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García de la Chica A, Oklander LI, Kowalewski MM, Fernandez-Duque E. Human and Non-Human Primate Coexistence in Argentina: Conflicts and Solutions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3331. [PMID: 37958086 PMCID: PMC10648367 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There are five different primate species inhabiting widely distinct ecoregions in Argentina. Each of them faces various threats in terms of conservation and conflicts that hamper their ability to coexist with human populations. We present here some of the drivers known to be the causes of conflicts between humans and primates in the southernmost area of distribution of Latin American primates. We focus our synthesis on two of the biggest sources of conflict: the effects of different anthropogenic disturbances, and human misconceptions concerning the role of primates in the ecosystem. In each section, we briefly characterize the conflicts worldwide and then provide specific cases and examples from Argentina. In the last part of the manuscript, we further describe some ongoing national and regional educational, research, and conservation approaches to mitigate those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba García de la Chica
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Owl Monkey Project—Fundación ECO, Formosa 3600, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Luciana I. Oklander
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNAM), Posadas 3300, Argentina
- Neotropical Primate Conservation Argentina, Puerto Iguazú 3370, Argentina
| | - Martin M. Kowalewski
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Neotropical Primate Conservation Argentina, Puerto Iguazú 3370, Argentina
- Estación Biológica Corrientes—Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET-UNNE), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
- Owl Monkey Project—Fundación ECO, Formosa 3600, Argentina
- Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa 3600, Argentina
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Experimental evidence of parasite-induced behavioural alterations modulated by food availability in wild capuchin monkeys. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3083. [PMID: 36813841 PMCID: PMC9947137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In disease dynamics, host behaviour can both determine the quantity of parasites a host is exposed to, and be a consequence of infection. Observational and experimental studies in non-human primates have consistently found that parasitic infections result in less movement and reduced foraging, which was interpreted as an adaptive response of the host to counter infection. Variation in host nutritional condition may add complexity to the infection-behaviour relationship, and its influence may shed light on its significance. To experimentally evaluate how host activity and social relationships are affected by the interaction of parasitism and nutrition, during two years we manipulated food availability by provisioning bananas, and helminth infections by applying antiparasitic drugs, in two groups of wild black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) in Iguazú National Park, Argentina. We collected faecal samples to determine the intensity of helminthic infections, as well as data on behaviour and social proximity. Individuals with unmanipulated helminth burdens foraged less than dewormed individuals only when food provisioning was low. Resting time was increased when capuchins were highly provisioned, but it did not vary according to the antiparasitic treatment. Proximity associations to other group members were not affected by the antiparasitic treatment. This is the first experimental evidence of a modulating effect of food availability on the influence of helminth infection on activity in wild primates. The findings are more consistent with an impact on host behaviour due to the debilitating effect caused by parasites than with an adaptive response to help fight infections.
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Xu Z, MacIntosh AJ, Castellano-Navarro A, Macanás-Martínez E, Suzumura T, Duboscq J. Linking parasitism to network centrality and the impact of sampling bias in its interpretation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14305. [PMID: 36420133 PMCID: PMC9677876 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group living is beneficial for individuals, but also comes with costs. One such cost is the increased possibility of pathogen transmission because increased numbers or frequencies of social contacts are often associated with increased parasite abundance or diversity. The social structure of a group or population is paramount to patterns of infection and transmission. Yet, for various reasons, studies investigating the links between sociality and parasitism in animals, especially in primates, have only accounted for parts of the group (e.g., only adults), which is likely to impact the interpretation of results. Here, we investigated the relationship between social network centrality and an estimate of gastrointestinal helminth infection intensity in a whole group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We then tested the impact of omitting parts of the group on this relationship. We aimed to test: (1) whether social network centrality -in terms of the number of partners (degree), frequency of interactions (strength), and level of social integration (eigenvector) -was linked to parasite infection intensity (estimated by eggs per gram of faeces, EPG); and, (2) to what extent excluding portions of individuals within the group might influence the observed relationship. We conducted social network analysis on data collected from one group of Japanese macaques over three months on Koshima Island, Japan. We then ran a series of knock-out simulations. General linear mixed models showed that, at the whole-group level, network centrality was positively associated with geohelminth infection intensity. However, in partial networks with only adult females, only juveniles, or random subsets of the group, the strength of this relationship - albeit still generally positive - lost statistical significance. Furthermore, knock-out simulations where individuals were removed but network metrics were retained from the original whole-group network showed that these changes are partly a power issue and partly an effect of sampling the incomplete network. Our study indicates that sampling bias can thus hamper our ability to detect real network effects involving social interaction and parasitism. In addition to supporting earlier results linking geohelminth infection to Japanese macaque social networks, this work introduces important methodological considerations for research into the dynamics of social transmission, with implications for infectious disease epidemiology, population management, and health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Xu
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan,Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Andrew J.J. MacIntosh
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan,Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Alba Castellano-Navarro
- Ethology and Animal Welfare Section, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Valencia, Spain,Institute of Biology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Emilio Macanás-Martínez
- Ethology and Animal Welfare Section, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Valencia, Spain,Institute of Biology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | | | - Julie Duboscq
- UMR7206 Eco-Anthropologie, CNRS-MNHN-Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France,Department of Behavioural Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Illia G, Jouliá RB, Citon L, Oklander L, Kowalewski M. Parasites and Other Infectious Agents in Non-human Primates of Argentina. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022; 9:267-277. [PMID: 36406044 PMCID: PMC9649014 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In Argentina, there are five non-human primate (NHP) species: Sapajus nigritus cucullatus, Sapajus cay, Alouatta caraya, Alouatta guariba clamitans, and Aotus azarae. All of them inhabit protected and non-protected areas and face severe threats due anthropization. We aim to summarize the information available about parasites and infectious diseases of these NHPs and suggest further research on primate diseases in Argentina. Recent Findings NHPs of Argentina are hosts of several parasites and pathogens important for conservation as well as public health. Alouatta species are lethally susceptible to yellow fever virus, which makes them suitable health sentinels of possible outbreaks. For other primate species, few parasite surveys have been carried out. Summary Assessing the presence of infectious diseases and long-term surveillance on NHP allow the development of strategies to help in the early detection of pathogens that may threat public health. Increasing the knowledge about parasites and infectious diseases and their consequences in NHP of Argentina is needed, considering a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimena Illia
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas Y Técnicas (IBS-CONICET), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Bay Jouliá
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET), Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Lucila Citon
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET), Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciana Oklander
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas Y Técnicas (IBS-CONICET), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Martin Kowalewski
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET), Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Corrientes, Argentina
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Ozturk KCD, Egas M, Janmaat KRL. Mandrills learn two-day time intervals in a naturalistic foraging situation. Anim Cogn 2021; 24:569-582. [PMID: 33258055 PMCID: PMC8128742 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primates display high efficiency in finding food in complex environments. Knowledge that many plant species produce fruit simultaneously, can help primates to anticipate fruit finding at the start of fruiting seasons. Knowledge of elapsed time can help primates decide when to revisit food trees to find ripened fruit and to return before competitors find these fruits. To investigate whether mandrills are able to learn time intervals of recurring food, we recorded the foraging choices of captive mandrills in a group setting. We used a procedure with renewable food rewards that could be searched for: carrots and grapes, hidden underground in specific places with different renewal intervals (2 and 5 days, respectively). We monitored the first choice of location for individuals, if other individuals had not already searched at the same location, to exclude possible effects of individuals following others rather than relying on memory. Throughout the study, the mandrills became increasingly likely to first search at carrot locations on carrot days, while the probability of them searching at carrot locations decreased on days without carrot. Due to model instability, our results were inconclusive about an effect of grape days on the choice of the mandrills. Cues provided by conspecifics indicating the availability of simultaneously emerging food rewards did not affect the choice of the mandrills. We conclude that mandrills can take into account elapsed time in a foraging context. Thereby, this study indicates how mandrills can use temporal cognitive abilities to overcome temporal challenges of food-finding in a group setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavel C D Ozturk
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn Egas
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karline R L Janmaat
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Leiden University, Pieter de la Court, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
- ARTIS Amsterdam Royal Zoo, Plantage Kerklaan 38-40, 1018 CZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Larbi JA, Akyeampong S, Addo SO, Dakwa KB, Boampong K, Opoku-Nketiah B. Distribution of intestinal parasites of baboons (Papio anubis) and warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) at the Mole National Park, Ghana. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:251-255. [PMID: 32772510 PMCID: PMC7840207 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of intestinal parasite of baboons (Papio anubis) and warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) was undertaken at the Mole National Park, Ghana. The main objective of the study was to determine the types and prevalence of intestinal parasites in baboons and warthogs in the Mole National Park. A total of nineteen (19) and twenty‐three (23) samples were collected from the baboons and warthogs, respectively, and examined using the direct saline smear and formol‐ether concentration technique for the identification of cysts, eggs and larvae of parasites. The survey showed that 94.74% of the baboon samples examined was infected with at least one parasite, whereas that of the warthogs showed 95.65% prevalence. A total of seven (7) and eight (8) different parasites were identified in baboon and warthog faecal samples, respectively. Strongyloides sp. had the highest prevalence in baboons (84.21%) and warthogs (78.26%). The second prevalent parasite identified was Ascaris sp. in the baboons (31.58%) and warthogs (30.43%). The results showed a high level of multiparasitism in these wild animals and an increased risk of zoonotic transmission which may result from interaction with inhabitants of the park community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Akyeampong
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Seth Offei Addo
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwaku Brako Dakwa
- Department of Conservation, Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Boampong
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bright Opoku-Nketiah
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Morrow KS, Glanz H, Ngakan PO, Riley EP. Interactions with humans are jointly influenced by life history stage and social network factors and reduce group cohesion in moor macaques (Macaca maura). Sci Rep 2019; 9:20162. [PMID: 31882849 PMCID: PMC6934674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-wildlife encounters are becoming increasingly frequent across the globe, often leading people to interact with and feed wild animals and impacting animal behaviour and ecology. Although the nature of human-wildlife interactions has been well documented across a number of species, we still have limited understanding as to why some individual animals interact more frequently with humans than others. Additionally, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how these interactions influence animal social networks. Using behavioural data from a group of moor macaque monkeys (Macaca maura), we used permutation-based linear regression analyses to understand how life history and social network factors jointly explain interindividual variation in tendency to interact with humans along a provincial road in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. As our study group spent only a portion of their time in proximity to humans, we also examined how social network structure changes in response to human presence by comparing social networks in the forest to those along the road. We found that sex, individual network position, and associate network position interact in complex ways to influence individual behaviour. Individual variation in tendency to be along the road caused social networks to become less cohesive when in proximity to humans. This study demonstrates that nuanced intragroup analyses are necessary to fully understand and address conservation issues relating to human-wildlife interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Morrow
- San Diego State University, Department of Anthropology, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
- University of Georgia, Department of Anthropology and Integrative Conservation, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Hunter Glanz
- California Polytechnic State University, Statistics Department, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Putu Oka Ngakan
- Universitas Hasanuddin, Faculty of Forestry, Makassar, Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Erin P Riley
- San Diego State University, Department of Anthropology, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
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Editorial: Social networks analyses in primates, a multilevel perspective. Primates 2019; 60:163-165. [PMID: 30900040 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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