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Nag C. A new report on mixed species association between Nilgiri Langurs Semnopithecus johnii and Tufted Grey Langurs S. priam (Primates: Cercopithecidae) in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2020. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.5615.12.9.15975-15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic conservatism or rapid anthropogenic habitat modifications could increase the incidences of interspecific associations of Hanuman and Nilgiri langurs (Family: Cercopithecidae, subfamily: Colobinae) in the southern Western Ghats. Opportunistic surveys were conducted at the Silent Valley National Park, Kerala and around Devimalai Ghats, Tamil Nadu for Tufted Grey-Nilgiri Langur association. Based on the observations from Researchers, field assistants, forest staff, and local people, the data in terms of the time of the sighting, number of individuals, phenotypes of individuals, and the time the interaction lasted, were recorded. The study reports data on a troop of Nilgiri Langurs (N=13) around O Valley tea estate at Devimalai Ghat, Gudalur, Tamil Nadu with some hybrid looking individuals and a Tufted female Grey Langur amongst them. A total of six and two uni-male troops of Nilgiri Langurs and grey langurs respectively with Tufted female Grey Langurs, and aberrant coat colored infants observed at the Neelikkal section of Silent Valley National Park are also reported. The study reasonably speculates that there could be more such locations in the southern western ghats and emphasizes the need for more systematic surveys to understand and explore the ecology, behavior, molecular, and other likely factors contributing to the conservation of vulnerable Nilgiri langur (Semnopithecus johnii) populations.
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Alvarenga GC, Ramalho EE, Baccaro FB, da Rocha DG, Ferreira-Ferreira J, Bobrowiec PED. Spatial patterns of medium and large size mammal assemblages in várzea and terra firme forests, Central Amazonia, Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198120. [PMID: 29847606 PMCID: PMC5976171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Várzea forests account for 17% of the Amazon basin and endure an annual inundation that can reach 14 m deep during 6-8 months. This flood pulse in combination with topography directly influences the várzea vegetation cover. Assemblages of several taxa differ significantly between unflooded terra firme and flooded várzea forests, but little is known about the distribution of medium and large sized terrestrial mammals in várzea habitats. Therefore, our goal was to understand how those habitats influence mammalian species distribution during the dry season. Specifically, we: (1) compared the species composition between a terra firme (Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve) and a várzea forest (Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve); and (2) tested the influence of the várzea habitat classes on the number of records, occurrence and species composition of mammalian assemblages. The sampling design in each reserve consisted of 50 baited camera trap stations, with an overall sampling effort of 5015 camera trap days. We used Non-Metric Multidimension Scaling (NMDS) to compare species composition between terra firme and várzea forests, and used Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to assess how habitat types and a habitat diversity index affect mammal distributions. We recorded 21 medium and large sized mammalian species, including 20 species in terra firme and only six in várzea (3443 records). Flood pulse and isolation in várzea forest drove the dissimilarity between these two forest types. In várzea forest, medium size mammals, in general, avoided habitats associated with long flooding periods, while jaguars (Panthera onca) appeared to prefer aquatic/terrestrial transition zones. Habitats that remain dry for longer periods showed more mammalian occurrence, suggesting that dispersion via soil is important even for semi-arboreal species. This is the first study to evaluate differential use of várzea habitats by terrestrial mammalian assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Costa Alvarenga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Beggiato Baccaro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes da Rocha
- Graduate Group in Ecology, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jefferson Ferreira-Ferreira
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
- Ecosystem Dynamics Observatory, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barnett AA, de Oliveira T, Soares da Silva RF, de Albuquerque Teixeira S, Tomanek P, Todd LM, Boyle SA. Honest error, precaution or alertness advertisement? Reactions to vertebrate pseudopredators in red-nosed cuxiús (Chiropotes albinasus
),
a high-canopy neotropical primate. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Barnett
- Núcleo de Biodiversidade; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA); Manaus AM Brazil
- Amazon Mammals Research Group; INPA; Manaus AM Brazil
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology; Roehampton University; London UK
| | - Tadeu de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Estadual do Maranhão; São Luís MA Brazil
| | | | | | - Pavel Tomanek
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Behavior; Czech University of Life Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lucy M. Todd
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology; Roehampton University; London UK
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Fernández VA, Pavé R, Peker SM, Pérez-Rueda MA. Interspecific interactions between wild black and gold howlermonkeys (Alouatta caraya) and other mammals in northeastern Argentina. Acta Ethol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-016-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Are interspecific associations of primates in the Western Ghats a matter of chance? A case study of the lion-tailed macaque. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467415000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:When animals or groups of animals in their wild habitats come close to each other within a defined distance, it is termed as an association. Observing two groups of the lion-tailed macaque at Nelliyampathy and Andiparai forests of the Western Ghats of India, we asked whether the lion-tailed macaque associations with the sympatric Nilgiri langur and bonnet macaque were by chance or had any biological significance. Employing ‘all occurrences’ sampling, we recorded an association if a group of another primate species came within 30 m of the focal group of the lion-tailed macaque. Date, time, associating species, activity of the study species and of the associating species, type of interaction, aggressor and the recipient, species displaced and duration of the association were recorded. We used the Waser gas model to calculate the expected frequency and duration of associations and compared them with the observed associations. The lion-tailed macaque spent less time in associations than expected. The lion-tailed macaque and the Nilgiri langur initiated associations less often, and remained in association for less time, than expected by chance. Whereas the expected and observed initiation of associations between the lion-tailed macaque and the Nilgiri langur in Nelliyampathy was significantly different (expected rate = 153; observed rate = 64), in Andiparai, it was not (expected rate = 55.5; observed rate = 61). The expected and observed association duration was significantly different in Nelliyampathy (expected duration = 54 min; observed duration = 15 min) and Andiparai (expected duration = 48 min; observed duration = 19 min). In contrast, we detected few differences between observed and expected association frequency for the lion-tailed macaque and the bonnet macaque. Aggressive interactions were common in areas where density of the Nilgiri langur groups was high. This is the first study on Asian primates using the ideal gas approach to show that primates do not form active associations with each other.
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Heymann EW, Hsia SS. Unlike fellows - a review of primate-non-primate associations. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:142-56. [PMID: 24661546 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Throughout many regions of the tropics, non-primate animals - mainly birds and mammals - have been observed to follow primate groups and to exploit dropped food and flushed prey. The anecdotal nature of most of the numerous reports on these primate-non-primate associations (PNPAs) may obscure the biological significance of such associations. We review the existing literature and test predictions concerning the influence of primate traits (body size, activity patterns, dietary strategies, habitat, group size) on the occurrence of PNPAs. Furthermore, we examine the influence of non-primates' dietary strategies on the occurrence of PNPAs, and the distribution of benefits and costs. We detected a strong signal in the geographic distribution of PNPAs, with a larger number of such associations in the Neotropics compared to Africa and Asia. Madagascar lacks PNPAs altogether. Primate body size, activity patterns, habitat and dietary strategies as well as non-primate dietary strategies affect the occurrence of PNPAs, while primate group size did not play a role. Benefits are asymmetrically distributed and mainly accrue to non-primates. They consist of foraging benefits through the consumption of dropped leaves and fruits and flushed prey, and anti-predation benefits through eavesdropping on primate alarm calls and vigilance. Where quantitative information is available, it has been shown that benefits for non-primates can be substantial. The majority of PNPAs can thus be categorized as cases of commensalism, while mutualism is very rare. Our review provides evidence that the ecological function of primates extends beyond their manifold interactions with plants, but may remain underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard W Heymann
- Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Barnett AA, Boyle SA, Norconk MM, Palminteri S, Santos RR, Veiga LM, Alvim THG, Bowler M, Chism J, DI Fiore A, Fernandez-Duque E, Guimarães ACP, Harrison-Levine A, Haugaasen T, Lehman S, Mackinnon KC, DE Melo FR, Moreira LS, Moura VS, Phillips CR, Pinto LP, Port-Carvalho M, Setz EZF, Shaffer C, DA Silva LR, DA Silva SDOSB, Soares RF, Thompson CL, Vieira TM, Vreedzaam A, Walker-Pacheco SE, Spironello WR, Maclarnon A, Ferrari SF. Terrestrial activity in pitheciins (Cacajao, Chiropotes, and Pithecia). Am J Primatol 2012; 74:1106-27. [PMID: 22930419 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical monkeys of the genera Cacajao, Chiropotes, and Pithecia (Pitheciidae) are considered to be highly arboreal, spending most of their time feeding and traveling in the upper canopy. Until now, the use of terrestrial substrates has not been analyzed in detail in this group. Here, we review the frequency of terrestrial use among pitheciin taxa to determine the ecological and social conditions that might lead to such behavior. We collated published and unpublished data from 14 taxa in the three genera. Data were gleaned from 53 published studies (including five on multiple pitheciin genera) and personal communications of unpublished data distributed across 31 localities. Terrestrial activity was reported in 61% of Pithecia field studies (11 of 18), in 34% of Chiropotes studies (10 of 29), and 36% of Cacajao studies (4 of 11). Within Pithecia, terrestrial behavior was more frequently reported in smaller species (e.g. P. pithecia) that are vertical clingers and leapers and make extensive use of the understory than in in the larger bodied canopy dwellers of the western Amazon (e.g. P. irrorata). Terrestrial behavior in Pithecia also occurred more frequently and lasted longer than in Cacajao or Chiropotes. An apparent association was found between flooded habitats and terrestrial activity and there is evidence of the development of a "local pattern" of terrestrial use in some populations. Seasonal fruit availability also may stimulate terrestrial behavior. Individuals also descended to the ground when visiting mineral licks, escaping predators, and responding to accidents such as a dropped infant. Overall, the results of this review emphasize that terrestrial use is rare among the pitheciins in general and is usually associated with the exploitation of specific resources or habitat types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Barnett
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, Roehampton University, London, England.
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