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de Lima LF, de Araujo WR. A highly efficient and portable laser-scribed graphene-based electrochemical system for forensic-oriented determination of acepromazine. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4467-4476. [PMID: 37644817 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00815k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Acepromazine (ACP) is a phenothiazine derivative drug commonly used as a tranquilizer veterinary medication due to its sedative properties. Benefiting from sedative properties, ACP has emerged as a drug of abuse and has been associated with drug-facilitated sexual assaults. Herein, we report, for the first time, the electrochemical behavior of ACP using a miniaturized and environmentally friendly laser-scribed graphene-based (LSG) sensor fabricated on a polyetherimide (PEI) substrate. The LSG device presented high porosity, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of the PEI-LSG electrode confirmed the enhanced electroactive area (3.1-fold increase) caused by the rough surface and revealed a low charge transfer resistance of the electrode material, with a heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0) of 8.66 × 10-3 cm s-1 for potassium ferricyanide redox probe. A simple and accurate method was applied to quantify ACP by using square wave voltammetry (SWV) under optimized experimental conditions, which exhibited high sensitivity (0.686 ± 0.008 A L mol-1 cm-2) and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 7.43 × 10-8 mol L-1, with a linear concentration ranging from 0.5 to 100 μmol L-1 ACP. Aiming for on-site analysis, the PEI-LSG sensor was integrated with a miniaturized potentiostat controlled by using a smartphone and applied as proof of applicability to ACP detection in commercial beverage and synthetic urine samples. These studies demonstrated adequate recoveries, ranging from 95.1% to 115.8%. The analytical parameters highlight the robustness and reliability of the proposed method for analyses of ACP directly at a potential crime scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F de Lima
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - William R de Araujo
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Joo YS, Lee HJ, Choi JS, Sung KW. Acepromazine inhibits hERG potassium ion channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:75-82. [PMID: 28066143 PMCID: PMC5214913 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acepromazine on human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels were investigated using whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells transfected with hERG. The hERG currents were recorded with or without acepromazine, and the steady-state and peak tail currents were analyzed for the evaluating the drug effects. Acepromazine inhibited the hERG currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 1.5 µM and Hill coefficient of 1.1. Acepromazine blocked hERG currents in a voltage-dependent manner between –40 and +10 mV. Before and after application of acepromazine, the half activation potentials of hERG currents changed to hyperpolarizing direction. Acepromazine blocked both the steady-state hERG currents by depolarizing pulse and the peak tail currents by repolarizing pulse; however, the extent of blocking by acepromazine in the repolarizing pulse was more profound than that in the depolarizing pulse, indicating that acepromazine has a high affinity for the open state of the channels, with a relatively lower affinity for the closed state of hERG channels. A fast application of acepromazine during the tail currents inhibited the open state of hERG channels in a concentration-dependent. The steady-state inactivation of hERG currents shifted to the hyperpolarized direction by acepromazine. These results suggest that acepromazine inhibits the hERG channels probably by an open- and inactivated-channel blocking mechanism. Regarding to the fact that the hERG channels are the potential target of drug-induced long QT syndrome, our results suggest that acepromazine can possibly induce a cardiac arrhythmia through the inhibition of hERG channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Joo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hong Joon Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Korea
| | - Ki-Wug Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Choi JH, Lamshöft M, Zühlke S, Abd El-Aty AM, Rahman MM, Kim SW, Shim JH, Spiteller M. Analyses and decreasing patterns of veterinary antianxiety medications in soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 275:154-165. [PMID: 24857899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was developed to detect 16 antianxiety medications in soil samples using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The determination method resulted in satisfactory sensitivity, linearity, recovery, repeatability, and within-laboratory reproducibility. Acepromazine, azaperone, and xylazine were incubated in control, amended, and sterilized soils. The amendment with powdered blood meal affected the relatively fast dissipations of acepromazine, azaperone, and xylazine in the soils. Dissipation kinetics of acepromazine were consistent with bi-phasic kinetics (first-order multi compartment) and the other couples were fit to single first-order kinetics. A hydroxylated acepromazine was identified from soil samples using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. According to sorption batch experiments, the adsorption of acepromazine and azaperone was greatly high, whereas that of xylazine was relatively low. Xylazine was persistent in the incubated soils, and acepromazine demonstrated fast initial dissipation; hence, xylazine could have a potential harmful effect on the environment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the dissipation and adsorption-desorption patters of animal pharmaceutical tranquilizers and α, β-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Heui Choi
- Institute of Environmental Research of the Faculty of Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 500-757 Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Marc Lamshöft
- Institute of Environmental Research of the Faculty of Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zühlke
- Institute of Environmental Research of the Faculty of Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 500-757 Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Md Musfiqur Rahman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 500-757 Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 500-757 Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 500-757 Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research of the Faculty of Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Choi JH, Lamshöft M, Zühlke S, Park JH, Rahman MM, El-Aty AMA, Spiteller M, Shim JH. Determination of anxiolytic veterinary drugs from biological fertilizer blood meal using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:751-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Heui Choi
- Institute of Environmental Research of the Faculty of Chemistry; Dortmund University of Technology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu 500-757 Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Marc Lamshöft
- Institute of Environmental Research of the Faculty of Chemistry; Dortmund University of Technology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Sebastian Zühlke
- Institute of Environmental Research of the Faculty of Chemistry; Dortmund University of Technology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Jong-Hyouk Park
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu 500-757 Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Musfiqur Rahman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu 500-757 Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu 500-757 Gwangju Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; 12211 Giza Egypt
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research of the Faculty of Chemistry; Dortmund University of Technology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu 500-757 Gwangju Republic of Korea
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