1
|
Viljanto M, Hincks P, Hillyer L, Cawley A, Suann C, Noble G, Walker CJ, Parkin MC, Kicman AT, Scarth J. Monitoring dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the urine of Thoroughbred geldings for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1518-1527. [PMID: 29797687 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of testosterone and its pro-drugs, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is currently regulated in horseracing by the application of international testosterone thresholds. However, additional steroidomic approaches, such as steroid ratios, to distinguish overall adrenal stimulation from drug administrations and an equine biological passport for longitudinal steroid profiling of individual animals could be advantageous in equine doping testing. Thus, DHEA concentrations and related ratios (testosterone [T] to DHEA and DHEA to epitestosterone [E]) were assessed in the reference population by quantitative analysis of 200 post-race gelding urine samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. DHEA concentrations ranged between 0.9 and 136.6 ng/mL (mean 12.8 ng/mL), T:DHEA ratios between 0.06 and 1.85 (mean 0.43), and DHEA:E ratios between 0.21 and 13.56 (mean 2.20). Based on the reference population statistical upper limits of 5.4 for T:DHEA ratio and 48.1 for DHEA:E ratio are proposed with a risk of 1 in 10 000 for a normal outlier exceeding the value. Analysis of post-administration urine samples collected following administrations of DHEA, Equi-Bolic® (a mix of DHEA and pregnenolone) and testosterone propionate to geldings showed that the upper limit for T:DHEA ratio was exceeded following testosterone propionate administration and DHEA:E ratio following DHEA administrations and thus these ratios could be used as additional biomarkers when determining the cause of an atypical testosterone concentration. Additionally, DHEA concentrations and ratios can be used as a starting point to establish reference ranges for an equine biological passport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Viljanto
- LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.,Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Lynn Hillyer
- The Turf Club, The Curragh, Kildare, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | | | | | - Glenys Noble
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J Walker
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London, UK
| | - Mark C Parkin
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London, UK
| | - Andrew T Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Viljanto M, Scarth J, Hincks P, Hillyer L, Cawley A, Suann C, Noble G, Walker CJ, Kicman AT, Parkin MC. Application of testosterone to epitestosterone ratio to horse urine - a complementary approach to detect the administrations of testosterone and its pro-drugs in Thoroughbred geldings. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1328-1336. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Viljanto
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - James Scarth
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
| | - Pamela Hincks
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
| | - Lynn Hillyer
- British Horseracing Authority; 75 High Holborn London WC1V 6LS UK
| | - Adam Cawley
- Racing NSW; Level 11, 51 Druitt Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Craig Suann
- Racing NSW; Level 11, 51 Druitt Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Glenys Noble
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Locked Bag 588 Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Walker
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Mark C. Parkin
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu X, Gao F, Zhang W, Ni J. Metabolism study of boldenone in human urine by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:570-5. [PMID: 26319750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone (BOLD), an anabolic steroid, is likely to be abused in livestock breeding and in sports. Although some of BOLD metabolites in human urine, such as 5β-adrost-1-en-17β-ol-3-one (BM1), have been detected, investigations on their excretion patterns for both genders are insufficient. Moreover, little research on 17α-BOLD glucuronide as a metabolite in human urine has been reported. The aim of this study is to make a contribution to the knowledge of 17β-BOLD metabolism in humans. Three male and three female volunteers were orally administrated with 30mg 17β-BOLD. Urine samples were collected and analyzed with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The data proved that 17β-BOLD, BM1, and 17α-BOLD were excreted in urine in both free and glucuronic conjugated forms after administration of 17β-BOLD. For most subjects, the urinary concentrations of BM1 were higher than that of 17β-BOLD. 17α-BOLD was excreted in small amounts. 17α-BOLD, 17β-BOLD, and BM1 were present naturally in urine with low concentrations. Administration of 30mg 17β-BOLD could not influence the excretion profiles of urinary androsterone, etiocholanolone, and testosterone/epitestosterone ratio. There were no differences in BOLD metabolic patterns between man and woman.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Wu
- Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scarth JP, Kay J, Teale P, Akre C, Le Bizec B, De Brabander HF, Vanhaecke L, Van Ginkel L, Points J. A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4 Suppl 1:40-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Scarth
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - J. Kay
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate; Addlestone; Surrey; UK
| | - P. Teale
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - C. Akre
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Saskatoon; Canada
| | | | | | - L. Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | | | - J. Points
- Veterinary Drugs Group, LGC; Teddington; Middlesex; UK
| |
Collapse
|