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Ahmed MA, Ghiasvand A, Quirino JP. Dynamic in situ growth of bonded-phase silica nanospheres on silica capillary inner walls for open-tubular liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4923-4934. [PMID: 37351669 PMCID: PMC10386930 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanospheres (SNS) were grown on the inner walls of silica capillaries through a dynamic in situ nucleation process to prepare a highly porous and large accessible surface area substrate. The SNS were then functionalized with octadecyl (C18), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and amino groups to develop robust and efficient chromatographic stationary phases. The modified silica capillaries were exploited for open-tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) applications. The prepared stationary phases were compared to conventional capillaries in terms of separation performance. The synthesis process was optimized, and the bonded-phase stationary phases were characterized by the electron microscopy technique. The effects of different solvents, additives, and functional groups on the geometry and chromatographic resolving power of the SNS were envisaged. The capillaries modified with octadecyl groups were evaluated for the separation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenones, alkenylbenzenes, and enantiomers of chlorophenoxy herbicides. As an application instance, an SNS-C18-coated capillary was utilized for the separation of alkenylbenzenes from clove extract and protein digest medium, through OT-LC and OT-CEC techniques, respectively. The β-CD functionalized capillary was applied for the OT-CEC separation of a dichlorprop racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adel Ahmed
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
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2
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Zhou W, Yu X, Liu Y, Sun W, Chen Z. Porous layer open-tubular column with styrene and itaconic acid-copolymerized polymer as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2664-2671. [PMID: 34499755 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the specific surface area of stationary phase is important in chromatographic science, especially in open-tubular column in which the coating only exists on the inner surface. In this work, a porous layer open-tubular (PLOT) column with stationary phase of styrene and itaconic acid-copolymerized polymer was developed. Thermal-initiated polymerization method with strategies like controlling the ratio of reaction reagents to solvents and reaction time, confinement by the narrow inner diameter of capillary were used for preparing the stationary phase with uniform structure and relatively thick layer. Due to the high separation efficiency and capacity, the PLOT column was used for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) separation of multiple groups of analytes like alkylbenzenes, phenyl amines, phenols, vanillins, and sulfonamides with theoretical plates (N) up to 1,54,845 N/m. In addition, due to high permeability of the CEC column and large electroosmotic flow mobility generated by abundant carboxyl groups in the coating material, the PLOT-CEC column was successfully coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) through a sheath flow interface. The developed PLOT-CEC-MS method was used for the analysis of antiseptics like parabens and herbicides like pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministryof Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministryof Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministryof Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministryof Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministryof Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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3
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Sun G, Tang W, Lu Y, Row KH. Growth of two-layer copolymer as the stationary phase with very high separation efficiency for separating peptides in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2087-2093. [PMID: 34411326 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Open tubular CEC (OT-CEC) column with a very high separation efficiency was prepared for peptides separation. A pretreated silica-fused capillary was reacted with 3-(methacryloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane followed by vinylbenzyl chloride and divinylbenzene to produce first thin monolithic monolayer. The second copolymer layer was formed on thin monolithic monolayer of the capillary by reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization of N-phenylacrylamide and styrene. The key parameters including buffer pH value and organic modifier were systematically evaluated to provide the optimal chromatographic condition. The resultant OT-CEC columns were validated by separating a synthetic mixture of peptides and cytochrome C tryptic digest in capillary electrochromatography. The number of theoretical plates as high as 2.4 million per column was achieved for synthetic mixture peptides. In addition, the fabricated OT-CEC column also resolved more than 18 high-efficiency digestion peptides from a mixture containing tryptic digest of cytochrome C. The column to column and inter- to intraday repeatabilities of OT-CEC column through RSD% were found better than 3.0%, exhibiting satisfactory stability and repeatability of the two-layer deposited OT-CEC column. The results reveal that the open tubular capillary column modified with two-layer copolymer shows the great prospect for the separation of proteins in capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genlin Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Weiyang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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4
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Tang S, Duan Y, Chang F, Jiang W, Zhang F, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu C, Chen Y. The fabrication of carboxylic acid-functionalized porous layer open tube column and its application in hydrophilic interaction chromatography for small polar molecules. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1848864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Tang
- YunnanKey Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Research and Development of Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yuanxing Duan
- YunnanKey Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Research and Development of Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Feng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- YunnanKey Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Research and Development of Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- YunnanKey Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Research and Development of Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- YunnanKey Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Research and Development of Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- YunnanKey Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Research and Development of Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Chunbo Liu
- YunnanKey Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Research and Development of Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yingzhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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5
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Zajickova Z, Špánik I. Applications of monolithic columns in gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:999-1011. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Physical Sciences; Barry University; Miami Shores FL USA
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
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6
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Study of peak capacities generated by a porous layered radially elongated pillar array column coupled to a nano-LC system. Analyst 2019; 144:1809-1817. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a porous-layered radially elongated pillar (PLREP) array column in a commercial nano-LC system was examined by performing separation of alkylphenones and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Futagami
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Division of Metabolomics
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Materials and Chemistry
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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Lam SC, Sanz Rodriguez E, Haddad PR, Paull B. Recent advances in open tubular capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2019; 144:3464-3482. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances and applications of open tubular capillary liquid chromatography (OT-LC) over the period 2007–2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Chung Lam
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Estrella Sanz Rodriguez
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Brett Paull
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
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8
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In Situ Measurement of Polymer Layer Thickness in Porous Layer Open Tubular (PLOT) Columns Using Optical Absorbance in the Near-IR Range. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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9
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Hara T, Futagami S, Eeltink S, De Malsche W, Baron GV, Desmet G. Very High Efficiency Porous Silica Layer Open-Tubular Capillary Columns Produced via in-Column Sol-Gel Processing. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10158-10166. [PMID: 27642813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that 5 μm i.d. capillaries can be coated with mesoporous silica layers up to 550 nm thickness. All the columns produced using in-column sol-gel synthesis with tetramethoxysilane provide plate height curves that closely follow the Golay-Aris theory. In 60 cm long columns, efficiencies as high as N = 150 000 and N = 120 000 were obtained, respectively, for a 300 and 550 nm thick porous layer. An excellent retention and plate height reproducibility was obtained when the recipes were subsequently applied to produce very long (1.9 and 2.5 m) capillaries. These columns produced efficiencies up to N = 600 000 plates for a retained and around N = 1 000 000 plates for an unretained component. Given the good reproducibility on the long capillaries, and considering that mesoporous silica is still the preferred support for LC, it is believed the present study could spur a renewed interest in open-tubular LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shunta Futagami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gino V Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Wall modified photonic crystal fibre capillaries as porous layer open tubular columns for in-capillary micro-extraction and capillary chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 905:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Fu Y, Gibson GT, McGregor C, Oleschuk RD. Fabrication of a polymer nozzle array in a microstructured fibre as a nanoelectrospray emitter for mass spectrometry. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a modified silica microstructured fibre (MSF) as a multiple electrospray (MES) emitter, with dimensional compatibility with conventional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry equipment, to generate stable electrospray from a wide range of applied potentials and flow rates. An array of polymer nozzles is fabricated in the MSF by a procedure involving templated polymerization of microtubes and wet chemical etching of the silica at the tip. The structure of the emitting end of the MSF was optimized with respect to the etching process, and the morphology of the polymer nozzles was optimized with respect to polymerization conditions. The mechanisms of the etching and of the templated polymerization of the microtubes were explored. Optimization experiments were performed using commercially available MSF having 126 tubular air channels arranged in a hexagonal pattern with channel diameter of ∼5.6 μm. However, the flexibility and versatility in the pattern, shape, and size of channels in MSFs allowed a custom-designed MSF to be fabricated and tested for MES. In the new design, six channels were evenly spaced in a radial pattern, and when polymer nozzles were made, six stable electrosprays were observed over a wide range of electrospray conditions. Using these MES emitters, the spray current is enhanced by a factor related to the number of nozzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Graham T.T. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christine McGregor
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard D. Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Bachus KJ, Langille KJ, Fu Y, Gibson GT, Oleschuk RD. Controlling the morphology of (concentric) microtubes formed by in situ free radical polymerization. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Nesterenko EP, Burke M, de Bosset C, Pessutto P, Malafosse C, Collins DA. Monolithic porous layer open tubular (monoPLOT) capillary columns for gas chromatography. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13498b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer monolithic open tubular columns are presented as a solid adsorbent for fast and efficient gas phase separations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurice Burke
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Glasnevin
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Christophe de Bosset
- École Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques
- 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4
- France
| | - Paulo Pessutto
- École Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques
- 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4
- France
| | - Claire Malafosse
- École Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques
- 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4
- France
| | - David A. Collins
- Irish Separation Science Cluster
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
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Collins DA, Nesterenko EP, Paull B. Infrared photo-initiated fabrication of monolithic porous layer open tubular (monoPLOT) capillary columns for chromatographic applications. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03792h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation into the development of a fabrication approach for capillary porous layer open tubular (PLOT) chromatographic columns via infrared (IR) photo-initiated polymerisation and the optimisation of the technique is presented in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Collins
- Irish Separation Science Cluster
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart, Australia
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Collins DA, Nesterenko EP, Paull B. Porous layer open tubular columns in capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2014; 139:1292-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01869e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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