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Multi-enzyme systems and recombinant cells for synthesis of valuable saccharides: Advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hardt N, Kind S, Schoenenberger B, Eggert T, Obkircher M, Wohlgemuth R. Facile synthesis of D-xylulose-5-phosphate and L-xylulose-5-phosphate by xylulokinase-catalyzed phosphorylation. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2019.1630385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Sigma-Aldrich/Merck KGaA, Buchs, Switzerland
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Zhang Y, Zhao C, Ni Z, Shao M, Han M, Huang D, Liu F. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a thermostable xylulose kinase from Bacillus coagulans IPE22. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:542-551. [PMID: 30747439 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Xylulose kinase is an important enzyme involved in xylose metabolism, which is considered as essential biocatalyst for sustainable lignocellulosic-derived pentose utilization. Bacillus coagulans IPE22 is an ideal bacterium for refinery due to its strong ability to ferment xylose at high temperature. However, the B. coagulans xylose utilization mechanism remains unclear and the related promising enzymes need to be developed. In the present study, the gene coding for xylulose kinase from B. coagulans IPE22 (Bc-XK) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Bc-XK has a 1536 bp open reading frame, encoding a protein of 511 amino acids (56.15 kDa). Multiple sequence alignments were performed and a phylogenetic tree was built to evaluate differences among Bc-XK and other bacteria homologs. Bc-XK showed a broad adaptability to high temperature and the enzyme displayed its best performance at pH 8.0 and 60 °C. Bc-XK was activated by Mg2+ , Mn2+ , and Co2+ . Meanwhile, the enzyme could keep activity at 60 °C for at least 180 min. KM values of Bc-XK for xylulose and ATP were 1.29 mM and 0.76 mM, respectively. The high temperature stability of Bc-XK implied that it was an attractive candidate for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | | | - Zhihua Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Menghua Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengying Han
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Dawei Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Fengsong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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4
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Investigating the Central Metabolism of Clostridium thermosuccinogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00363-18. [PMID: 29678919 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00363-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermosuccinogenes is a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium able to convert various carbohydrates to succinate and acetate as main fermentation products. Genomes of the four publicly available strains have been sequenced, and the genome of the type strain has been closed. The annotated genomes were used to reconstruct the central metabolism, and enzyme assays were used to validate annotations and to determine cofactor specificity. The genes were identified for the pathways to all fermentation products, as well as for the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway. Notably, a candidate transaldolase was lacking, and transcriptomics during growth on glucose versus that on xylose did not provide any leads to potential transaldolase genes or alternative pathways connecting the C5 with the C3/C6 metabolism. Enzyme assays showed xylulokinase to prefer GTP over ATP, which could be of importance for engineering xylose utilization in related thermophilic species of industrial relevance. Furthermore, the gene responsible for malate dehydrogenase was identified via heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and subsequent assays with the cell extract, which has proven to be a simple and powerful method for the basal characterization of thermophilic enzymes.IMPORTANCE Running industrial fermentation processes at elevated temperatures has several advantages, including reduced cooling requirements, increased reaction rates and solubilities, and a possibility to perform simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of a pretreated biomass. Most studies with thermophiles so far have focused on bioethanol production. Clostridium thermosuccinogenes seems an attractive production organism for organic acids, succinic acid in particular, from lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugars. This study provides valuable insights into its central metabolism and GTP and PPi cofactor utilization.
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Cao H, Li C, Zhao J, Wang F, Tan T, Liu L. Enzymatic Production of Glutathione Coupling with an ATP Regeneration System Based on Polyphosphate Kinase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:385-395. [PMID: 29164506 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important reducing agent in the living cells. It is synthesized by a two-step reaction and requires two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for one molecule GSH. The enzymatic cascade reaction in vitro is a promising approach to achieve a high titer and limit side reactions; although, a cost-effective phosphate donor for ATP regeneration is required. Triphosphate (PolyP(3)), tetraphosphate (PolyP(4)), and hexametaphosphate (PolyP(6)) were investigated in this study. Triphosphate inhibited the bifunctional GSH synthetase (GshF) from Streptococcus agalactiae, while no significant inhibition was observed by adding hexametaphosphate. The polyphosphate kinase from Corynebacterium glutamicum was hence investigated to use hexametaphosphate for regeneration of ATP. Further, the orthogonal experiment, which includes seven factors (buffer concentration, pH value, ADP concentration, GshF dosage, polyphosphate kinase (PPK) dosage, reaction temperature, substrate ratio of amino acid, and reaction times), indicated that the capacity of buffer is the most significant factor of the reaction conditions for enzymatic production of glutathione coupling with a PPK-based ATP regeneration system. After optimizing the Mg2+ concentration, the reaction was scaled up to 250 mL in a stirred reactor with pH feedback control to stabilize the pH value of reaction system and nitrogen protection to avoid the oxidation of product. A yield of 12.32 g/L was achieved. This work provided a potential GshF-based enzymatic way coupling the PPK-based ATP regeneration to product GSH in the optimal conditions towards cost-effectiveness at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cao
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Zhang X, Wu H, Huang B, Li Z, Ye Q. One-pot synthesis of glutathione by a two-enzyme cascade using a thermophilic ATP regeneration system. J Biotechnol 2016; 241:163-169. [PMID: 27919691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cascade catalysis using enzyme-based system is becoming a promising biomanufacturing platform for biofuels and biochemicals production. Glutathione is a pivotal non-protein thiol compound and widely applied in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, glutathione was synthesized by a bifunctional glutathione synthetase together with a thermophilic ATP regeneration system through a two-enzyme cascade in vitro. Four bifunctional glutathione synthetases from Streptococcus sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. uberis and Bacillus cereus were applied for glutathione synthesis. The bifunctional glutathione synthetase from S. sanguinis was selected and coupled with the polyphosphate kinase from Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 for regenerating ATP to produce glutathione in one pot. In the optimized system, 28.5mM glutathione was produced within 5h due to efficient ATP regeneration from low-cost polyphosphate. The yield based on added l-cysteine reached 81.4% and the productivity of glutathione achieved 5.7mM/h. The one-pot system indicated a potential biotransformation platform for industrial production of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Zheng Z, Lin X, Jiang T, Ye W, Ouyang J. Genomic analysis of a xylose operon and characterization of novel xylose isomerase and xylulokinase from Bacillus coagulans NL01. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1331-9. [PMID: 27206341 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the xylose operon and properties of xylose isomerase and xylulokinase in Bacillus coagulans that can effectively ferment xylose to lactic acid. RESULTS The xylose operon is widely present in B. coagulans. It is composed of four putative ORFs. Novel xylA and xylB from B. coagulans NL01 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence of xylose isomerase was more conserved than that of xylulokinase. Both the enzymes exhibited maximum activities at pH 7-8 but with a high temperature maximum of 80-85 °C, divalent metal ion was prerequisite for their activation. Xylose isomerase and xylulokinase were most effectively activated by Ni(2+) and Co(2+), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Genomic analysis of xylose operon has contributed to understanding xylose metabolism in B. coagulans and the novel xylose isomerase and xylulokinase might provide new alternatives for metabolic engineering of other strains to improve their fermentation performance on xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojuan Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang YHP. Production of biofuels and biochemicals by in vitro synthetic biosystems: Opportunities and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1467-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kim JE, Zhang YHP. Biosynthesis of D-xylulose 5-phosphate from D-xylose and polyphosphate through a minimized two-enzyme cascade. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:275-82. [PMID: 26241217 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sugar phosphates cannot be produced easily by microbial fermentation because negatively-charged compounds cannot be secreted across intact cell membrane. D-xylulose 5-phosphate (Xu5P), a very expensive sugar phosphate, was synthesized from D-xylose and polyphosphate catalyzed by enzyme cascades in one pot. The synthetic enzymatic pathway comprised of xylose isomerase and xylulokinase was designed to produce Xu5P, along with a third enzyme, polyphosphate kinase, responsible for in site ATP regeneration. Due to the promiscuous activity of the ATP-based xylulokinase from a hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima on polyphosphate, the number of enzymes in the pathway was minimized to two without polyphosphate kinase. The reactions catalyzed by the two-enzyme and three-enzyme pathways were compared for Xu5P production, and the reaction conditions were optimized by examining effects of reaction temperature, enzyme ratio and substrate concentration. The optimized two-enzyme system produced 32 mM Xu5P from 50 mM xylose and polyphosphate after 36 h at 45°C. Biosynthesis of less costly Xu5P from D-xylose and polyphosphate could be highly feasible via this minimized two-enzyme pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eung Kim
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, 24061, Virginia
| | - Y-H Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, 24061, Virginia. .,Cell Free Bioinnovations Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia. .,Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. .,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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