negative antimicrobial target, with an IC(50) of 0.7 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Le Goff
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ICSN, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Detection of metabolite induction in fungal co-cultures on solid media by high-throughput differential ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:219-28. [PMID: 23466199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Access to new biological sources is a key element of natural product research. A particularly large number of biologically active molecules have been found to originate from microorganisms. Very recently, the use of fungal co-culture to activate the silent genes involved in metabolite biosynthesis was found to be a successful method for the induction of new compounds. However, the detection and identification of the induced metabolites in the confrontation zone where fungi interact remain very challenging. To tackle this issue, a high-throughput UHPLC-TOF-MS-based metabolomic approach has been developed for the screening of fungal co-cultures in solid media at the petri dish level. The metabolites that were overexpressed because of fungal interactions were highlighted by comparing the LC-MS data obtained from the co-cultures and their corresponding mono-cultures. This comparison was achieved by subjecting automatically generated peak lists to statistical treatments. This strategy has been applied to more than 600 co-culture experiments that mainly involved fungal strains from the Fusarium genera, although experiments were also completed with a selection of several other filamentous fungi. This strategy was found to provide satisfactory repeatability and was used to detect the biomarkers of fungal induction in a large panel of filamentous fungi. This study demonstrates that co-culture results in consistent induction of potentially new metabolites.
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Le Goff G, Adelin E, Cortial S, Servy C, Ouazzani J. Application of solid-phase extraction to agar-supported fermentation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:1285-90. [PMID: 23263569 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agar-supported fermentation (Ag-SF), a variant of solid-state fermentation, has recently been improved by the development of a dedicated 2 m(2) scale pilot facility, Platotex. We investigated the application of solid-phase extraction (SPE) to Ag-SF in order to increase yields and minimize the contamination of the extracts with agar constituents. The selection of the appropriate resin was conducted on liquid-state fermentation and Diaion HP-20 exhibited the highest recovery yield and selectivity for the metabolites of the model fungal strains Phomopsis sp. and Fusarium sp. SPE applied to Ag-SF resulted in a particular compartmentalization of the culture. The mycelium that requires oxygen to grow migrates to the top layer and formed a thick biofilm. The resin beads intercalate between the agar surface and the mycelium layer, and trap directly the compounds secreted by the mycelium through a "solid-solid extraction" (SSE) process. The resin/mycelium layer is easily recovered by scraping the surface and the target metabolites extracted by methanol. Ag-SF associated to SSE represents an ideal compromise for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites with limited economic and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Le Goff
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ICSN, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique C.N.R.S, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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