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Qiao C, Chen F, Liu Z, Huang T, Li W, Zhang G, Luo Y. Functional characterization of a catalytically promiscuous tryptophan decarboxylase from camptothecin-producing Camptotheca acuminata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987348. [PMID: 36061783 PMCID: PMC9433702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan decarboxylases (TDCs) are a group of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in the enzymatic conversion of tryptophan into tryptamine, a critical biogenic amine. We herein mined and cloned a TDC-encoding gene, CaTDC3, from camptothecin-producing plant Camptotheca acuminata. The intact CaTDC3 was heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant CaTDC3 was purified to homogeneity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data analyses of the CaTDC3-catalyzed reaction mixture confirmed the catalytically decarboxylative activity of CaTDC3. CaTDC3 shows strict stereoselectivity for L-tryptophan. Homology modeling and molecular docking implied CaTDC3's recognition of L-tryptophan derivatives and analogs. Substrate scope investigations revealed that the appropriate substituent groups on the indole ring, i.e., hydroxylated and halogenated L-tryptophans, could be recognized by CaTDC3 and the decarboxylation reactions generated the corresponding tryptamines. The Cβ -methyl-L-tryptophans were decarboxylated by CaTDC3 efficiently. 1-Thio-L-tryptophan, the NH group of the indole ring replaced by an S atom, could be decarboxylated by CaTDC3. CaTDC3 catalyzed the decarboxylation of 7-aza-L-tryptophan, an N displacement of the C on the aromatic ring, to afford 7-aza-tryptamine. L-Kynurenine, an L-tryptophan degradation product, could be decarboxylated by CaTDC3. The present works uncover a catalytically promiscuous TDC and the TDC is a versatile decarboxylase in synthetic biology for specialized pharmaceutically important substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiao
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfang Huang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinggang Luo
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Uniyal A, Tiwari V, Rani M, Tiwari V. Immune-microbiome interplay and its implications in neurodegenerative disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:17-37. [PMID: 34357554 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegeneration and its related CNS pathologies need an urgent toolbox to minimize the global mental health burden. The neuroimmune system critically regulates the brain maturation and survival of neurons across the nervous system. The chronic manipulated immunological drive can accelerate the neuronal pathology hence promoting the burden of neurodegenerative disorders. The gut is home for trillions of microorganisms having a mutual relationship with the host system. The gut-brain axis is a unique biochemical pathway through which the gut residing microbes connects with the brain cells and regulates various physiological and pathological cascades. The gut microbiota and CNS communicate using a common language that synchronizes the tuning of immune cells. The intestinal gut microbial community has a profound role in the maturation of the immune system as well as the development of the nervous system. We have critically summarised the clinical and preclinical reports from the past a decade emphasising that the significant changes in gut microbiota can enhance the host susceptibility towards neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we have discussed how the gut microbiota-mediated immune response inclines the host physiology towards neurodegeneration and indicated the gut microbiota as a potential future candidate for the management of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Uniyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vineeta Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Mousmi Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Padrosa DR, Contente ML. Multi-gram preparation of cinnamoyl tryptamines as skin whitening agents through a chemo-enzymatic flow process. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Negri S, Commisso M, Avesani L, Guzzo F. The case of tryptamine and serotonin in plants: a mysterious precursor for an illustrious metabolite. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5336-5355. [PMID: 34009335 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Indolamines are tryptophan-derived specialized metabolites belonging to the huge and ubiquitous indole alkaloids group. Serotonin and melatonin are the best-characterized members of this family, given their many hormonal and physiological roles in animals. Following their discovery in plants, the study of plant indolamines has flourished and their involvement in important processes, including stress responses, growth and development, and reproduction, has been proposed, leading to their classification as a new category of phytohormones. However, the complex indolamine puzzle is far from resolved, particularly the biological roles of tryptamine, the early serotonin precursor representing the central hub of many downstream indole alkaloids. Tryptophan decarboxylase, which catalyzes the synthesis of tryptamine, strictly regulates the flux of carbon and nitrogen from the tryptophan pool into the indolamine pathway. Furthermore, tryptamine accumulates to high levels in the reproductive organs of many plant species and therefore cannot be classed as a mere intermediate but rather as an end product with potentially important functions in fruits and seeds. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of tryptamine and its close relative serotonin, emphasizing the need for a clear understanding of the functions of, and mutual relations between, these indolamines and their biosynthesis pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
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Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Tyramine-derived hydroxycinnamic acid amides in plant foods: sources, synthesis, health effects and potential applications in food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1608-1625. [PMID: 33206548 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1845603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyramine-derived hydroxycinnamic acid amines (HCAAT) are naturally occurring group of secondary metabolites present in various plant genera, such as Allium, Cannabis, Lycium, Polyganotum and Solanum. It belongs to the neutral, water-insoluble compounds and plays a role in plant growth, development and defence mechanism. The past two decades have seen a shift in the study of HCAAT from its role in plants to its potent biological activities. This review highlights the sources, roles in plants, biosynthetic pathways, metabolic engineering and chemical synthesis of HCAAT. The biological properties of HCAAT remain the focus in this paper, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-melanogenesis and neuroprotective properties. The effects of food processing and technology on HCAAT are also discussed. Given the current research gap, this review proposes future directions on the study of HCAAT, as well as its potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Leonard
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danyang Ying
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Wang X, Policarpio L, Prajapati D, Li Z, Zhang H. Developing E. coli-E. coli co-cultures to overcome barriers of heterologous tryptamine biosynthesis. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 10:e00110. [PMID: 31853442 PMCID: PMC6911970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2019.e00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptamine is an alkaloid compound with demonstrated bioactivities and is also a precursor molecule to many important hormones and neurotransmitters. The high efficiency biosynthesis of tryptamine from inexpensive and renewable carbon substrates is of great research and application significance. In the present study, a tryptamine biosynthesis pathway was established in a metabolically engineered E. coli-E. coli co-culture. The upstream and downstream strains of the co-culture were dedicated to tryptophan provision and conversion to tryptamine, respectively. The constructed co-culture was cultivated using either glucose or glycerol as carbon source for de novo production of tryptamine. The manipulation of the co-culture strains' inoculation ratio was adapted to balance the biosynthetic strengths of the pathway modules for bioproduction optimization. Moreover, a biosensor-assisted cell selection strategy was adapted to improve the pathway intermediate tryptophan provision by the upstream strain, which further enhanced the tryptamine biosynthesis. The resulting biosensor-assisted modular co-culture produced 194 mg/L tryptamine with a yield of 0.02 g/g glucose using shake flask cultivation. The findings of this work demonstrate that the biosensor-assisted modular co-culture engineering offers a new perspective for conducting microbial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Shen YP, Niu FX, Yan ZB, Fong LS, Huang YB, Liu JZ. Recent Advances in Metabolically Engineered Microorganisms for the Production of Aromatic Chemicals Derived From Aromatic Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:407. [PMID: 32432104 PMCID: PMC7214760 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic compounds derived from aromatic amino acids are an important class of diverse chemicals with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. They are currently produced via petrochemical processes, which are not sustainable and eco-friendly. In the past decades, significant progress has been made in the construction of microbial cell factories capable of effectively converting renewable carbon sources into value-added aromatics. Here, we systematically and comprehensively review the recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in the microbial production of aromatic amino acid derivatives, stilbenes, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The future outlook concerning the engineering of microbial cell factories for the production of aromatic compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Shen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Xing Niu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai San Fong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Choi GS, Choo HJ, Kim BG, Ahn JH. Synthesis of acridone derivatives via heterologous expression of a plant type III polyketide synthase in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:73. [PMID: 32197639 PMCID: PMC7085191 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acridone alkaloids are heterocyclic compounds that exhibit a broad-range of pharmaceutical and chemotherapeutic activities, including anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and antimicrobial effects. Certain plant species such as Citrus microcarpa, Ruta graveolens, and Toddaliopsis bremekampii synthesize acridone alkaloids from anthranilate and malonyl-CoA. RESULTS We synthesized two acridones in Escherichia coli. Acridone synthase (ACS) and anthraniloyl-CoA ligase genes were transformed into E. coli, and the synthesis of acridone was examined. To increase the levels of endogenous anthranilate, we tested several constructs expressing proteins involved in the shikimate pathway and selected the best construct. To boost the supply of malonyl-CoA, genes coding for acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) from Photorhabdus luminescens were overexpressed in E. coli. For the synthesis of 1,3-dihydroxy-10-methylacridone, we utilized an N-methyltransferase gene (NMT) to supply N-methylanthranilate and a new N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA ligase. After selecting the best combination of genes, approximately 17.3 mg/L of 1,3-dihydroxy-9(10H)-acridone (DHA) and 26.0 mg/L of 1,3-dihydroxy-10-methylacridone (NMA) were synthesized. CONCLUSIONS Two bioactive acridone derivatives were synthesized by expressing type III plant polyketide synthases and other genes in E. coli, which increased the supplement of substrates. This study showed that is possible to synthesize diverse polyketides in E. coli using plant polyketide synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Sik Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Choo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangman-do, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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