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Adnan M, Liu G. Promoters and Synthetic Promoters in Trichoderma reesei. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2844:47-68. [PMID: 39068331 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4063-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei holds immense promise for large-scale protein production, rendering it an excellent subject for deeper exploration using genetic engineering methods to achieve a comprehensive grasp of its cellular physiology. Understanding the genetic factors governing its intrinsic regulatory network is crucial, as lacking this knowledge could impede the expression of target genes. Prior and ongoing studies have concentrated on advancing new expression systems grounded in synthetic biology principles. These methodologies involve utilizing established potent promoters or engineered variations. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have played a pivotal role in identifying robust promoters and expression systems, including light-responsive, copper-inducible, L-methionine-inducible, and Tet-On systems, among others. This chapter seeks to highlight various research endeavors focusing on tunable and constitutive promoters, the impact of different promoters on both native and foreign protein expression, the discovery of fresh promoters, and strategies conducive to future research aimed at refining and enhancing protein expression in T. reesei. Characterizing new promoters and adopting innovative expression systems hold the potential to significantly expand the molecular toolkit accessible for genetically engineering T. reesei strains. For instance, modifying potent inducible promoters such as Pcbh1 by replacing transcriptional repressors (cre1, ace1) with activators (xyr1, ace2, ace3, hap2/3/5) and integrating synthetic expression systems can result in increased production of crucial enzymes such as endoglucanases (EGLs), β-glucosidases (BGLs), and cellobiohydrolases (CBHs). Similarly, robust constitutive promoters such as Pcdna1 can be converted into synthetic hybrid promoters by incorporating activation elements from potent inducible promoters, facilitating cellulase induction and expression even under repressive conditions. Nevertheless, further efforts are necessary to uncover innovative promoters and devise novel expression strategies to enhance the production of desired proteins on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Chen Y, Han A, Wang M, Wei D, Wang W. Metabolic Engineering of Trichoderma reesei for l-Malic Acid Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4043-4050. [PMID: 36812909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
l-Malic acid has various applications in the chemical and food industries. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is known to be an efficient enzyme producer. Here, through metabolic engineering, T. reesei was constructed for the first time as an excellent cell factory for l-malic acid production. The heterologous overexpression of genes encoding the C4-dicarboxylate transporter from Aspergillus oryzae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe initiated l-malic acid production. The overexpression of pyruvate carboxylase from A. oryzae in the reductive tricarboxylic acid pathway further increased both the titer and yield of l-malic acid, resulting in the highest titer reported in a shake-flask culture. Furthermore, the deletion of malate thiokinase blocked l-malic acid degradation. Finally, the engineered T. reesei strain produced 220.5 g/L of l-malic acid in a 5 L fed-batch culture (productivity of 1.15 g/L/h). A T. reesei cell factory was created for the efficient production of l-malic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Chen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ao Han
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Nilpa P, Chintan K, Sayyed RZ, El Enshasy H, El Adawi H, Alhazmi A, Almalki AH, Haque S. Formation of recombinant bifunctional fusion protein: A newer approach to combine the activities of two enzymes in a single protein. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265969. [PMID: 35363796 PMCID: PMC8975109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue of insects, pests, and fungi has a chitin layer followed by protein in the cell membrane. The complete biodegradation of chitin and protein-present in the waste requires the action of two enzymes, namely chitinase, and protease. Combining chitinase and protease in a single protein/enzyme will serve as a bifunctional enzyme that can efficiently degrade the chitin and protein-rich biomass. The present study was aimed to fuse these two enzymes to produce a single protein and study the kinetics of the recombinant fusion protein. A chitinase and alkaline protease genes were isolated, cloned, and expressed successfully as a fusion product in heterologous host Escherichia coli. The two native genes were successfully fused in E.coli by using flexible glycine–serine (G4S)2 linker (GGGGS, GS linker). The recombinant fusion protein in E.coli showed hydrolyzed chitin and protein on chitin and bovine serum albumin agar plates confirming the successful cloning and expression of chitinase and protease enzymes in a single fusion protein. The common pUC18-T7 mini vector with the ompA signal sequence helps the extracellular expression of fusion protein efficiently. The native gel electrophoresis revealed a molecular mass of purified protein as 92.0 kDa. The fusion protein’s maximal chitinase and protease activity occurred at pH 5.0 and 8.0 and 30 0C, respectively resembling the individual enzymes’. In the kinetic studies of the fusion protein, it was observed that the presence of metal ions such as Cu2+, Na2+, and Ca2+; significantly enhanced the enzyme activities while organic solvents oxidants and chemicals have drastically affected the activities of both the enzymes in the fusion protein. No such fusion protein has been produced in a heterologous host yet. The reports on fusion protein with biomass-degrading capacity are also scarce. This is probably the first report of a bifunctional chitinase/protease expressed in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patel Nilpa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Kapadia Chintan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail: (KC); (RZS)
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s S. I. Patil Arts, G B Patel Science & STKVS Commerce College, Shahada, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Entomology, Asian PGPR Society for Sustainable Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KC); (RZS)
| | - Hesham El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hala El Adawi
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atiah H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Hawiah, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Görükle Campus, Nilüfer,Bursa, Turkey
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Beier S, Stiegler M, Hitzenhammer E, Monika S. Screening for genes involved in cellulase regulation by expression under the control of a novel constitutive promoter in Trichoderma reesei. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Promoter regulation and genetic engineering strategies for enhanced cellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei. Microbiol Res 2022; 259:127011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mondal S, Halder SK, Mondal KC. Tailoring in fungi for next generation cellulase production with special reference to CRISPR/CAS system. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2021; 2:113-129. [PMID: 38624901 PMCID: PMC8319711 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-021-00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the utmost plenteous source of biopolymer in our earth, and fungi are the most efficient and ubiquitous organism in degrading the cellulosic biomass by synthesizing cellulases. Tailoring through genetic manipulation has played a substantial role in constructing novel fungal strains towards improved cellulase production of desired traits. However, the traditional methods of genetic manipulation of fungi are time-consuming and tedious. With the availability of the full-genome sequences of several industrially relevant filamentous fungi, CRISPR-CAS (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein) technology has come into the focus for the proficient development of manipulated strains of filamentous fungi. This review summarizes the mode of action of cellulases, transcription level regulation for cellulase expression, various traditional strategies of genetic manipulation with CRISPR-CAS technology to develop modified fungal strains for a preferred level of cellulase production, and the futuristic trend in this arena of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Mondal
- Center for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102 West Bengal India
| | - Suman Kumar Halder
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102 West Bengal India
| | - Keshab Chandra Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102 West Bengal India
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Wei H, Wu M, Fan A, Su H. Recombinant protein production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Niyonzima FN. Detergent-compatible fungal cellulases. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 66:25-40. [PMID: 33184763 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detergent enzymes are currently added to all powder and liquid detergents that are manufactured. Cellulases, lipases, amylases, and proteases are used in the detergency to replace toxic phosphates and silicates and to reduce high energy consumption. This makes the use of enzymes in detergent formulation cost effective. Fungi are producers of important extracellular enzymes for industrial use. The fungal and bacterial cellulases maintain the shape and color of the washed garments. There is a high demand for cellulases at the market by detergent industries. With this high demand, genetic engineering has been a solution due to its high production of detergent-compatible cellulases. Fungi are the famous source for detergent-compatible cellulases production, but still, there is a lack of the cost-effective process of alkaline fungal cellulase production. Review papers on detergent-compatible bacterial cellulase and amylase and detergent-compatible fungal and bacterial proteases and lipases are available, but there is no review on detergent fungal cellulases. This review aims to highlight the production, properties, stability, and compatibility of fungal cellulases. It will help other academic and industrial researchers to study, produce, and commercialize the fungal cellulases with good aspects.
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Wu C, Chen Y, Huang X, Sun S, Luo J, Lu Z, Wang W, Ma Y. An efficient shortened genetic transformation strategy for filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2019; 65:301-307. [PMID: 31231078 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is one of the most important fungi for the production of cellulases and xylanases, which can be used for biofuel production from lignocellulose. We aimed to develop an effective selection marker system for more extensive functional genomic studies in the fungus T. reesei, and to construct better industrial transformants for producing cellulases. Here, we present a novel effective G418 selection marker to use a codon-optimized neomycin phosphotransferase II gene nptII to transform T. reesei. We developed an effective and erasable selection marker, lcNG, and a combined genetic transformation system for gene manipulation in T. reesei using a two-Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. This transformation strategy combines two steps in the transformation protocol, which saves 15-30-day's time. The system could be a useful tool for the genetic engineering of T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Yumeng Chen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Xiaoxue Huang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Shishuai Sun
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Jinnan Luo
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhiwen Lu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Yushu Ma
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology
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Liu G, Qu Y. Engineering of filamentous fungi for efficient conversion of lignocellulose: Tools, recent advances and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:519-529. [PMID: 30576717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi, as the main producers of lignocellulolytic enzymes in industry, need to be engineered to improve the economy of large-scale lignocellulose conversion. Investigation of the cellular processes involved in lignocellulolytic enzyme production, as well as optimization of enzyme mixtures for higher hydrolysis efficiency, have provided effective targets for the engineering of lignocellulolytic fungi. Recently, the development of efficient genetic manipulation systems in several lignocellulolytic fungi opens up the possibility of systems engineering of these strains. Here, we review the recent progresses made in the engineering of lignocellulolytic fungi and highlight the research gaps in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Fang X, Qu Y. Metabolic Engineering of Fungal Strains for Efficient Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes. FUNGAL CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES 2018:27-41. [PMCID: PMC7120360 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0749-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are widely used for production of cellulase and other cellulolytic enzymes. Metabolic engineering of filamentous fungal strains has been applied to improve enzyme production, and rapid progress has been made in the recent years. In this chapter, genetic tools and methods to develop superior enzyme producers are summarized, which includes establishment of genetic modification systems, selection and redesign of promoters, and metabolic engineering using either native transcription factors or artificial ones. In addition, enhancement of cellulase production through morphology engineering was also discussed. Emerging tools including CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing and synthetic biology are highlighted, which are speeding up mechanisms elucidation and strain development, and will further facilitate economic cellulolytic enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
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12
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Liu ZL, Li HN, Song HT, Xiao WJ, Xia WC, Liu XP, Jiang ZB. Construction of a trifunctional cellulase and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a fusion protein. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:43. [PMID: 30005661 PMCID: PMC6044064 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellulose is the most important component of lignocellulose, and its degradation requires three different types of enzymes to act synergistically. There have been reports of single gene duality, but no gene has been described to have more than two functions. Cloning and expression of fusion cellulases containing more than two kinds of catalytic domains has not been reported thus far. Results We synthesized three different cellulase genes and linked the three catalytic domains with a (G4S)3 flexible linker. The trifunctional cellulase gene (BCE) containing three types of cellulase functions was constructed and expressed in S. cerevisiae successfully. The β-glucosidase, the exoglucanase and the endoglucanase activity of the trifunctional cellulase BCE reached 16.80 IU/mg, 2.26 IU/mg and 20.67 IU/mg, which was 46.27, 6.73 and 46.20% higher than the activities of the β-glucosidase BG, the endoglucanase CBH and the endoglucanase EG. The filter paper enzyme activity of BCE was higher than those of BG, CBH and EG, reached 2.04 IU/mg. Conclusions The trifunctional cellulase BCE was designed based on β-glucosidase BG, endoglucanase EG and exoglucanase CBH, and it possessed β-glucosidase activity, endoglucanase activity and exoglucanase activity simultaneously. The BCE has better filter paper activity, it means the potential practical application. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0454-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Nan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ting Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.,College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Cheng Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Peng Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei University for Nationalities, Ensi, 445000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Bing Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang J, Wu C, Wang W, Wang W, Wei D. A versatile Trichoderma reesei expression system for the production of heterologous proteins. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:965-972. [PMID: 29644559 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a versatile Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina) expression system for the high-purity production of heterologous proteins. RESULTS The versatile T. reesei expression system is based on xyn1 and xyn2 promoters, A824V transition in XYRI, and a bicomponent carbon source strategy. Red fluorescent protein gene rfp and alkaline endoglucanase EGV gene egv3 from Humicola insolens were used as reporter genes to test our versatile expression system CONCLUSIONS: The versatile T. reesei expression system can be applied to produce heterologous proteins with high purity and high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- New World Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- New World Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- New World Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- New World Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP. Genetic engineering of Trichoderma reesei cellulases and their production. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1485-1499. [PMID: 28557371 PMCID: PMC5658622 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, is the most abundant renewable source for production of biofuel and biorefinery products. The industrial use of plant biomass involves mechanical milling or chipping, followed by chemical or physicochemical pretreatment steps to make the material more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis. Thereby the cost of enzyme production still presents the major bottleneck, mostly because some of the produced enzymes have low catalytic activity under industrial conditions and/or because the rate of hydrolysis of some enzymes in the secreted enzyme mixture is limiting. Almost all of the lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails needed for the hydrolysis step are produced by fermentation of the ascomycete Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales). For this reason, the structure and mechanism of the enzymes involved, the regulation of their expression and the pathways of their formation and secretion have been investigated in T. reesei in considerable details. Several of the findings thereby obtained have been used to improve the formation of the T. reesei cellulases and their properties. In this article, we will review the achievements that have already been made and also show promising fields for further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S. Druzhinina
- Microbiology GroupResearch Area Biochemical TechnologyInstitute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Microbiology GroupResearch Area Biochemical TechnologyInstitute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Present address:
Steinschötelgasse 7Wien1100Austria
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15
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Liu P, Wang W, Wei D. Use of transcription activator-like effector for efficient gene modification and transcription in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1367-1373. [PMID: 28674932 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have wide applications in the field of biotechnology. The use of transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) is a powerful genome-engineering tool, which can facilitate genome editing and transcriptional modulation, and has been used for genetic modification in a variety of organisms. However, a transcription activator-like effectors nuclease (TALEN) approach has not been used in filamentous fungi so far. Here, we aimed to establish the shortest TALEN and TALE-transcription factor (TALE-TF) proteins for use in gene modification and transcription in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. The alternative tandem repeat unit of the TALEs was first established by the ligation of two isocaudamers: XbaI and SpeI, instead of the natural unit. In addition, we adopted T. reesei expression assays to monitor the activities of the TALENs and TALE-TF in vivo in T. reesei. Our results showed that TALEs are a powerful genome-manipulating tool for use in T. reesei and other filamentous fungal species and that their use might facilitate studies on functional genomics and strain improvement in these filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Zhang G, Liu P, Wei W, Wang X, Wei D, Wang W. A light-switchable bidirectional expression system in filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. J Biotechnol 2016; 240:85-93. [PMID: 27816655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungi Trichoderma reesei is widely used in the production of cellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins. However, only moderate success has been achieved in expressing heterologous proteins in T. reesei. Light-dependent control of DNA transcription, and protein expression have been demonstrated in bacteria, fungi, and mammalian cells. In this study, light inducible transactivators, a "light-on" bidirectional promoter and a "light-off" promoter were constructed successfully in T. reesei for the first time. Our light inducible transactivators can homodimerize and bind to the upstream region of artificial promoters to activate or repress genes transcription. Additionally, we upgraded the light-inducible system to on-off system that can simultaneously control the expression of multiple heterologous proteins in T. reesei. Moreover, a native cellulase-free background for the expression of heterologous proteins was achieved by knocking out the genes involved in transcriptional regulation and encoding of cellulases: xyr1, cbh1, and cbh2. Our light-switchable system showed a very little background protein expression and robust activation in the blue light with significantly improved heterologous protein expression. We demonstrate that our light-switchable system has a potential application as an on/off "switch" that can simultaneously regulate the expression of multiple genes in T. reesei under native cellulase-free background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiu Zhang
- State key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei Liu
- State key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- State key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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17
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The Post-genomic Era of Trichoderma reesei: What's Next? Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:970-982. [PMID: 27394390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ascomycete Trichoderma reesei is one of the most well studied cellulolytic microorganisms. This fungus is widely used in the biotechnology industry, mainly in the production of biofuels. Due to its importance, its genome was sequenced in 2008, opening new avenues to study this microorganism. In this 'post-genomic' era, a transcriptomic and proteomic era has emerged. Here, we present an overview of new findings in the gene expression regulation network of T. reesei. We also discuss new rational strategies to obtain mutants that produce hydrolytic enzymes with a higher yield, using metabolic engineering. Finally, we present how synthetic biology strategies can be used to create engineered promoters to efficiently synthesize enzymes for biomass degradation to produce bioethanol.
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18
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Amores GR, Guazzaroni ME, Arruda LM, Silva-Rocha R. Recent Progress on Systems and Synthetic Biology Approaches to Engineer Fungi As Microbial Cell Factories. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:85-98. [PMID: 27226765 PMCID: PMC4864837 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666151116212255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are remarkable organisms naturally specialized in deconstructing plant
biomass and this feature has a tremendous potential for biofuel production from renewable sources.
The past decades have been marked by a remarkable progress in the genetic engineering of fungi to
generate industry-compatible strains needed for some biotech applications. In this sense, progress in
this field has been marked by the utilization of high-throughput techniques to gain deep understanding
of the molecular machinery controlling the physiology of these organisms, starting thus the Systems
Biology era of fungi. Additionally, genetic engineering has been extensively applied to modify wellcharacterized
promoters in order to construct new expression systems with enhanced performance under the conditions of
interest. In this review, we discuss some aspects related to significant progress in the understating and engineering of
fungi for biotechnological applications, with special focus on the construction of synthetic promoters and circuits in organisms
relevant for industry. Different engineering approaches are shown, and their potential and limitations for the construction
of complex synthetic circuits in these organisms are examined. Finally, we discuss the impact of engineered
promoter architecture in the single-cell behavior of the system, an often-neglected relationship with a tremendous impact
in the final performance of the process of interest. We expect to provide here some new directions to drive future research
directed to the construction of high-performance, engineered fungal strains working as microbial cell factories.
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Light-inducible genetic engineering and control of non-homologous end-joining in industrial eukaryotic microorganisms: LML 3.0 and OFN 1.0. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20761. [PMID: 26857594 PMCID: PMC4746737 DOI: 10.1038/srep20761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi play important roles in the production of plant cell-wall degrading enzymes. In recent years, homologous recombinant technologies have contributed significantly to improved enzymes production and system design of genetically manipulated strains. When introducing multiple gene deletions, we need a robust and convenient way to control selectable marker genes, especially when only a limited number of markers are available in filamentous fungi. Integration after transformation is predominantly nonhomologous in most fungi other than yeast. Fungal strains deficient in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway have limitations associated with gene function analyses despite they are excellent recipient strains for gene targets. We describe strategies and methods to address these challenges above and leverage the power of resilient NHEJ deficiency strains. We have established a foolproof light-inducible platform for one-step unmarked genetic modification in industrial eukaryotic microorganisms designated as 'LML 3.0', and an on-off control protocol of NHEJ pathway called 'OFN 1.0', using a synthetic light-switchable transactivation to control Cre recombinase-based excision and inversion. The methods provide a one-step strategy to sequentially modify genes without introducing selectable markers and NHEJ-deficiency. The strategies can be used to manipulate many biological processes in a wide range of eukaryotic cells.
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Gómez S, López-Estepa M, Fernández FJ, Suárez T, Vega MC. Alternative Eukaryotic Expression Systems for the Production of Proteins and Protein Complexes. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR PROTEIN COMPLEX PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION 2016; 896:167-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Zhang L, Zhang S, Jiang X, Wei W, Wang W, Wei D. A novel host-vector system for heterologous protein co-expression and purification in the Trichoderma reesei industrial strain RUT-C30. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:89-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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