Stability-Indicating UPLC Method for the Determination of Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide: Application to Dosage Forms and Biological Sample

Chromatographic Techniques for Assessment of Bisoprolol Fumarate and Perindopril Arginine in Solid Formulations under Various Stress Conditions and Application to Six Sigma, Content Uniformity, and Comparative Dissolution Approaches

BACKGROUND

Antihypertensives bisoprolol fumarate (BIS) and perindopril arginine (PER) were simultaneously determined in their pure, bulk, and combined tablet dosage form.

OBJECTIVE

This study develops a novel, reproducible, and accurate Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and Reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) with photodiode array detection techniques, which were then applied to in vitro dissolution studies.

METHODS

The first RP-HPLC method relied on isocratic elution using a mobile phase of methanol-0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 2.6 (1 + 1, by volume), and separation was performed using a Thermo Hypersil C8 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). Ion-pair UPLC was the second method. An acceptable resolution was achieved using an RP-C18 chromatographic column, Agilent Eclipse (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), with a mobile phase containing 0.005 M sodium 1-heptane sulfonate-triethylamine (64 + 1 + 35, by volume), adjusted with phosphoric acid to a pH of 2.0. RP-HPLC used a 1.0 mL/min flow rate, while UPLC used 0.5 mL/min, and the two methods used detection at 210 nm.

RESULTS

Calibration curves of BIS and PER were linear for RP-HPLC and RP-UPLC methods at 0.5-15 and 0.5-40 μg/mL, respectively. BIS and PER had RP-UPLC LODs of 0.22 and 0.10 μg/mL, respectively, and LOQs of 0.68 and 0.31 μg/mL, respectively. As a result, the approach has been effectively applied to in vitro dissolution testing for drugs in generic and reference products, showing that the two products are comparable. The Six Sigma approach was implemented to compare the recommended and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) procedures, which both exhibited process capability index (Cpk) >1.33. A content uniformity test demonstrated that the drugs in their dosage form met the acceptance limit (85-115%). The degradation products were reliably distinguished from pure drugs for a range of retention times.

CONCLUSION

In their commercial drug product, the proposed method could be used in QC laboratories for concurrent testing, content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution investigations of BIS and PER. The methods were successfully validated per International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study is innovative since it is the first to establish and validate specific and reproducible UPLC and HPLC methods for the concurrent quantitation of the studied drugs in their binary mixture and application to lean Six Sigma, content uniformity, and comparative dissolution approaches.

UPLC Technique in Pharmacy—An Important Tool of the Modern Analyst

In recent years, ultra-efficient liquid chromatography (UPLC) has gained particular popularity due to the possibility of faster separation of small molecules. This technique, used to separate the ingredients present in multi-component mixtures, has found application in many fields, such as chemistry, pharmacy, food, and biochemistry. It is an important tool in both research and production. UPLC created new possibilities for analytical separation without reducing the quality of the obtained results. This technique is therefore a milestone in liquid chromatography. Thanks to the increased resolution, new analytical procedures, in many cases, based on existing methods, are being developed, eliminating the need for re-analysis. Researchers are trying to modify and transfer the analytical conditions from the commonly used HPLC method to UPLC. This topic may be of strategic importance in the analysis of medicinal substances. The information contained in this manuscript indicates the importance of the UPLC technique in drug analysis. The information gathered highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate drug control tools. We focused on drugs commonly used in medicine that belong to various pharmacological groups. Rational prescribing based on clinical pharmacology is essential if the right drug is to be administered to the right patient at the right time. The presented data is to assist the analyst in the field of broadly understood quality control, which is very important, especially for human health and treatment. This manuscript shows that the UPLC technique is now an increasingly used tool for assessing the quality of drugs and determining the identity and content of active substances. It also allows the monitoring of active substances and finished products during their processing and storage.

Simultaneous Determination of Alogliptin, Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, and Sitagliptin in Bulk Drug and Formulation by UPLC Q-TOF-MS

Background:

A simple and sensitive Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method was developed and validated to measure the concentrations of Alogliptin (ALO), Linagliptin (LIN), Saxagliptin (SAX), and Sitagliptin (SIT) using Pioglitazone (PIO) as an internal standard.

Methods:

Chromatographic separation of six gliptins was achieved on a C-18 column (100×2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of formic acid in water, 0.1%v/v: acetonitrile in gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was operated in the positive ion mode. Targeted MS/MS mode on a QTOF MS was used to quantify the drug utilizing the transitions of 340.1(m/z), 473.2 (m/z), 316.2 (m/z), 408.1 (m/z), and 357.1 (m/z) for ALO, LIN, SAX, SIT and PIO respectively.

Results:

As per ICH Q2R1 guidelines, a detailed validation of the method was carried out and the standard curves were found to be linear over the concentration ranges of 1516.0-4548.1 ng mL-1, 519.8- 1559.4 ng mL-1, 1531.4-4594.3 ng mL-1and 1519.6-4558.8 ng mL-1 for ALO, LIN, SAX and SIT respectively. Precision and accuracy results were within the acceptable limits. The mean recovery was found to be 98.8 _ 0.76 % (GEM), 102.2 _ 1.59 % (LIN), 95.3 _ 2.74 % (SAX) and 99.2 _ 1.75 % (SIT) respectively.

Conclusions:

The optimized validated UPLC QTOF-MS/MS method offered the advantage of shorter analytical times and higher sensitivity and selectivity. The optimized method is suitable for application in quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms for QC laboratory.

Development and Validation of a Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Gemigliptin and Teneligliptin in Bulk and Dosage Forms by Using Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry

Background:

A simple and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to measure the concentrations of gemigliptin (GEM) and teneligliptin (TEN) using pioglitazone (PIO) as an internal standard.

Methods:

Chromatographic separation of two gliptins was achieved on a C-18 (100 mm X 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) column using a mobile phase consisting of formic acid in water (0.1 % v/ v): acetonitrile in gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was operated in positive mode (ionization). Targeted MS-MS mode on a quadrupole time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer was used to quantify the drugs utilizing the mass transitions of 490.1 (m/z), 427.2 (m/z) and 357.1 (m/z) for GEM, TEN and PIO, respectively.

Results:

As per ICH Q2R1 guidelines, a detailed validation of the method was carried out and the standard curves were found to be linear between the concentration ranges of 509.8-1529.4 ng mL-1 and 510.6-1531.7 ng mL-1 for GEM and TEN, respectively. Precision and accuracy results were found to be within the acceptable limits. The mean recovery was found to be 98.8± 0.76 % (GEM) and 98.6 ±0.98 % (TEN), respectively.

Conclusions:

The optimized validated UPLC-QTOF (MS-MS) method offered the advantage of shorter analytical times and higher sensitivity and selectivity to the nanogram level.

Bisoprolol: A comprehensive profile

The present study describes a comprehensive profile of Bisoprolol including detailed nomenclature; formulae, elemental analysis, appearance, its uses, applications, and methods for the preparation are outlined. The profile contains physicochemical properties of Bisoprolol including pKa value, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction, and methods of analysis (including compendial, electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis). The study also covers thermal analysis such as differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry of Bisoprolol. Which gives a brief idea of melting point, glass transition as well as differentiation between anhydrous and hydrated forms. In addition to these functional groups and structural confirmation of bisoprolol also presented with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. The mass fragmentation pattern of bisoprolol fumarate was reported using the electrospray ionization technique. Some recently reported methods for pharmacokinetic analysis of bisoprolol using high-performance liquid chromatography as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were also included in the study.

Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC and CE Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Bisoprolol and Perindopril in Pharmaceutical Formulation: A Comparative Study

Two fast, accurate and selective stability-indicating methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of bisoprolol, perindopril and three of their possible degradation products. The first proposed method was a gradient reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, whereas the second was a capillary electrophoresis method. The structures of the obtained degradation products were elucidated using infrared and mass spectrometry. They were also confirmed to be either a drug impurity in the British Pharmacopoeia or a precursor to such impurity. The linearity for bisoprolol and perindopril was achieved in the range of 1-20 μg mL-1 and 5-30 μg mL-1 for HPLC and capillary electrophoresis methods, respectively. The proposed methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. The HPLC method proved to be more sensitive and succeeded in the quantitative determination of the obtained degradation products. Also, it was able to quantify perindopril impurity up to three times lower than the desired limit set by the British Pharmacopoeia. They were successfully employed in the determination of bisoprolol and perindopril in their combined pharmaceutical formulation.

Fast and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma

A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of lisinopril (LIS) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in human plasma using their labeled internal standards (ISs). Sample pre-treatment involved solid phase extraction on Waters Oasis HLB cartridges using 100 µL of plasma, followed by liquid chromatography on Hypersil Gold C₁₈ (50 mm×3.0 mm, 5 µm) column. The analytes were eluted within 2.0 min using acetonitrile-5.0 mM ammonium formate, pH 4.5 (85:15, v/v) as the mobile phase. The analytes and ISs were analyzed in the negative ionization mode and quantified using multiple reaction monitoring. The method showed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 0.50–250.0 ng/mL for both the analytes. The intra-batch and inter-batch precision (% CV) was ≤5.26% and their extraction recoveries were in the range of 96.6%–103.1%. Matrix effect evaluated in terms of IS-normalized matrix factors ranged from 0.97 to 1.03 for both the analytes. The validated method was successfully applied to determine the plasma concentration of the drugs using 10 mg lisinopril and 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide fixed dose formulation in 18 healthy Indian volunteers.

Influence of Peroxide Impurities in Povidone on the Stability of Selected β-Blockers with the Help of HPLC

A present study was conducted to investigate compatibility of β-blocker drugs( like atenolol, labetalol hydrochloride, bisoprolol fumarate, metoprolol succinate, carvedilol and propranolol hydrochloride) with the pharmaceutical excipient povidone. To check the influence of peroxide impurity present in povidone on the stability of β-blockers, a binary mixture technique has been adopted. The binary mixtures (1:1) of β-blockers with povidone excipient were stored for the duration of 6 months at accelerated conditions (40°C and 75% RH) and analyzed with the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). On analysis, HPLC results shows that, the percentage of total impurity for atenolol-2.15%, bisoprolol fumarate-3.55%, carvedilol-2.19%, and labetalol hydrochloride-1.89%, with respect to povidone. To verify the interaction of H₂O₂ present in povidone as an impurity, oxidative degradation of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients were performed and degradation profile were compared with that of degradation impurities generated in drug-excipient mixture at accelerated conditions. The relative retention time (RRT) of impurities generated in accelerated stability study samples resembles the RRT of degradation products generated by oxidative degradation of pure drugs. Thus, it confirms that degradation of β-blockers with povidone was mediated by organic peroxides present as an impurity in povidone.