1
|
Jurič A, Tariba Lovaković B, Lazarus M, Petrinec B, Širić I, Brčić Karačonji I. Development of a solid phase microextraction method for the determination of nicotine in dried mushrooms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4980-4986. [PMID: 37727143 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Official control of EU market foodstuffs repeatedly reports high nicotine levels in dried wild mushrooms without any clear scientific consensus about their origin. The advised constant monitoring calls for improvements to existing methods. For this purpose, our aim was to develop a headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) that would eliminate the need for extensive sample pre-treatment. The type of fiber coating, amount of sample, extraction temperature and time, desorption time and salt addition were investigated and optimized as parameters affecting the SPME procedure. The optimized conditions were used to validate a quantitative method for nicotine analysis by matrix-matched calibration and isotopically labelled internal standard correction. The method provided good linearity (r2 = 0.9994) over the tested concentration range (0.025-1 mg kg-1), low detection limit (0.005 mg kg-1) and low quantification limit (0.017 mg kg-1) for nicotine, being below the EU foodstuff regulations. For both of the tested concentration levels (0.050 and 0.200 mg kg-1), precision expressed as relative standard deviation was below 10% (4.5% and 8.5%, respectively), while accuracy was 98.2% and 100.3%. The optimized method was then used to determine nicotine levels in 18 samples of dried Boletus mushrooms from southeastern European countries entering the EU market. We demonstrated our HS-SPME procedure to be fast, simple, sensitive, solvent-free, cost-effective and thus suitable for controlling consumer safety regarding nicotine level in dried mushrooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Jurič
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Blanka Tariba Lovaković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Lazarus
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Branko Petrinec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Širić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Irena Brčić Karačonji
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Health Studies, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Van Elst D, Van Pamel E, Sedeyn P, Van Poucke C, Pyck N, Daeseleire E. Nicotine in the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus, endogenous biosynthesis? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37326451 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2223695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In early 2009 nicotine was unexpectedly detected in dried mushroom samples. As its origin has not yet been elucidated, this study addressed possible endogenous synthesis of nicotine. Therefore, Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies were grown in a representative and controlled (nicotine-free) setup. Fruiting bodies (fresh versus stored, intact versus processed (sliced/cooked)) from different harvest days and flushes were analysed with a validated, sensitive dilute-and-shoot UHPLC-MS/MS methodology for nicotine and its precursors putrescine and nicotinic acid. Neither storage nor processing initiated any endogenous nicotine biosynthesis (detection limit 1.6 ng g-1 fresh weight). In contrast, putrescine and nicotinic acid were detected in all samples, with increasing amounts in the different treatments. In silico analysis of the fully sequenced genome of A. bisporus confirmed its inability to produce nicotine. The data obtained do not provide evidence for natural, endogenous presence of nicotine in mushrooms, indicating an exogenous contamination source (e.g. contamination during hand-picking, sample preparation/analysis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daan Van Elst
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Van Pamel
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Christof Van Poucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Nancy Pyck
- Inagro, Edible Mushrooms, Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang HH, Yun CI, Moon JY, Lee JG, Kim YJ. Validation and measurement uncertainty of GC-MS quantification method for nicotine in dried mushrooms using QuEChERS extraction. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1687-1694. [PMID: 32790494 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1800827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is an alkaloid and a secondary plant metabolite that has been used as an insecticide. Despite their widespread application, the EU banned the use of nicotine-containing pesticides in December 2008. However, studies in Europe have found nicotine in mushrooms. Nicotine has also been detected in wild mushrooms, so there are other causes of contamination as well as pesticide. This study reports the development of GC-MS method for quantitatively analysing nicotine in mushrooms. This method provides recoveries of 89.5-92.5%, intra-day precisions of 0.32-0.85%, and inter-day precisions of 0.73-2.36%, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.38 and 1.15 μg kg-1, respectively. The relative expanded uncertainty result of 2.8-4.0% complies with CODEX requirements. The method was successfully applied to eleven mushroom samples in which nicotine was detected at levels of 0.033-1.713 mg kg-1. Therefore, this method is suitable for the quantification of nicotine in dried mushrooms to ensure pre-emptive food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology , Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong-In Yun
- Lab of Nanobio, Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Division of Safety Analysis, Experiment & Research Institute National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service , Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Joon-Goo Lee
- Food Standard Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology , Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Determination of Pesticides Adsorbed on Arthropods and Gastropods by a Micro-QuEChERS Approach and GC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
March JG, Cerdà V. A novel procedure for phase separation in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of the aqueous phase. Talanta 2016; 156-157:204-208. [PMID: 27260454 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an alternative for handling the organic phase after a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using organic solvents lighter than water is presented. It is based on solidification (at -18°C) of the aqueous phase obtained after centrifugation, and the decantation, collection and analysis of the liquid organic layer. The extraction of nicotine in toluene, and its determination in eggplant samples was conducted as a proof of concept. The study has been carried out using standards prepared in water and the formation of the dispersion was assisted by sonication. The organic extract was analysed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Satisfactory analytical figures of merit as: limit of detection (0.4µgL(-1), 2ngg(-1) wet sample), limit of quantification (1.2µgL(-1), 6.5ngg(-1) wet sample), within-day precision (RSD=7%), and linearity interval (up to 384µgL(-1) nicotine) were achieved. It constituted a contribution to the handling of organic extracts after microextraction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G March
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - V Cerdà
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thräne C, Isemer C, Engelhardt UH. Determination of nicotine in tea (Camellia sinensis) by LC–ESI–MS/MS using a modified QuEChERS method. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
7
|
Mahpishanian S, Sereshti H. Graphene oxide-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for separation and preconcentration of nicotine from biological and environmental water samples followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Talanta 2014; 130:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
8
|
Müller C, Vetter F, Richter E, Bracher F. Determination of Caffeine, Myosmine, and Nicotine in Chocolate by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Food Sci 2014; 79:T251-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller
- Dept. of Pharmacy; Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians Univ; Butenandtstr 5-13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Florian Vetter
- Dept. of Pharmacy; Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians Univ; Butenandtstr 5-13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Elmar Richter
- Dept. of Toxicology; Walther Straub Inst; Ludwig-Maximilians Univ; Nussbaumstr 26 D-80336 Munich Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Dept. of Pharmacy; Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians Univ; Butenandtstr 5-13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu X, Xu J, Liu X, Dong F, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zheng Y. Determination of Herbicide Propisochlor in Soil, Water and Rice by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) Method Using by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.3.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Kalač P. A review of chemical composition and nutritional value of wild-growing and cultivated mushrooms. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:209-18. [PMID: 23172575 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fruit bodies of about 200 mushroom species are consumed throughout the world, preferably as a delicacy. Knowledge of their chemical composition, nutritional value and health-promoting effects has expanded dynamically during the last few years. Dry matter (DM) is low: commonly about 100 g kg⁻¹ . The usual contents of protein, lipids and ash are 200-250, 20-30 and 80-120 g kg⁻¹ DM, respectively. Various carbohydrates form the remaining DM. Nevertheless, great variations occur both among and within species. Energy is low, usually 350-400 kcal kg⁻¹ of fresh fruit bodies. The nutritional contribution of mushroom protein derived from earlier data seems to be overestimated. Fat content is low with markedly prevailing in linoleic acid and oleic acid, while the proportion of n-3 fatty acids is nutritionally marginal. The main carbohydrates are chitin, glycogen, trehalose and mannitol. Information on fibre content and composition is limited. Health-promoting β-glucans are an auspicious group of polysaccharides. High potassium content is characteristic of mushrooms. Several species can accumulate very high levels of both detrimental trace elements, particularly cadmium and mercury, and radiocaesium isotopes if growing on heavily polluted substrates. Mushrooms seem to be a considerable source of ergosterol, provitamin D₂, and phenolids with antioxidative properties. Hundreds of flavour constituents have been identified, particularly with eight-carbon aliphatic chains. Data on changes of mushroom components under various preservation conditions and culinary treatments have been fragmentary. Even more limited is knowledge of nutrient bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kalač
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|